Experimental and Theoretical Study of Injection Timing on Performance and Exhaust Emissions in a Port-Injected Gasoline Engine

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Movahednejad ◽  
F. Ommi ◽  
M. Hosseinalipour ◽  
O. Samimi
Keyword(s):  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Fuel Mixture ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Intake Port ◽  
One Dimensional

For spark ignition engines, the fuel-air mixture preparation process is known to have a significant influence on engine performance and exhaust emissions. In this paper, an experimental study is made to characterize the spray characteristics of an injector with multi-disc nozzle used in the engine. The distributions of the droplet size and velocity and volume flux were characterized by a PDA system. Also a model of a 4 cylinder multi-point fuel injection engine was prepared using a fluid dynamics code. By this code one-dimensional, unsteady, multiphase flow in the intake port has been modeled to study the mixture formation process in the intake port. Also, one-dimensional air flow and wall fuel film flow and a two-dimensional fuel droplet flow have been modeled, including the effects of in-cylinder mixture back flows into the port. The accuracy of model was verified using experimental results of the engine testing showing good agreement between the model and the real engine. As a result, predictions are obtained that provide a detailed picture of the air-fuel mixture properties along the intake port. A comparison was made on engine performance and exhaust emission in different fuel injection timing for 2600 rpm and different loads. According to the present investigation, optimum injection timing for different engine operating conditions was found.

Automated Engine Calibration Optimization Using Online Extremum Seeking

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ripudaman Singh ◽  
Andrew Mansfield ◽  
Margaret Wooldridge
Keyword(s):  
Control Parameter ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Extremum Seeking ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Test Time ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Non Linear System

Emissions compliance during engine start-up conditions is a major obstacle for current automotive manufacturers across global markets. The challenges to meeting emissions targets are both due to increasingly stringent regulations and the difficulty in developing control strategies for a high degree-of-freedom and highly non-linear system. Online extremum-seeking (ES) methods offer a promising alternative to traditional optimization based on design-of-experiment based automotive calibration. With extremum-seeking methods, results from all prior experiments are used to intelligently and efficiently generate the next iteration of the control parameter(s). In this work, the applicability of the online extremum-seeking method is explored to optimize five performance variables (injection timing for two injection events, the injection fuel mass divided between the first and second injection events, air-fuel equivalence ratio and exhaust cam timing) to minimize brake specific fuel consumption while imposing different constraints on NOx emissions. The experiments were conducted using a production turbocharged four-cylinder gasoline engine with an advanced fuel injection system. The results show the utility of the ES strategy to quickly identify optimal control parameter combinations and the emissions and engine performance improvements during the calibration process. The results also demonstrate the dramatic benefit of the ES calibration strategy in terms of test time required.

Assessing Double Injection and Intake Air Temperature Effects on Gasoline HCCI Engine Performance and Emissions Using Fully-Automated Experiments and Micro-Genetic Algorithms

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Canakci ◽  
Eric Hruby ◽  
Rolf D. Reitz
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spray Angle ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Double Injection ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Engine Performance And Emissions

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is receiving attention as a new low emission engine concept. Little is known about the optimal operating conditions for this engine operation mode. Combustion at homogeneous, low equivalence ratio conditions results in modest temperature combustion products, containing very low concentrations of NOx and PM as well as providing high thermal efficiency. However, this combustion mode can produce higher HC and CO emissions than those of conventional engines. An electronically controlled Caterpillar single-cylinder oil test engine (SCOTE), originally designed for heavy-duty diesel applications, was converted to a HCCI direct-injection gasoline engine. The engine features an electronically controlled low-pressure common rail injector with a 60°-spray angle that is capable of multiple injections. The use of double injection was explored for emission control, and the engine was optimized using fully-automated experiments and a micro-genetic algorithm (μGA) optimization code. The variables changed during the optimization include the intake air temperature, start of injection timing, and split injection parameters (percent mass of the fuel in each injection, dwell between the pulses). The engine performance and emissions were determined at 700 rev/min with a constant fuel flow rate at 10 MPa fuel injection pressure. The results show that significant emissions reductions are possible with the use of optimal injection strategies.

Exhaust Emissions From Two Intercity Passenger Locomotives

1994 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 774-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Fritz
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
California Department ◽  
Fuel Injection Timing ◽  
Smoke Opacity

To enhance the effectiveness of intercity passenger rail service in mitigating exhaust emissions in California, the California Department to Transportation (Caltrans) included limits on exhaust emissions in its intercity locomotive procurement specifications. Because there were no available exhaust emission test data on which emission reduction goals could be based, Caltrans funded a test program to acquire gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions data, along with smoke opacity data, from two state-of-the-art intercity passenger locomotives. The two passenger locomotives (an EMD F59PH and a GE DASH8-32BWH) were tested at the Association of American Railroads Chicago Technical Center. The EMD locomotive was eqiupped with a separate Detroit Diesel, Corporation (DDC) 8V-149 diesel engine used to provide 480 V AC power for the trailing passenger cars. This DDC engine was also emission tested. These data were used to quantify baseline exhaust emission levels as a challenge to locomotive manufacturers to offer new locomotives with reduced emissions. Data from the two locomotive engines were recorded at standard fuel injection timing and with the fuel injection timing retarded 4 deg in an effort to reduce NOx emissions. Results of this emissions testing were incorporated into the Caltrans locomotive procurement process by including emission performance requirements in the Caltrans intercity passenger locomotive specification, and therefore in the procurement decision. This paper contains steady-state exhaust emission test results for hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and particulate matter (PM) from the two locomotives. Computed sulfur dixoide (SO2) emissions are also given, and are based on diesel fuel consumption and sulfur content. Exhaust smoke opacity is also reported.

Distribution of Two-Stage Direct Injection CNG-Air Mixture near Lean Limit Using CFD

2013 ◽  
Vol 465-466 ◽  
pp. 448-452
Author(s):  
Mas Fawzi ◽  
Bukhari Manshoor ◽  
Yoshiyuki Kidoguchi ◽  
Yuzuru Nada
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Gas Jet ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Injection Technique ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Lean Burn

Previous work shows that gas-jet ignition with two-stage injection technique is effective to extend lean combustible ranges of CNG engines. In this report, the robustness of the gas-jet ignition with two-stage injection method was investigated purposely to improve the performance of a lean burn direct injection CNG engine. The experiment was conducted using an engine at speed of 900 rpm, fuel-injection-pressure of 3MPa, equivalence ratio at 0.8, and ignition timing at top dead center. The effect of first injection timing on the test engine performance and exhaust emission was analyzed. First injection timings near the gas-jet ignition produced unstable combustion with occurrence of misfires except at a timing which produced distinctively good combustion with low HC and CO emissions. Computational fluid dynamics was used to provide hindsight of the fuel-air mixture distribution that might be the cause of misfires occurrence at certain injection timings.

scholarly journals TRACTOR’S ENGINE EFFICIENCY AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS’ RESEARCH IN DRILLING WORK

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antanas Juostas ◽  
Algirdas Janulevičius
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Engine Speed ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Process Time ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Engine Load

Tis paper provides an overview of possibilities for determining tractor’s engine load, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions in real operating conditions. Theuse of accumulated database in tractor’s electronic control modules for the analysis of engine load, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions is analysed. The methodology for analysis of engine power, speed and exhaust emissions’ dependencies, also for analysis of engine exhaust emissions is presented. Tis paper presents testing results of the unit combined of tractor “Massey Ferguson MF 6499” and drilling machine “Vaderstad Rapid” by engine load, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. Drilling process time, engine load, fuel consumption and exhaust emission components’ distribution are presented in different engine speed and cyclic fuel injection modes. Test results are analysed separately for technological drilling and work processes at the headland. In the technological process of drilling, if the tractor engine speed and, correspondingly, the transmission gear ratio were reduced to get the set working speed, fuel consumption decreased, CO and CO2 emissions varied slightly, but the NOx increased significantly. Significant part of exhaust emissions occurred at headlands. The conclusion is that the fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, including harmful components, can be reduced only by complex optimization of technological processes and tractor operating modes.

Gasoline and Synthetic Fuel from Plastic Waste

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Apip Amrullah
Keyword(s):  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Fuel Mixture ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Synthetic Fuel ◽  
Motor Gasoline ◽  
Petroleum Fuels ◽  
Analysis Of Performance

Currently the use of motor gasoline from year to year increase. In 2010 the number of vehicles in Indonesia about 26,706,705 vehicles, in 2011 amounted to 30,769,093 vehicles and 2012 amounted to 38,156,278 vehicles. This resulted in the consumption of petroleum fuels and exhaust emissions in motor vehicles is increasing. To overcome these problems, conducted research on synthetic fuel which is one of the alternative fuel sources. This research was conducted at gasoline engine. Variations in fuel mixture gasoline and synthetic fuel. This research will be able to generate and determine the effect of fuel mixture gasoline-synthetic fuel on levels of exhaust emissions, to determine the effect of fuel mixture gasoline-synthetic fuel for engine performance. Based on the analysis of performance and exhaust emissions test on a gasoline engine, for most engine performance is good and efficient set at first to mix synthetic fuel.

scholarly journals Influence and strategy optimization of fuel injection timing on PN and fuel consumption

2021 ◽  
Vol 268 ◽  
pp. 01053
Author(s):  
Liyun Qian ◽  
Yimin Wang ◽  
Zhikun Deng ◽  
Lihui Wang ◽  
Xionghui Zou
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Fuel Injection Timing ◽  
Medium Speed ◽  
Low Load ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Load Conditions

During the development of a CN Ⅵ light vehicle equipped with a GDI gasoline engine, the phenomenon of high PN appeared. In response to the operating conditions of the engine running in the WLTC cycle, a corresponding SOI sweep was performed on the dyno bench. The PN emissions of the engine has reduced by optimizing of SOI. The results show that when the SOI is sufficiently advanced, the oil film formed by the collision of the spray and the piston causes the PN emissions to increase significantly. In order to avoid the deterioration of the PN emissions, the SOI should be appropriately postponed. In the low load conditions, it is more appropriate to calibrate the SOI at 295°CA and 290°CA. In the medium speed area, it is more suitable to set it at 300°CA or later. The SOI in the higher speed area can be slightly advanced if necessary. And the impact of SOI on fuel consumption is more obvious at low speeds, but it is not obvious at the conditions of medium to high loads and speeds.

Effects of the injection timing on knock and combustion characteristics in dual-fuel dual-injection engines

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 2578-2591
Author(s):  
Jie Li ◽  
Changwen Liu ◽  
Rui Kang ◽  
Lei Zhou ◽  
Haiqiao Wei
Keyword(s):  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Intensity Increase ◽  
Spark Plug ◽  
Spark Timing

To utilize ethanol fuel in spark ignition engines more efficiently and flexibly, a new ethanol/gasoline dual-direct injection concept in gasoline engine is proposed. Therefore, based on the dual-fuel dual-direct injection system, the effects of different injection timings and two injector positions on the characteristics of combustion were studied comprehensively, and the effects of different octane numbers and temperature stratifications on knock and combustion were explored. The results show that as for Position A (ethanol injecting toward spark plug), with the delay of injection timing, knock tendency and its intensity increase initially and then decrease due to the comprehensive effect of ethanol evaporation and fuel stratification; on the contrary, for Position B (ethanol injecting toward end-gas region), retarding the injection timing of ethanol can effectively reduce the knock propensity. As for the engine performance, a dual-direct injection performs best, especially the retarded injection timing of ethanol for Position A. It can be found that with the delay of the fuel injection timing, the torque first increases and then decreases. The brake-specific fuel consumption decreases initially and then increases at maximum brake torque spark timing.

The Effect of Injection Timing, Enhanced Aftercooling, and Low-Sulfur, Low-Aromatic Diesel Fuel on Locomotive Exhaust Emissions

1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 488-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. O. Markworth ◽  
S. G. Fritz ◽  
G. R. Cataldi
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Low Sulfur

An experimental study was performed to demonstrate the fuel economy and exhaust emissions implications of retarding fuel injection timing, enhancing charge air aftercooling, and using low-sulfur, low-aromatic diesel fuel for locomotive engines. Steady-state gaseous and particulate emissions data are presented from two 12-cylinder diesel locomotive engines. The two laboratory engines, an EMD 645E3B and a GE 7FDL, are each rated at 1860 kW (2500 hp) and represent the majority of the locomotive fleet in North America. Each engine was tested for total hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and particulate. Emissions were measured at three steady-state operating conditions: rated speed and load, idle, and an intermediate speed and load. Test results on the EMD engine indicate that a 4 deg injection timing retard, along with a low-sulfur, low-aromatic fuel and enhanced aftercooling, was effective in reducing NOx from 10.5 g/hp-h to 7.2 g/hp-h; however, particulates increased from 0.15 g/hp-h to 0.19 g/hp-h, and fuel efficiency was 4.3 percent worse. Similar observations were made with the GE engine. This paper gives details on the test engines, the measurement procedures, and the emissions results.

Experimental optimization of a direct injection homogeneous charge compression ignition gasoline engine using split injections with fully automated microgenetic algorithms

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Canakci ◽  
R D Reitz
Keyword(s):  
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spray Angle ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Homogeneous Charge

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is receiving attention as a new low-emission engine concept. Little is known about the optimal operating conditions for this engine operation mode. Combustion under homogeneous, low equivalence ratio conditions results in modest temperature combustion products, containing very low concentrations of NOx and particulate matter (PM) as well as providing high thermal efficiency. However, this combustion mode can produce higher HC and CO emissions than those of conventional engines. An electronically controlled Caterpillar single-cylinder oil test engine (SCOTE), originally designed for heavy-duty diesel applications, was converted to an HCCI direct injection (DI) gasoline engine. The engine features an electronically controlled low-pressure direct injection gasoline (DI-G) injector with a 60° spray angle that is capable of multiple injections. The use of double injection was explored for emission control and the engine was optimized using fully automated experiments and a microgenetic algorithm optimization code. The variables changed during the optimization include the intake air temperature, start of injection timing and the split injection parameters (per cent mass of fuel in each injection, dwell between the pulses). The engine performance and emissions were determined at 700 r/min with a constant fuel flowrate at 10 MPa fuel injection pressure. The results show that significant emissions reductions are possible with the use of optimal injection strategies.

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