HYDROGEN — ZERO CARBON FOOTPRINT

This article presents Russia’s main achievements of over the past 65 years in the development of an advanced scientific and technical groundwork for the introduction of hydrogen as a fuel in various energy systems. On the basis of the obtained world-class results, the authors argue for the necessity of creating a Center for Hydrogen Innovative Development (CVIR) with the decisive participation of enterprises with real experience in obtaining liquid hydrogen (H2l) with the possibility of its long-term storage. A concept has been formulated for the development of breakthrough technological solutions for the widespread use of hydrogen as an efficient and environmentally friendly (without the formation of carbon oxides) fuel in various power systems within the framework of the CVIR. In particular, the strategic direction of the CVIR project was developed in order to create a developed infrastructure for the reliable provision of vehicles with the required amount of fuel in a limited period of time. This can be achieved by applying the method of cryogenic filling of transport cylinders, taking into account the real properties of hydrogen in the ultra-high pressure region (70 MPa and above). The results have revealed possibilities for further building up the advanced scientific and technical groundwork for the broad promotion of hydrogen in the energy complex of Russia, which is presented in the CVIR project. In addition, the authors have compared the developed technologies with foreign analogues.

ENTROPY INFLUENCE ON THE DEPENDENCE OF THE NANOFLUIDS VISCOSITY ON TEMPERATURE AND SHEAR RATE

A Brookfield DV-II + Pro rotational viscometer was used to study the viscosity of 7 samples of concentrated nanodispersed systems (nanofluids) with a similar viscosity (6-22 mPa ∙ s), the particles of the dispersed phase in which are nanosized surfactant micelles and conglomerates from them. It was found that for 5 out of 7 studied reagents, there is a decrease in viscosity typical for dispersed systems with an increase in the shear rate, and their flow curves, that is, the dependence of the shear stress on the shear rate, correspond to the ideal plastic flow of non-Newtonian fluids. Moreover, with high reliability, R2 ≥ 0.999 is described by the Bingham equation with a small value of the limiting shear stress (less than 0.2 Pa). It is shown that all the studied reagents are also characterized by an increase in the activation energy of a viscous flow Е with an increase in the shear rate. As a result, a decrease in viscosity with an increase in shear rate, typical for disperse systems, including nanofluids, is provided by a more significant increase in entropy changes ΔS compared to Е. It has been substantiated that, depending on the ratio between the activation energy of viscous flow Е and the change in entropy ΔS, the viscosity of concentrated micellar dispersed systems with an increase in the shear rate can decrease, remain unchanged, and increase. The last two cases, not typical for disperse systems and nanofluids, were identified and studied using the example of two demulsifiers, RIK-1 and RIK-2, with a maximum of a very narrow particle size distribution at 160 ± 5 nm, corresponding to the size of a special type of very stable micelles Surfactant — vesicle.

APPLICATION OF A MULTIDIMENSIONAL DETERMINISTIC-STATISTICAL NUMERICAL CORRELATION MODEL TO REFINE THE STRUCTURE OF THE AS11 HORIZON OF THE ZAPADNO-KAMYNSKOYE FIELD

One of the primary and significant tasks in the construction of geological models of oil and gas reservoirs and development facilities is the problem of correlation of productive layers. This task, as a rule, is reduced to the identification and areal tracing of presumably even-aged oil and gas strata, horizons, and layers characterized by clear boundaries between sand strata and clay layers overlapping them. The practice of work related to modeling the structure of oil and gas horizons, layers and strata indicates that the correlation is not always unambiguous. The ambiguity is especially noticeable when correlating strata characterized by a clinoform structure, one of the examples is the Achimov strata. The most reliable basis for well correlation is GIS materials and lithological features of the interlayers forming individual layers. Clay interlayers and clay strata separating productive deposits provide valuable information when choosing a correlation model in sedimentary sections. These interlayers are characterized by the greatest consistency in area and are most clearly displayed on geophysical diagrams by the nature of the drawings of GIS curves. However, even in this case, i. e. when using the entire accumulated volume of the most diverse lithological and field-geophysical information, the correlation models of the sections turn out to be different and often even opposite. In this paper, the authors had to face a similar situation when correlating the horizon AS11 of the Zapadno-Kamynskoye field. The paper describes a method for clarifying the position of the chops of the productive horizon of oil and gas deposits using a multidimensional deterministic-statistical numerical model of the correlation of sedimentary strata. The proposed approach allows us to uniquely determine the positions of the chops in the conditions of a complex geological structure of the object, high thin-layered heterogeneity. A concrete example shows the advantages of the proposed approach in comparison with the traditional one.

ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INNOVATION LEVEL AND THE PROCESS OF DISTRIBUTING GENERATIONS OF AN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT

This article assesses the relationship between the level of innovation and the process of spreading generations of an industrial product among the consumers on the example of generations of a stationary game console from Sony. This work follows the scientific direction of modeling and forecasting the spread of innovations; it contains the results of the analysis of the dynamics in the change of successive generations of an industrial product. The relevance of the research topic lies in the increased competition between companies engaged in innovative activities. This results in the need to determine the reasonable directions of technical, technological, and market development of the developed innovations in the form of new and improved products. This study uses the mathematical model by F. Bass, supplemented by the provisions of T. Islam and N. Meade on the variability of consumer behavior of different generations. The conducted review of research literature has revealed an insufficient elaboration of the issue of a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the relationship between the rate of spread of generations and the changes made to them. The authors draw hypotheses about the independence of the market potentials of successive generations from each other and the dependence of the level of innovativeness of the next generation of industrial products on technological, consumer and marketing changes. As a set of changes, this article proposes parameters of the purchase price and the cost of operating each generation. The authors have tested the hypothesis on statistical data of generational sales for 1994-2019 using correlation analysis. The results have shown the absence of the influence of the market potentials of successive generations from each other, as well as the presence of a connection and its strength between the level of innovativeness of the next generation and the changes made in the generations. The data obtained can be used for further mathematical formalization of the influence of the level of innovativeness of generations on the process of their distribution.

IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY SAVING AT THE PURTAZOVSKAYA INDUSTRIAL SITE OF LLC “GAZPROM TRANSGAZ SURGUT”

This article describes an original engineering solution for the modernization of electrical heating of a water conduit in the harsh conditions of the North of Western Siberia. The novelty of the proposed solution consists in the introduction of additional control of the switching on of the line from the water intake wells to the water filtration station of the rotational housing complex of the compressor station of the Purtazovskaya industrial site of LLC “Gazprom Transgaz Surgut”. The proposed rationalization solution has no analogues in the field electrical heating of the water conduit. The relevance of the proposed innovation determines its significance and relevance in the harsh conditions of the North, its application reduces labor costs and determines the economic efficiency and safe transportation of the existing water supply source to the harsh conditions of the North of Western Siberia at the Purtazovskaya compressor station of the Novo-Urengoysky linear production department of the main gas pipelines of LLC “Gazprom Transgaz Surgut”. The purpose of the study was to propose a rational solution for changing the design power supply system for heating lines for water supply pipelines of a rotational housing complex. The objectives of the study included: analysis of the shortcomings of the design power supply system; proposal of a methodology for modernization of the control system for the operation of electric heating lines; reconstruction of the electrical heating system. A feature of the innovation is the complete autonomy of the compressor station. Electricity is generated by its own power plant. The heat is supplied by its own boiler room. The source of water supply for household drinking and industrial fire-fighting needs is the existing and functioning water intake from underground sources (artesian wells). The only method of industrial electrical heating of pipelines up to thirty kilometers long, which does not require an accompanying network, is the SKIN system. The research methodology consisted in changing the power supply scheme of heating lines for water supply pipelines and its installation, which made it possible to obtain an up-to-date technical solution for the conditions of the Far North and contributed to an increase in energy efficiency and energy saving.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A HARDWARE PULSE NEURAL NETWORK WITH MEMRISTOR SYNAPSES

This article presents the results of a numerical simulation and an experimental study of the electrical circuit of a hardware spiking perceptron based on a memristor-diode crossbar. That has required developing and manufacturing a measuring bench, the electrical circuit of which consists of a hardware perceptron circuit and an input peripheral electrical circuit to implement the activation functions of the neurons and ensure the operation of the memory matrix in a spiking mode. The authors have performed a study of the operation of the hardware spiking neural network with memristor synapses in the form of a memory matrix in the mode of a single-layer perceptron synapses. The perceptron can be considered as the first layer of a biomorphic neural network that performs primary processing of incoming information in a biomorphic neuroprocessor. The obtained experimental and simulation learning curves show the expected increase in the proportion of correct classifications with an increase in the number of training epochs. The authors demonstrate generating a new association during retraining caused by the presence of new input information. Comparison of the results of modeling and an experiment on training a small neural network with a small crossbar will allow creating adequate models of hardware neural networks with a large memristor-diode crossbar. The arrival of new unknown information at the input of the hardware spiking neural network can be related with the generation of new associations in the biomorphic neuroprocessor. With further improvement of the neural network, this information will be comprehended and, therefore, will allow the transition from weak to strong artificial intelligence.

IMPROVING THE RELIABILITY OF THE FUEL OIL HEATING SYSTEM AT THE TYUMEN TETS-2

This article describes an engineering solution that allows a significant reduction in the material costs of heating reserve fuel (fuel oil) at the energy facility of the Tyumen Thermal Power Plant No. 2 (TETs 2), as well as make the heating system more reliable and less energy-intensive. Using the methods for calculating the input and output parameters of the supply pipeline and finding the surface area of the heat exchange of the coil, the authors describe the means for finding the thickness of the thermal insulation of the pipe and tank. The main equations for creating calculation methods are the heat balance equation. Using the criterion dependencies has helped in calculating the process of convective heat transfer. In addition, the authors provide the graphs for determining the steam flow rate depending on the ambient air temperature and wind speed and nomograms for determining the temperature inside the thermal insulation of the tank.

AN ANALYTICAL MODEL OF A NON-STATIONARY TEMPERATURE FIELD IN A RESERVOIR WITH A HYDRAULIC FRACTURING

At the present stage of development of the oil and gas industry, considerable attention is paid to methods of increasing oil recovery of productive reservoirs. One of the most popular methods of intensifying oil production today is hydraulic fracturing. The efficiency and success of hydraulic fracturing largely depends on the parameters of the formed fracture; in this regard, the development of methods for evaluating the parameters of hydraulic fracturing fractures is an urgent task. Non-stationary thermometry is a promising area for monitoring the quality of hydraulic fracturing. To date, thermometry is used to localize the locations of multiple fractures in horizontal wells. In this paper, we study the application of non-stationary thermometry for estimating the parameters of a vertical hydraulic fracturing fracture. An analytical model of non-isothermal single-phase fluid filtration in a reservoir with a vertical fracture is developed. To calculate the temperature field in the formation and the fracture, the convective heat transfer equation is used, taking into account the thermodynamic effects (Joule — Thomson and adibatic), for the fracture, the heat and mass transfer between the fracture and the formation area is also taken into account. To assess the correctness of the model, the analytical solution is compared with the results of numerical modeling in the Ansys Fluent software package. The nonstationary temperature field is calculated for the constant sampling mode. It is established that at the initial moment of time after the well start-up, a negative temperature anomaly is formed due to the adiabatic effect, the value of which increases with a decrease in the fracture width. Over time, the temperature of the fluid flowing into the well increases due to the Joule — Thomson effect, and the value of the positive temperature anomaly increases as the width and permeability of the fracture decreases due to an increase in the pressure gradient in it. The developed analytical model can be used to solve inverse problems for estimating hydraulic fracturing parameters based on non-stationary temperature measurements in the wellbore of producing wells.

MODELING THE SYNTHESIS OF TAKAGI — SUGENO — KANG FUZZY CONTROLLERS IN SOME CONTROL SYSTEMS

Modern challenges in a post-industrial society require further development of management systems for complex technical and technological phenomena and processes. Effective control of an object is possible if a controller, or a fuzzy controller, correctly generates the required control action. Recently, fuzzy controllers have been very popular. Fuzzy logical statements in this case help considering various nonlinear relationships. The synthesis of the fuzzy controller parameters allows for more efficient operation of the control system. A possible option for obtaining the best set of parameters for a fuzzy controller is the use of genetic algorithms for its synthesis. The use of genetic algorithms for the fuzzy controllers synthesis can lead to the fact that the elements of its parameters array will change in such a way that an incorrect value of one or more elements will occur. This situation leads to impossibility of composing membership functions for the terms of the variables of the fuzzy controller. Incorrect value formation is excluded by constructing a limited functional dependency. This paper proposes a mathematical model of the parameters of the term-set of variables of a fuzzy controller of the Takagi — Sugeno — Kang type of the zero and first orders. The authors disclose the content of the conditions and conclusions of the rule base for the fuzzy controller of the above type. As a result of the simulation, some operations of the genetic algorithm are implemented using a random number generator. Graphical models of the membership functions of the input variables of the fuzzy controller of the type under consideration clearly illustrate the occurrence of all parameters in their range of possible values. A description of the control system operation with two control parameters and one control action at the specified values of the control parameters is presented.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE SPREADING OF GENERATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS IN A COMPETITIVE MARKET

This article studies the process of spreading generations of industrial products in the competitive market and assessing the influence of the characteristics of generations of products and destabilizing factors on the volume of their sales. The level of innovation and competitiveness of generations is used as characteristics, their definition and mathematical formalization are given. The study uses the generalized model of F. Bass, the provisions of the concept of “multi-product competition” by R. Peterson and V. Mahajan, and the concept of the va­riability of consumer behavior of different generations by T. Islam and N. Mead. A model of the spreading of generations of industrial products of competing brands in the duopole market is obtained, taking into account destabilizing factors. Based on this model, equations are constructed that establish the relationship between the shares of consumers of competing generations of pro­ducts. The statistical data on the spreading of generations of video game consoles from Sony and Microsoft in the global and regional markets serve as a basis for approbation. To identify the parameters of the model and determine the presence and closeness of the relationship, correlation-regression analysis and the least squares method are used. These results demonstrate a high level of correlation between the sales volume of each console generation and the characteristics of the console generations. It was found that with an increase in the influence exerted by a competitor, the cumulative market share of the considered generation of the product decreases, and with an increase in the level of innovation of the generation of the product, its level of competitiveness increases. The obtained results of processing the predicted and actual data on the spread of generations demonstrate a significant influence of destabilizing factors on the process of spreading generations. The theo­retical significance of the work consists in the development of a model for the distribution of generations of industrial products for a particular case with a duapole market structure. The practical significance lies in obtaining the calculated values of the link between the sales volume of each generation of consoles and their characteristics.