Exhaust Emissions From Two Intercity Passenger Locomotives

1994 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 774-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Fritz
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
California Department ◽  
Fuel Injection Timing ◽  
Smoke Opacity

To enhance the effectiveness of intercity passenger rail service in mitigating exhaust emissions in California, the California Department to Transportation (Caltrans) included limits on exhaust emissions in its intercity locomotive procurement specifications. Because there were no available exhaust emission test data on which emission reduction goals could be based, Caltrans funded a test program to acquire gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions data, along with smoke opacity data, from two state-of-the-art intercity passenger locomotives. The two passenger locomotives (an EMD F59PH and a GE DASH8-32BWH) were tested at the Association of American Railroads Chicago Technical Center. The EMD locomotive was eqiupped with a separate Detroit Diesel, Corporation (DDC) 8V-149 diesel engine used to provide 480 V AC power for the trailing passenger cars. This DDC engine was also emission tested. These data were used to quantify baseline exhaust emission levels as a challenge to locomotive manufacturers to offer new locomotives with reduced emissions. Data from the two locomotive engines were recorded at standard fuel injection timing and with the fuel injection timing retarded 4 deg in an effort to reduce NOx emissions. Results of this emissions testing were incorporated into the Caltrans locomotive procurement process by including emission performance requirements in the Caltrans intercity passenger locomotive specification, and therefore in the procurement decision. This paper contains steady-state exhaust emission test results for hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and particulate matter (PM) from the two locomotives. Computed sulfur dixoide (SO2) emissions are also given, and are based on diesel fuel consumption and sulfur content. Exhaust smoke opacity is also reported.

Experimental and Theoretical Study of Injection Timing on Performance and Exhaust Emissions in a Port-Injected Gasoline Engine

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Movahednejad ◽  
F. Ommi ◽  
M. Hosseinalipour ◽  
O. Samimi
Keyword(s):  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Fuel Mixture ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Intake Port ◽  
One Dimensional

For spark ignition engines, the fuel-air mixture preparation process is known to have a significant influence on engine performance and exhaust emissions. In this paper, an experimental study is made to characterize the spray characteristics of an injector with multi-disc nozzle used in the engine. The distributions of the droplet size and velocity and volume flux were characterized by a PDA system. Also a model of a 4 cylinder multi-point fuel injection engine was prepared using a fluid dynamics code. By this code one-dimensional, unsteady, multiphase flow in the intake port has been modeled to study the mixture formation process in the intake port. Also, one-dimensional air flow and wall fuel film flow and a two-dimensional fuel droplet flow have been modeled, including the effects of in-cylinder mixture back flows into the port. The accuracy of model was verified using experimental results of the engine testing showing good agreement between the model and the real engine. As a result, predictions are obtained that provide a detailed picture of the air-fuel mixture properties along the intake port. A comparison was made on engine performance and exhaust emission in different fuel injection timing for 2600 rpm and different loads. According to the present investigation, optimum injection timing for different engine operating conditions was found.

Experimental and Simulation Study of Fuel Injection Timing, Pressure and EGR for Lower Exhaust Emissions From Diesel HCCI Combustion

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Juttu ◽  
S. S. Thipse ◽  
N. V. Marathe ◽  
M. K. Gajendra Babu
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Study ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Hcci Combustion ◽  
Fuel Injection Timing ◽  
Start Of Injection ◽  
Wide Range

The objective of this work is to study the effect of different control parameters viz. EGR, fuel injection pressure and start of injection timing on exhaust emissions from diesel fueled HCCI combustion concept. A 4-cylinder LCV engine has been selected for experiments and FIRE 3D CFD software was used for simulation study. The basic idea of the simulation study is to find the suitable EGR ratio to run the engine on HCCI combustion mode so as to avoid any damage to the engine during testing. From simulation study, it was observed that the minimum EGR required for running the engine at 5.6 bar BMEP @ 2500 rpm in HCCI mode is approximately 45%. The trends of simulation results viz. soot and NOx emissions are closely following the experiments. The experiments were conducted at different loads at 2500 rpm and EGR varied from 0% to 60%. With increased EGR ratio, soot bump was observed at 50%, 75% and 100%. The BTE dropped to 24.5% from 33.5%. The effect of fuel injection pressures (750bar, 1000bar and 1500bar) were studied to improve the BTE and to control soot bump over a wide range injection timings EGR ratio. Detailed experiments were conducted at 2.8 bar BMEP @ 2500 rpm to study simultaneous reduction of NOx, SOOT, UHC and CO emissions from diesel HCCI combustion. At injection pressure (1500 bar), advanced fuel injection timing and high EGR ratio, the soot CO and THC emissions were reduced significantly without penalty on NOx emissions. The BTE was improved from 24.5% to 31% against 33.5% of convention diesel combustion.

scholarly journals A comparison of the exhaust emission of a vehicle fuelled with different ethanol-petrol blends

2012 ◽  
Vol 149 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-65
Author(s):  
Piotr BIELACZYC ◽  
Dariusz KLIMKIEWICZ ◽  
Andrzej SZCZOTKA ◽  
Joseph WOODBURN
Keyword(s):  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Emission Measurement ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Exhaust Temperature ◽  
Multiple Markets ◽  
Ethanol Blends ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Due to limited fossil fuel resources and a need to reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions, biofuel usage is increasing in multiple markets. Ethanol produced from the fermentation of biomass has been of interest as a potential partial replacement for petroleum for some time; for spark-ignition engines, bioethanol is the alternative fuel which is currently of greatest interest. At present, the international market for ethanol fuel consists of E85 fuel (with 85 percent ethanol content), as well as lower concentrations of ethanol in petrol for use in standard vehicles (e.g. E5, E10). The potential for reduced exhaust emissions, improved security of fuel supply and more sustainable fuel production makes work on the production and usage of ethanol and its blends an increasingly important research topic. This paper evaluates the possibility of using petrol-ethanol blends in a modern Euro 5 vehicle without substantial engine modification. The influence of different quantities of ethanol in ethanol-petrol blends (E5, E10, E25, E50 and E85) on the emission measurement of the gaseous pollutants carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) for a passenger car were analysed over the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) on a chassis dynamometer. The results obtained revealed that exhaust emissions are affected by the proportion of ethanol in the blend. The air:fuel ratio (λ) and exhaust temperature also varied. Increased fuel consumption was found to broadly correlate with blend energetic content for all blends. The experimental work presented in this paper was performed at BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute as part of a test program evaluating biofuels’ influence on light-duty petrol engines for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles.

The Effect of Injection Timing, Enhanced Aftercooling, and Low-Sulfur, Low-Aromatic Diesel Fuel on Locomotive Exhaust Emissions

1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 488-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. O. Markworth ◽  
S. G. Fritz ◽  
G. R. Cataldi
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Low Sulfur

An experimental study was performed to demonstrate the fuel economy and exhaust emissions implications of retarding fuel injection timing, enhancing charge air aftercooling, and using low-sulfur, low-aromatic diesel fuel for locomotive engines. Steady-state gaseous and particulate emissions data are presented from two 12-cylinder diesel locomotive engines. The two laboratory engines, an EMD 645E3B and a GE 7FDL, are each rated at 1860 kW (2500 hp) and represent the majority of the locomotive fleet in North America. Each engine was tested for total hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and particulate. Emissions were measured at three steady-state operating conditions: rated speed and load, idle, and an intermediate speed and load. Test results on the EMD engine indicate that a 4 deg injection timing retard, along with a low-sulfur, low-aromatic fuel and enhanced aftercooling, was effective in reducing NOx from 10.5 g/hp-h to 7.2 g/hp-h; however, particulates increased from 0.15 g/hp-h to 0.19 g/hp-h, and fuel efficiency was 4.3 percent worse. Similar observations were made with the GE engine. This paper gives details on the test engines, the measurement procedures, and the emissions results.

Development of a Low Emissions Upgrade Kit for EMD GP20D and GP15D Locomotives

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven G. Fritz ◽  
John C. Hedrick ◽  
Tom Weidemann
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst ◽  
Oxidation Catalyst ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Fuel Injection Timing ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
Emission Regulations ◽  
Diesel Oxidation ◽  
Tier 3

This paper describes the development of a low emissions upgrade kit for EMD GP20D and GP15D locomotives. These locomotives were originally manufactured in 2001, and met EPA Tier 1 locomotive emission regulations. The 1,491 kW (2,000 HP) EMD GP20D locomotives are powered by Caterpillar 3516B engines, and the 1,119 kW (1,500 HP) EMD GP15D locomotives are powered by Caterpillar 3512B engines. CIT Rail owns a fleet of 50 of these locomotives that are approaching their mid-life before first overhaul. Baseline exhaust emissions testing was followed by a low emissions retrofit development focusing on fuel injection timing, crankcase ventilation filtration, and application of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), and then later a diesel particulate filter (DPF). The result was a EPA Tier 0+ certification of the low emissions upgrade kit, with emission levels below EPA Line-Haul Tier 3 NOx, and Tier 4 HC, CO, and PM levels.

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