Energy Method for Determining Dynamic Characteristics of Mechanisms

1949 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-288
Author(s):  
B. E. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Energy Method ◽  
Mechanical Systems ◽  
Direct Approach ◽  
Graphical Methods ◽  
Applied Forces ◽  
Complex Mechanical Systems

Abstract Two types of problems are dealt with in the paper which are involved in the design of mechanisms required to have specified dynamic characteristics: (1) Determination of applied forces required to produce specified dynamic characteristics. (2) Determination of the dynamic characteristics which will result from the application of known forces. While graphical methods may be used in the solution of type (1) problems involving more or less complex mechanical systems, they do not afford a direct approach to type (2) problems. The energy method which will be outlined can be applied in either case, although this paper will be primarily concerned with the determination of the dynamic characteristics which result when a known force is applied to a given mechanism.

scholarly journals SPECTRUM OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) GENOTYPES AMONG DIAGNOSED CASES OF HCV IN RAWALPINDI AND ISLAMABAD REGION OVER THE PERIOD OF SIX YEARS

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Hamna Javed ◽  
Tehreem Arif ◽  
Saba Arshad ◽  
Saadia Khan Baloch ◽  
Bushra Anwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Mixed Genotype ◽  
Hcv Genotypes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females

Background: Determination of an individual's HCV genotypes prior to antiviral therapy has become increasingly important for the deciding clinical management and predicting prognosis of HCV infection. Relative genotype proportions are needed to inform to healthcare models, which should be geographically tailored. To our knowledge, there are no studies reporting genotype pattern in Rawalpindi/Islamabad region. We aimed to determine the frequency of different genotypes in HCV positive cases in the population of Rawalpindi/ Islamabad over the period of five years. Methods: Data of total of three thousand eight hundred and eighteen (n=3818) HCV positive adult of both genders were screened for genotype testing over the period of six years were analyzed. Results: Most frequent genotype identified in our study was genotype 3, accounting for 95.8% (n=3657) of HCV positive cases. The second most common genotype was Type 1 accounting for 2.9% (n=109) of HCV positive cases. Other genotypes were Type 2 (0.3%, n=12) and Type 4 (0.1%, n=5). Mixed genotype (Type 1 and 3) were detected in almost 1 % (n=35) of cases. We did not find genotype 5 and 6 in our study sample. No significant difference was observed among males and females in genotype distribution (P>0.05). Conclusion: The most common genotype among HCV patients were found to be genotype 3 followed by genotype 1 as the second most common in Rawalpindi/Islamabad region during the study period.

Quantitative determination and tissue distribution of human 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate transporter, glucocorticoid receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNAs

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuji Ohno ◽  
Masanori Ohta ◽  
Shizuo Nakajin
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Mineralocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Phosphate Transporter ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract: Glucocorticoid (GC) concentrations in peripheral tissues are precisely regulated by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) isozymes. When considering the physiological effects of GC in various tissues, quantitative determination of these isozymes and other components involved in corticosteroid signaling is important and informative. We thus performed comprehensive determination of the expression of these mRNAs in a wide range of human tissues.: An absolute comparison of mRNA expression of human 11β-HSD isozymes, hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH), glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT), glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) was performed by real-time RT-PCR.: Human 11β-HSD type 1 mRNA was strongly expressed in the liver and placenta at comparatively high levels. H6PDH was expressed at low copy number, and comparatively high expression was observed in the kidney, testis, and ovary. G6PT expression was ubiquitous, but marked expression was observed in the liver, kidney, small intestine, and colon. GRα was also ubiquitously expressed at relatively high levels, which were approximately 10-fold higher than those of MR, whereas GRβ levels were below the detection limit in all tissues. 11β-HSD type 2 was predominantly expressed in the kidney, small intestine and colon; however, copy numbers of these transcripts showed a nearly identical pattern to type 1. MR was observed in various tissues examined, but was not fully correlated to the distribution of 11β-HSD type 2.: The present quantitative results were partially consistent with previous studies. This quantification method can thus provide valuable information for understanding the physiological effects and physiological roles of glucocorticoid in humans.

scholarly journals AUTOMORPHISMS OF THE ALGEBRA OF FUZZY TRUTH VALUES

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (06) ◽  
pp. 711-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
CAROL L. WALKER ◽  
ELBERT A. WALKER
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Truth Values ◽  
Normal Functions ◽  
Irreducible Elements ◽  
Principal Tool ◽  
Truth Value ◽  
Interval Valued

This paper is an investigation of the automorphisms of the algebra of truth values of type-2 fuzzy sets. This algebra contains isomorphic copies of the truth value algebras of type-1 and of interval-valued fuzzy sets. It is shown that these subalgebras are characteristic; that is, are carried onto themselves by automorphisms of the containing algebra of truth values of fuzzy sets. Some other relevant subalgebras are proved characteristic, including the subalgebra of convex normal functions. The principal tool in this study is the determination of various irreducible elements.

scholarly journals Fuzzy Tuned PID Controller for Envisioned Agricultural Manipulator

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satyam Paul ◽  
Ajay Arunachalam ◽  
Davood Khodadad ◽  
Henrik Andreasson ◽  
Olena Rubanenko
Keyword(s):  
Pid Controller ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Vibration Attenuation

AbstractThe implementation of image-based phenotyping systems has become an important aspect of crop and plant science research which has shown tremendous growth over the years. Accurate determination of features using images requires stable imaging and very precise processing. By installing a camera on a mechanical arm driven by motor, the maintenance of accuracy and stability becomes non-trivial. As per the state-of-the-art, the issue of external camera shake incurred due to vibration is a great concern in capturing accurate images, which may be induced by the driving motor of the manipulator. So, there is a requirement for a stable active controller for sufficient vibration attenuation of the manipulator. However, there are very few reports in agricultural practices which use control algorithms. Although, many control strategies have been utilized to control the vibration in manipulators associated to various applications, no control strategy with validated stability has been provided to control the vibration in such envisioned agricultural manipulator with simple low-cost hardware devices with the compensation of non-linearities. So, in this work, the combination of proportional-integral-differential (PID) control with type-2 fuzzy logic (T2-F-PID) is implemented for vibration control. The validation of the controller stability using Lyapunov analysis is established. A torsional actuator (TA) is applied for mitigating torsional vibration, which is a new contribution in the area of agricultural manipulators. Also, to prove the effectiveness of the controller, the vibration attenuation results with T2-F-PID is compared with conventional PD/PID controllers, and a type-1 fuzzy PID (T1-F-PID) controller.

Self-assessment and objective determination of dexterity in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pfützner ◽  
P.B. Musholt ◽  
C. Schipper ◽  
M. Niemeyer ◽  
M. Qvist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Objective Determination

scholarly journals Determination of Glycated Apolipoprotein B in Serum by a Combination of Affinity Chromatography and Immunonephelometry

1994 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 544-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Panteghini ◽  
R Bonora ◽  
F Pagani
Keyword(s):  
Affinity Chromatography ◽  
Apolipoprotein B ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Apo B ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Free Glucose ◽  
The Mean

We have developed and optimized a procedure for the quantitation of non-enzymatically glycated apolipoprotein B (apo B). Glycated and non-glycated apo B were separated from serum using m-aminophenylboronate affinity chromatography, determined by immunophelometry and the percentage of glycated apo B was calculated. The measuring range of the assay was 2·9–185 mg/dL apo B. The within- and between-run coefficients of variation were <7·4% and 14·6%, respectively, and recovery was >98%. Free glucose in serum did not affect the results at concentrations below 25 mmol/L. In 45 non-diabetic subjects the mean concentration of glycated apo B was 4.3% (SD 1%). In type 1 ( n = 17) and Type 2 ( n = 60) diabetic patients the mean glycated apo B concentrations were 5·3% (SD 0·7%) and 5·9% (SD 1·1%), respectively, significantly higher than in controls ( P<0·001).

scholarly journals А new drug in the complex therapy of diabetes mellitus. Post-registration experience in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

2018 ◽  
pp. 86-92
Author(s):  
S. V. Vorob'yev ◽  
E. U. Petrovskaya ◽  
N. A. Kuz'menko ◽  
I. A. Khripun
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Real Life ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Complex Therapy

Diabetes mellitus (DM), due to its high incidence and prevalence, presents an urgent problem for the scientific community, which requires new ways of treating and preventing complications. Existing hypoglycemic treatment approaches do not always contribute to the achievement of glycaemic targets.Objective. Study of Subetta-based therapy for patients with DM 1 and DM 2 in real-life clinical practice.Materials and methods. The program involved 71 patients with DM 1 and 289 patients with DM 2, HbA1c ≥ 7.0%, who took Subetta in combination therapy of diabetes. The duration of the program was 12 weeks. The laboratory examination included the determination of the level of HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose.Results. The administration of Subetta in complex therapy of DM 1 and DM 2 led to a significant reduction in HbA1c from 9.2 ± 1.85 to 8.13 ± 1.29 mmol/L and from 8.62 ± 1.54 to 7.49 ± 1.1 mmol/L, respectively (p<0.0001), reduction of fasting blood glucose from 9.33 to 7.65 mmol/l and from 9.25 to 7.08 mmol/l, respectively (p<0.0001). The effectiveness of therapy is highly appreciated by patients and physicians. The use of Subetta was not accompanied by the development of hypoglycemia and other adverse effects.Conclusion. In real-life clinical practice, use of new locally developed antidiabetic drug Subetta demonstrated a significant decrease of HbA1c and fasting blood glucose, with no episodes of hypoglycemia in patients with DM 1 and DM 2. 

Macro creatine kinase: determination and differentiation of two types by their activation energies.

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Stein ◽  
J Bohner ◽  
R Steinhart ◽  
M Eggstein
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Activation Energies ◽  
Serum Enzymes ◽  
Relative Molecular Mass ◽  
Mitochondrial Origin

Abstract Determination of the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase in patients with acute myocardial infarction may be disturbed by the presence of macro creatine kinase. The relative molecular mass of this form of creatine kinase in human serum is at least threefold that of the ordinary enzyme, and it is more thermostable. Here we describe our method for determination of macro creatine kinases and an easy-to-perform test for differentiating two forms of macro creatine kinase, based on their distinct activation energies. The activation energies of serum enzymes are mostly in the range of 40-65 kJ/mol of substrate. Unlike normal cytoplasmatic creatine kinases and IgG-linked CK-BB (macro creatine kinase type 1) a second form of macro creatine kinase (macro creatine kinase type 2) shows activation energies greater than 80 kJ/mol of substrate. The exact composition of macro creatine kinase type 2 is still unknown, but there is good reason to believe that it is of mitochondrial origin.

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