Prediction of Growth Parameters of Frost Deposits in Forced Convection

1981 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. White ◽  
C. J. Cremers
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Forced Convection ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Transfer Rates ◽  
Air Stream ◽  
Transient Period ◽  
Approximate Expressions ◽  
Frost Layer

Experimental investigations of frost deposition under forced convection conditions have shown that in most cases heat and mass transfer rates become constant after an initial transient period. It is shown that, in such cases, approximately half of the mass transfer from a humid air stream to a frost layer diffuses inward, condenses and increases the density of the frost. The other half is deposited at the surface and increases the thickness of the layer. Approximate expressions for density and thickness of the frost layer are derived and compared with data from the literature and also with experimental work reported in this paper. The correlations are shown to work well for a broad range of experimental conditions.

scholarly journals Influence of Frost Growth and Migration in Cryogenic Heat Exchanger on Air Refrigerator

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanju Yang ◽  
Zhan Liu ◽  
Bao Fu ◽  
Yu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Numerical Model ◽  
Heat And Mass Transfer ◽  
Frost Formation ◽  
Transient Model ◽  
Transfer Rates ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Frost Layer

Frost formation degrades the performance of heat exchangers greatly, thus influencing the cryogenic refrigerator. Different from frost formation on the evaporator surface, the growth and migration of frost layer inside the heat exchanger is of low temperature and humidity. In addition to the constantly changing boundary conditions, the effective prediction is difficult. In the present study, a numerical model was proposed to analyze the frost formation in the cryogenic heat exchanger of a reverse Brayton air refrigerator. Under small amounts of moisture, the growing of frost layer was simulated through the numerical heat and mass transfer by adopting semiempirical correlations. The frost formation model was inserted into the transient model of refrigerator, and numerical calculations were performed on heat and mass transfer rates, and growth and migration of frost layers in forced convection conditions. Experiments were conducted under different air humidity to investigate the frost formation and verify the numerical model. Through the model, the influences of frosting on the refrigerator were evaluated under different moisture contents and running time. It can be used to predict the performance of air refrigerators with low humidity and provide a basis for improving the system operation and efficiency.

Forced-Convection Mass Transfer From Wetted Grooves

1972 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-719
Author(s):  
R. G. Bressler
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Forced Convection ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Reynolds Analogy ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Capillary Action ◽  
Air Stream ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Evaporative Heat Transfer ◽  
Wetted Wall Column

A wetted-wall column was used to measure liquid flow rates in capillary grooves on vertical surfaces. The test facility contained interchangeable grooved surfaces (2-in. OD) which contacted a liquid reservoir in such a way that the test surfaces were partially wetted by capillary action. The wetted portion was exposed to a forced-convection air stream, so that surface evaporation took place because of the different partial pressures of the vapor at the liquid-vapor interface and at the center of the air stream. All data were obtained in steady-state and nearly isothermal conditions. Experimental results with carbon tetrachloride on brass surfaces were in agreement with approximate predictions, which were computed for evaporative heat transfer and then related to mass transfer by using Reynolds analogy for pipe flow.

Experimental Investigations on the Performance of a Cross Flow Air Heated Humidifier

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Khalid ◽  
A. S. Yassen ◽  
S. A. Salaudeen ◽  
M. A. Antar
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Heat And Mass Transfer ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Packing Material ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Heated Humidifier ◽  
Air Stream ◽  
Unit Effectiveness

A horizontal cross flow air heated humidifier is designed for three modes of heating. It is tested to investigate its performance in terms of its ability to effectively humidify air. The system investigated in this study has both the humidifier and the heater(s) integrated in one unit. Special low pressure-drop nozzles are used to spray water such that they provide a fine mist, thus they break a liquid to tiny droplets to increase the surface area for better heat and mass transfer between the hot air and sprayed water. Several attempts to improve system performance are made. For example, the effect of adding packing material to further increase heat and mass transfer surface area is attempted. Another attempt is by having an inter-stage heating such that a heating coil (basically a heat exchanger where hot water is circulated in a closed loop) is placed after a first-stage sprayer to heat the air again such that its ability to absorb more moisture increases as it is passed through a second-stage sprayer. A mist eliminator is placed at the exit of the humidifier to make sure water droplets are not allowed to leave the humidifier with the exit humid air stream. Performance parameters used in the analysis include the temperature and humidity of the exit air stream in addition to the humidifier effectiveness that is considered one of the crucial parameters in designing a HDH desalination system. A comparison between different modification to the humidifier are made to select the mode that results in the closest exit air stream to saturation condition and the highest humidifier effectiveness. Adding the packing material showed insignificant improvement to the humidifier performance. On the other hand, the inter-stage heating is believed to be effective in increasing the unit effectiveness.

scholarly journals Kinetics of Iron (II) Removal from Aqueous Solution Using Activated Dolomite

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.M. Walker ◽  
G. Connor ◽  
S.J. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Bulk Solution ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Particle Diffusion ◽  
External Mass Transfer ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Intra Particle Diffusion ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Kinetics Of

Experimental investigations were undertaken in batch kinetic systems, for the removal of iron (II) from aqueous solutions using activated dolomite. The effect of the extent dolomite activation on the dissolution of magnesium and calcium from the dolomite lattice was determined. Under optimum experimental conditions there was a direct linear relationship between magnesium dissolution and iron (II) removal from bulk solution. The experimental data were mathematically described using empirical external mass transfer and pseudo-intra-particle diffusion models. The data show conformity with a three stage process, with the iron (II) removal rate showing good correlation with external mass transfer (t < 1 min) and two rates of pseudo-intra-particle diffusion (1 < t < 90mins, and t < 90mins).

Numerical Study of the Combined Free-Forced Convection and Mass Transfer Flow Past a Vertical Porous Plate in a Porous Medium with Heat Generation and Thermal Diffusion

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Alam ◽  
M. M. Rahman ◽  
M. A. Samad
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Flow Field ◽  
Differential Equations ◽  
Forced Convection ◽  
Heat Generation ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Porous Plate ◽  
Integration Scheme ◽  
Suction Parameter ◽  
Transfer Flow

The problem of combined free-forced convection and mass transfer flow over a vertical porous flat plate, in presence of heat generation and thermaldiffusion, is studied numerically. The non-linear partial differential equations and their boundary conditions, describing the problem under consideration, are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations by using usual similarity transformations. This system is solved numerically by applying Nachtsheim-Swigert shooting iteration technique together with Runge-Kutta sixth order integration scheme. The effects of suction parameter, heat generation parameter and Soret number are examined on the flow field of a hydrogen-air mixture as a non-chemical reacting fluid pair. The analysis of the obtained results showed that the flow field is significantly influenced by these parameters.

scholarly journals Low-Energy Electron Damage to Condensed-Phase DNA and Its Constituents

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7879
Author(s):  
Yingxia Gao ◽  
Yi Zheng ◽  
Léon Sanche
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Phase ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dna Lesions ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Strand Breaks ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Wide Range

The complex physical and chemical reactions between the large number of low-energy (0–30 eV) electrons (LEEs) released by high energy radiation interacting with genetic material can lead to the formation of various DNA lesions such as crosslinks, single strand breaks, base modifications, and cleavage, as well as double strand breaks and other cluster damages. When crosslinks and cluster damages cannot be repaired by the cell, they can cause genetic loss of information, mutations, apoptosis, and promote genomic instability. Through the efforts of many research groups in the past two decades, the study of the interaction between LEEs and DNA under different experimental conditions has unveiled some of the main mechanisms responsible for these damages. In the present review, we focus on experimental investigations in the condensed phase that range from fundamental DNA constituents to oligonucleotides, synthetic duplex DNA, and bacterial (i.e., plasmid) DNA. These targets were irradiated either with LEEs from a monoenergetic-electron or photoelectron source, as sub-monolayer, monolayer, or multilayer films and within clusters or water solutions. Each type of experiment is briefly described, and the observed DNA damages are reported, along with the proposed mechanisms. Defining the role of LEEs within the sequence of events leading to radiobiological lesions contributes to our understanding of the action of radiation on living organisms, over a wide range of initial radiation energies. Applications of the interaction of LEEs with DNA to radiotherapy are briefly summarized.

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