Analysis of Failure Waves in Glasses

1993 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 540-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Clifton
Keyword(s):  
Rear Surface ◽  
Spall Strength ◽  
Wave Theory ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Aluminosilicate Glass ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Plate Impact ◽  
Shearing Strength ◽  
Surface Particle ◽  
Impact Experiments

Recent plate impact experiments have been interpreted as indicating the existence of “failure waves” during the compression of glass by impact at sufficiently high velocities. In experiments on soda-lime glass, Brar et al. (1991) reported the propagation of a wave across which the shearing strength dropped sharply from 2 GPa to 1 GPa, and the spall strength dropped from 3 GPa to zero. Such a drop in spall strength has also been reported by Raiser et al. (1993) in an aluminosilicate glass. Kanel et al. (1993) interpreted a small jump in the rear surface particle velocity in experiments on K19 glass as the reflection of a recompression wave from a wavefront propagating at approximately the speed reported for “failure waves”. In this paper, such “failure waves” are interpreted within the context of nonlinear wave theory. In this theory the “failure wave” corresponds to a propagating phase boundary—called a transformation shock. The theory is analogous to the theory of liquifaction shocks in fluids.

Multi-Thickness Target Plate Impact Experimental Approach to Failure Waves in Soda-lime Glass and Its Numerical Simulation

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuo-Ping Duan ◽  
Yan-Geng Zhang ◽  
Lian-Sheng Zhang ◽  
Zhuo-Cheng Ou ◽  
Feng-Lei Huang
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Plate Impact ◽  
Target Plate ◽  
Failure Wave ◽  
Applied Software ◽  
Surface Particle ◽  
The Impact

AbstractA multi-thickness target plate impact experimental technique is proposed in this paper and adopted in the research on the so-called failure wave phenomenon in soda-lime glasses, in which, four sub-targets in different thicknesses embedded in the target ring are impacted simultaneously and the longitudinal stress temporal curves at the backing surface of each of the sub-targets are measured by four manganin piezo-resistive stress sensors. Hence, the failure wave trajectory under a certain dynamic loading can be obtained by only one test, which can reduce considerably the experimental expense as well as the experimental period, and, more importantly, the measurement uncertainty resulted from different loading conditions in repetitious impact experiments is avoided. It is found that the propagating velocity of failure wave is approximate to a constant and increases with the magnitude of the impact loading, and there always exists an initial delay time for the initiation of failure wave behind the precursory shock wave, which decreases with the magnitude of impact loads. Moreover, a numerical simulation for the failure wave propagation is carried out by using the LS-DYNA applied software, together with a statistical isotropic elastic microcrack model to describe the dynamic damage evolvement of soda-lime glasses. It is demonstrated that both the critical damage value distributions and the free surface particle velocity temporal curves can be used to determine the failure wave trajectory, and the numerical results are consistent substantially with the experimental data.

scholarly journals New Insights into the Failure Front Phenomenon and the Equation of State of Soda-Lime Glass Under Planar Plate Impact

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bauer ◽  
F. Bagusat ◽  
E. Strassburger ◽  
M. Sauer ◽  
S. Hiermaier
Keyword(s):  
Equation Of State ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Spall Strength ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Plate Impact ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Stress Levels

Abstract A systematic study has been performed to gather more detailed experimental information on the equation of state and the Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) of soda-lime glass as well as the failure front phenomenon. The key innovations of this study comprise experimental as well as analytical aspects. On the one hand, an extensive planar plate impact (PPI) test series has been carried out over a wide range of shock loading stress levels instrumented with two high-speed cameras and laser interferometers (PDV and VISAR). On the other hand, a systematic analysis concept has been developed and evaluated, including a combination of Lagrange diagrams with velocity profile data and a derivation of the equation of state together with an error estimation. Impact velocities ranged from 500 to 3000 m/s resulting in loadings of the soda-lime glass targets between 3.5 and 20.8 GPa. For stress levels between 3.5 and 6.7 GPa two high-speed cameras with 5 Mfps, positioned at the side and rear of the specimens, enabled the observation of shock waves and two different kinds of failure fronts. Therefore, visual information could be gathered not only in the purely elastic regime, but also in the transition region above 4 GPa and at stress levels beyond the HEL. The HEL of the soda-lime glass is determined to $$\left(5.0 \pm 0.2\right) \mathrm{GPa}$$ 5.0 ± 0.2 GPa . For the onset of an internal failure front a minimum longitudinal stress between 3.8 and 3.9 GPa is identified. The evaluated failure front velocities range from 800 to 2100 m/s. From the observed release response a minimum spall strength of 6.7 GPa and release wave velocities between 5740 and 9500 m/s are deduced.

Multi-Thickness Target Plate Impact Experimental Approach to Failure Waves in Soda-lime Glass and Its Numerical Simulation

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuo-Ping Duan ◽  
Yan-Geng Zhang ◽  
Lian-Sheng Zhang ◽  
Zhuo-Cheng Ou ◽  
Feng-Lei Huang
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Plate Impact ◽  
Target Plate ◽  
Failure Wave ◽  
Applied Software ◽  
Surface Particle ◽  
The Impact

AbstractA multi-thickness target plate impact experimental technique is proposed in this paper and adopted in the research on the so-called failure wave phenomenon in soda-lime glasses, in which, four sub-targets in different thicknesses embedded in the target ring are impacted simultaneously and the longitudinal stress temporal curves at the backing surface of each of the sub-targets are measured by four manganin piezo-resistive stress sensors. Hence, the failure wave trajectory under a certain dynamic loading can be obtained by only one test, which can reduce considerably the experimental expense as well as the experimental period, and, more importantly, the measurement uncertainty resulted from different loading conditions in repetitious impact experiments is avoided. It is found that the propagating velocity of failure wave is approximate to a constant and increases with the magnitude of the impact loading, and there always exists an initial delay time for the initiation of failure wave behind the precursory shock wave, which decreases with the magnitude of impact loads. Moreover, a numerical simulation for the failure wave propagation is carried out by using the LS-DYNA applied software, together with a statistical isotropic elastic microcrack model to describe the dynamic damage evolvement of soda-lime glasses. It is demonstrated that both the critical damage value distributions and the free surface particle velocity temporal curves can be used to determine the failure wave trajectory, and the numerical results are consistent substantially with the experimental data.

14% CdS/CdTe Thin Film Cells with ZnO:Al TCO

2003 ◽  
Vol 763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhlesh Gupta ◽  
Alvin D. Compaan
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Rf Sputtering ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Aluminosilicate Glass ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Processing Temperature ◽  
Cdte Thin Film ◽  
Improved Performance

AbstractAn Al-doped ZnO front contact was successfully used for the first time for the fabrication of high efficiency CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells. The ZnO:Al films were deposited on aluminosilicate glass by RF sputtering from a ZnO:Al2O3 target. The ZnO:Al film has ∼95% average transmission in the visible spectrum with ∼3 ohm/square sheet resistance. The CdS and CdTe thin films were also deposited by RF sputtering and devices were completed with a vapor CdCl2 treatment and evaporated Cu/Au back contacts. The highest processing temperature was 387°C, reached during the vapor CdCl2 treatment. The devices were tested at NREL with efficiency of 14.0% which is a record for an all-sputtered CdS/CdTe solar cell. The ZnO-based cell had JSC of 23.6 mA/cm2 compared to 20.7 mA/cm2 for our recent NREL-tested 12.6% cell on a commercial soda-lime-glass/SnO2:F substrate. Other parameters of the 14% ZnO based cell are: FF = 73.25% and VOC = 814 mV. The improved performance is almost entirely due to higher current because of better optical and electrical properties of ZnO:Al TCO. We report also on relative stability between devices on SnO2:F and ZnO:Al TCO, under one-sun light soak at VOC.

scholarly journals Pressure-shear plate impact experiment on soda-lime glass at a pressure of 30 GPa and strain rate of 4·107 s–1

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Kettenbeil ◽  
Michael Mello ◽  
Tong Jiao ◽  
Rodney J. Clifton ◽  
Guruswami Ravichandran
Keyword(s):  
Strain Rate ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Plate Impact ◽  
Shear Plate ◽  
Impact Experiment

Dynamic Failure Behavior of Polycrystalline Alumina Under Impact Loading

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 990-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guowen Yao ◽  
Zhanfang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
Spall Strength ◽  
Surface Velocity ◽  
Failure Behavior ◽  
Free Surface Velocity ◽  
Plate Impact ◽  
Polycrystalline Alumina ◽  
Failure Wave ◽  
Damage And Fracture ◽  
Impact Experiments

Plate impact experiments and impact recovery experiments were performed on 92.93wt.% aluminas using a 100mmdia compressed-gas gun. Free surface velocity histories were traced by a velocity interferometry system for any reflector (VISAR) velocity interferometer. There is a recompression signal in free surface velocity, which shows evidence of a failure wave in impacted alumina. The failure wave velocities are 1.27km∕s and 1.46km∕s at stresses of 7.54GPa and 8.56GPa, respectively. It drops to 0.21km∕s after the material released. SEM analysis of recovered samples showed the transit of intergranular microcracks to transgranular microcracks with increasing shock loading. A failure wave in impacted ceramics is a continuous fracture zone, which may be associated with the damage accumulation process during the propagation of shock waves. Then a progressive fracture model was proposed to describe the failure wave formation and propagation in shocked ceramics. The governing equation of the failure wave is characterized by inelastic bulk strain with material damage and fracture. Numerical simulation of the free surface velocity was performed in good agreement with the plate impact experiments. And the longitudinal, lateral, and shear stress histories upon the arrival of the failure wave were predicted, which present the diminished shear strength and lost spall strength in the failed layer.

scholarly journals Measurement of spall strength of A12024-T4 and SS304 in plate impact experiments

2010 ◽  
Vol 215 ◽  
pp. 012149 ◽  
Author(s):  
K D Joshi ◽  
Amit S Rav ◽  
Satish C Gupta ◽  
S Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Spall Strength ◽  
Plate Impact ◽  
Impact Experiments

The effect of microstructural variations upon the dynamic compressive and tensile strengths of aluminas

1994 ◽  
Vol 446 (1927) ◽  
pp. 309-318 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Rise Time ◽  
Elastic Limit ◽  
Spall Strength ◽  
Plastic Wave ◽  
Plate Impact ◽  
Hugoniot Elastic Limit ◽  
Storage Oscilloscope ◽  
Content Variation ◽  
Impact Experiments

Seven aluminas of varying grain size, glass content and porosity were tested in plate-impact experiments over a range of impact stresses. Longitudinal stresses were measured using manganin gauges bonded between 8 mm thick tiles and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) backing blocks. Wave profiles were recorded by a 1 GS s –1 storage oscilloscope. Measurements were made of the Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL), rise time of the ‘plastic’ wave and of spall strength for each material. The spall strength was measured at impact velocities corresponding to less than 0.4 HEL stress for each material. The HEL was observed to decrease with increasing grain size while the ‘plastic’ wave rise time increased with increasing grain size. The spall strength increases with a decrease in porosity and an increase in alumina content. Variation in the spall strength was observed to occur over a range of stresses below half the elastic limit of the material.

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