The Exergy Cost of Information Processing: A Comparison of Computer-Based Technologies and Biological Systems

2005 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 346-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. P. Carey ◽  
A. J. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Processing Capacity ◽  
Input Rate ◽  
Large Power ◽  
Processing Information ◽  
Computer Based

Processing information (analysis, storing, retrieving, sharing) is the primary function of modern computer-based information systems. Systems of this type generally require an input flow of exergy (available energy) to function. Information processing systems now are evolving in two directions. One direction is toward bigger and more sophisticated systems. The other is toward systems that are more compact and portable. In both cases, the energy efficiency is becoming an increasingly important design issue. This paper summarizes an exploration of the exergy cost of processing information at the component and system levels in state-of-the-art information processing systems. The energy efficiency characteristics of computer-based information technologies are also compared to estimates of the energy efficiency of biological information processing in brains of mammals. Energy efficiencies of processors and systems are quantified in terms of the ratio of processing capacity to the exergy input rate. Available data suggest that for recent generations of processors, the ratio of processing capacity to exergy input rate has been increasing proportional to the square root of processor speed. Despite this increase, the energy efficiency of computer-based systems is currently substantially below the estimated efficiency of biological systems. Unless processor energy efficiencies are greatly increased, the development of information processing systems that match human brain performance will be hindered by the need for large power supplies and high-capacity heat rejection systems.

The Exergy Cost of Information Processing: A Comparison of Computer-Based Technologies and Biological Systems

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. P. Carey ◽  
A. J. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Large Power ◽  
Modern Computer ◽  
Processing Information ◽  
Computer Based

Processing information (analysis, storing, retrieving, sharing) is the primary function of modern computer-based information systems. Systems of this type generally require an input flow of exergy (available energy) to function. Information processing systems now are evolving in two directions. One direction is towards bigger and more sophisticated systems. The other is towards systems that are more compact and portable. In both cases, the energy efficiency is becoming an increasingly important design issue. This paper summarizes an exploration of the exergy cost of processing information at the component and system levels in state-of-the-art information processing systems. The energy efficiency characteristics of computer-based information technologies are also compared to estimates of the energy efficiency of biological information processing in brains of mammals. Energy efficiencies of processors and systems are quantified in terms of the ratio of MIPS to exergy input rate. Available data suggest that for recent generations of processors, this ratio has been increasing proportional to the square root of processor speed. Despite this increase, the energy efficiency of computer-based systems is currently substantially below the estimated efficiency of biological systems. The data also suggest that unless processor energy efficiencies are greatly increased, the development of information processing systems that match human brain performance will be hindered by the need for large power supplies and high-capacity heat rejection systems.

scholarly journals Optimal Size for Maximal Energy Efficiency in Information Processing of Biological Systems Due to Bistability

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 110501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Li-Wei Liu ◽  
Long-Fei Wang ◽  
Yuan Yue ◽  
Lian-Chun Yu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Maximal Energy

scholarly journals Multiscale criticality measures as general-purpose gauges of proper brain function

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomer Fekete ◽  
Hermann Hinrichs ◽  
Jacobo Diego Sitt ◽  
Hans-Jochen Heinze ◽  
Oren Shriki
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Processing Capacity ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Hierarchical Networks ◽  
Information Processing Capacity ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
Hierarchical Complexity ◽  
Processing Information ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTThe brain is universally regarded as a system for processing information. If so, any behavioral or cognitive dysfunction should lend itself to depiction in terms of information processing deficiencies. Information is characterized by recursive, hierarchical complexity. The brain accommodates this complexity by a hierarchy of large/slow and small/fast spatiotemporal loops of activity. Thus, successful information processing hinges upon tightly regulating the spatiotemporal makeup of activity, to optimally match the underlying multiscale delay structure of such hierarchical networks. Reduced capacity for information processing will then be expressed as deviance from this requisite multiscale character of spatiotemporal activity. This deviance is captured by a general family of multiscale criticality measures (MsCr). We applied MsCr to MEG and EEG data in four telling degraded information processing scenarios: disorders of consciousness, mild cognitive impairment, schizophrenia and preictal activity. Consistently with our previous modeling work, MsCr measures systematically varied with information processing capacity. MsCr measures might thus be able to serve as general gauges of information processing capacity and, therefore, as normative measures of brain health.

A temporal account of the limited processing capacity

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Grondin
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Mental Capacity ◽  
Processing Capacity ◽  
Capacity Limit ◽  
Processing Information ◽  
Time Issue

A temporal account of the mental capacities for processing information may not be relevant in a context where the goal is to search for storage capacity expressed in chunks. However, if mental capacity and information processing is the question, the time issue can be rehabilitated. A very different temporal viewpoint on capacity limit is proposed in this commentary.

scholarly journals Multiscale criticality measures as general-purpose gauges of proper brain function

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomer Fekete ◽  
Hermann Hinrichs ◽  
Jacobo Diego Sitt ◽  
Hans-Jochen Heinze ◽  
Oren Shriki
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Processing Capacity ◽  
Hierarchical Networks ◽  
Information Processing Capacity ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
Hierarchical Complexity ◽  
Processing Information ◽  
Ictal Activity ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe brain is universally regarded as a system for processing information. If so, any behavioral or cognitive dysfunction should lend itself to depiction in terms of information processing deficiencies. Information is characterized by recursive, hierarchical complexity. The brain accommodates this complexity by a hierarchy of large/slow and small/fast spatiotemporal loops of activity. Thus, successful information processing hinges upon tightly regulating the spatiotemporal makeup of activity, to optimally match the underlying multiscale delay structure of such hierarchical networks. Reduced capacity for information processing will then be expressed as deviance from this requisite multiscale character of spatiotemporal activity. This deviance is captured by a general family of multiscale criticality measures (MsCr). MsCr measures reflect the behavior of conventional criticality measures (such as the branching parameter) across temporal scale. We applied MsCr to MEG and EEG data in several telling degraded information processing scenarios. Consistently with our previous modeling work, MsCr measures systematically varied with information processing capacity: MsCr fingerprints showed deviance in the four states of compromised information processing examined in this study, disorders of consciousness, mild cognitive impairment, schizophrenia and even during pre-ictal activity. MsCr measures might thus be able to serve as general gauges of information processing capacity and, therefore, as normative measures of brain health.

scholarly journals ANDOR and beyond: dynamically switchable logic gates as modules for flexible information processing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Bahadorian ◽  
Carl D. Modes
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Basin Of Attraction ◽  
Logic Gates ◽  
Intrinsic Noise ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Processing Information ◽  
Or Gene ◽  
Biological Information Processing

Understanding how complex (bio-)chemical pathways and regulatory networks may be capable of processing information in efficient, flexible, and robust ways is a key question with implications touching fields across biology, systems biology, biochemistry, synthetic biology, dynamical systems theory, and network science. Considerable effort has been focused on the identification and characterization of structural motifs in these signaling networks, and companion efforts have instead sought to cast their operation as controlled by dynamical modules that appear out of dynamical correlations during information processing. While both these approaches have been successful in many examples of biological information processing, cases in which the signaling or regulatory network exhibits multi-functionality or context dependence remain problematic. We here propose a small set of higher-order effective modules that simultaneously incorporate both network structure and the attendant dynamical landscape. In so doing, we render effective computational units that can perform different logical operations based purely on the basin of attraction in which the network dynamics resides or is steered to. These dynamically switchable biochemical logic gates require fewer chemical components or gene products overall than their traditional analogs where static, separate gates are used for each desired function. We demonstrate the applicability and limits of these flexible gates by determining a robust range of parameters over which they correctly operate and further characterize the resilience of their function against intrinsic noise of the constituent reactions using the theory of large deviations. We also show the capability of this framework for general computations by designing a binary adder/subtractor circuit composed of only six components.

The Type of Temperament, Mood, and Strategies of Categorization

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Wytykowska
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Processing Capacity ◽  
Affective Value ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

In Strelau’s theory of temperament (RTT), there are four types of temperament, differentiated according to low vs. high stimulation processing capacity and to the level of their internal harmonization. The type of temperament is considered harmonized when the constellation of all temperamental traits is internally matched to the need for stimulation, which is related to effectiveness of stimulation processing. In nonharmonized temperamental structure, an internal mismatch is observed which is linked to ineffectiveness of stimulation processing. The three studies presented here investigated the relationship between temperamental structures and the strategies of categorization. Results revealed that subjects with harmonized structures efficiently control the level of stimulation stemming from the cognitive activity, independent of the affective value of situation. The pattern of results attained for subjects with nonharmonized structures was more ambiguous: They were as good as subjects with harmonized structures at adjusting the way of information processing to their stimulation processing capacities, but they also proved to be more responsive to the affective character of stimulation (positive or negative mood).

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BANKING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Iroda Abdullaeva ◽  
◽  
Dilyora Hoshimova ◽  
Hamdam Xomidov ◽  
Maftuna Raxmonova
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
The Republic

This article is devoted to the prospects of the development of banking information systems in the Republic of Uzbekistan and highlights issues such as the processing of significant flows of information in the banking information system using advanced information processing tools

ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN CIVIL PROCESS

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Alexandr Neznamov
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Significant Feature ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Civil Process ◽  
Civil Proceedings ◽  
Processing Information ◽  
The Impact

Digital technologies are no longer the future but are the present of civil proceedings. That is why any research in this direction seems to be relevant. At the same time, some of the fundamental problems remain unattended by the scientific community. One of these problems is the problem of classification of digital technologies in civil proceedings. On the basis of instrumental and genetic approaches to the understanding of digital technologies, it is concluded that their most significant feature is the ability to mediate the interaction of participants in legal proceedings with information; their differentiating feature is the function performed by a particular technology in the interaction with information. On this basis, it is proposed to distinguish the following groups of digital technologies in civil proceedings: a) technologies of recording, storing and displaying (reproducing) information, b) technologies of transferring information, c) technologies of processing information. A brief description is given to each of the groups. Presented classification could serve as a basis for a more systematic discussion of the impact of digital technologies on the essence of civil proceedings. Particularly, it is pointed out that issues of recording, storing, reproducing and transferring information are traditionally more «technological» for civil process, while issues of information processing are more conceptual.

Energy efficient biomorphic pulse information coding in electronic neurons for the entrance unit of the neuroprocessor

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander D. Pisarev
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Input Unit ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Electric Circuits ◽  
Electronic Neuron

This article studies the implementation of some well-known principles of information work of biological systems in the input unit of the neuroprocessor, including spike coding of information used in models of neural networks of the latest generation.<br> The development of modern neural network IT gives rise to a number of urgent tasks at the junction of several scientific disciplines. One of them is to create a hardware platform&nbsp;— a neuroprocessor for energy-efficient operation of neural networks. Recently, the development of nanotechnology of the main units of the neuroprocessor relies on combined memristor super-large logical and storage matrices. The matrix topology is built on the principle of maximum integration of programmable links between nodes. This article describes a method for implementing biomorphic neural functionality based on programmable links of a highly integrated 3D logic matrix.<br> This paper focuses on the problem of achieving energy efficiency of the hardware used to model neural networks. The main part analyzes the known facts of the principles of information transfer and processing in biological systems from the point of view of their implementation in the input unit of the neuroprocessor. The author deals with the scheme of an electronic neuron implemented based on elements of a 3D logical matrix. A pulsed method of encoding input information is presented, which most realistically reflects the principle of operation of a sensory biological neural system. The model of an electronic neuron for selecting ranges of technological parameters in a real 3D logic matrix scheme is analyzed. The implementation of disjunctively normal forms is shown, using the logic function in the input unit of a neuroprocessor as an example. The results of modeling fragments of electric circuits with memristors of a 3D logical matrix in programming mode are presented.<br> The author concludes that biomorphic pulse coding of standard digital signals allows achieving a high degree of energy efficiency of the logic elements of the neuroprocessor by reducing the number of valve operations. Energy efficiency makes it possible to overcome the thermal limitation of the scalable technology of three-dimensional layout of elements in memristor crossbars.

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