scholarly journals An Engineering Model of Human Balance Control—Part I: Biomechanical Model

2015 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Barton ◽  
Anindo Roy ◽  
John D. Sorkin ◽  
Mark W. Rogers ◽  
Richard Macko
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Balance Control ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Young Subject ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Balance Training ◽  
Biomechanical Model ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Inverse Dynamics Analysis

We developed a balance measurement tool (the balanced reach test (BRT)) to assess standing balance while reaching and pointing to a target moving in three-dimensional space according to a sum-of-sines function. We also developed a three-dimensional, 13-segment biomechanical model to analyze performance in this task. Using kinematic and ground reaction force (GRF) data from the BRT, we performed an inverse dynamics analysis to compute the forces and torques applied at each of the joints during the course of a 90 s test. We also performed spectral analyses of each joint's force activations. We found that the joints act in a different but highly coordinated manner to accomplish the tracking task—with individual joints responding congruently to different portions of the target disk's frequency spectrum. The test and the model also identified clear differences between a young healthy subject (YHS), an older high fall risk (HFR) subject before participating in a balance training intervention; and in the older subject's performance after training (which improved to the point that his performance approached that of the young subject). This is the first phase of an effort to model the balance control system with sufficient physiological detail and complexity to accurately simulate the multisegmental control of balance during functional reach across the spectra of aging, medical, and neurological conditions that affect performance. Such a model would provide insight into the function and interaction of the biomechanical and neurophysiological elements making up this system; and system adaptations to changes in these elements' performance and capabilities.

Gait Analysis Using Multibody Simulation Tools and Inverse Dynamics Procedures

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Silva ◽  
Jorge Ambro´sio
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Biomechanical Model ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Dynamics Analysis ◽  
Natural Coordinates ◽  
Kinematic Constraints ◽  
Biomechanical Models ◽  
Inverse Dynamics Analysis

The use of inverse dynamics methodologies for the evaluation of intersegmental reaction forces and the moments-of-force at the anatomical joints, in the framework of gait analysis, not only requires that appropriate biomechanical models are used but also that kinematic and kinetic data sets are available. This paper discusses the quality of the results of the inverse dynamics analysis with respect to the filtering procedures used and the kinematic consistency of the position, velocity and acceleration data. A three-dimensional whole body response biomechanical model based on a multibody formulation with natural coordinates is used. The model has 16 anatomical segments that are described using 33 rigid bodies in a total of 44 degrees-of-freedom. In biomechanical applications, one of the advantages of the current formulation is that the set of anatomical points used to reconstruct the spatial motion of the subject is also used to construct the set of natural coordinates that describe the biomechanical model itself. Based on the images collected by four synchronized video cameras, the three-dimensional trajectories of the anatomical points are reconstructed using standard photogrammetry techniques and Direct Linear Transformations. The trajectories obtained are then filtered in order to reduce the noise levels introduced during the reconstruction procedure using 2nd order Butterworth low-pass filters with properly chosen cut-off frequencies. The filtered data is used in the inverse dynamics analysis either directly or after being modified in order to ensure its consistency with the biomechanical model’s kinematic constraints. It is also shown that the use of velocities and accelerations consistent with the kinematic constraints or those obtained through the time derivatives of the spline interpolation curves of the reconstructed trajectories lead to similar results.

Influence of Modern Studded and Bladed Soccer Boots and Sidestep Cutting on Knee Loading during Match Play Conditions

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 1528-1536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajiv Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Joint Forces ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Knee Loading ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Inverse Dynamics Analysis ◽  
Straight Ahead

Background The influence of modern studded and bladed soccer boots and sidestep cutting on noncontact knee loading during match play conditions is not fully understood. Hypothesis Modern soccer boot type and sidestep cutting compared with straight-ahead running do not significantly influence knee internal tibia axial and valgus moments, anterior joint forces, and flexion angles. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Fifteen professional male outfield soccer players undertook trials of straight-ahead running and sidestep cutting at 30° and 60° with a controlled approach velocity on a Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) approved soccer surface. Two bladed and 2 studded soccer boots from 2 manufacturers were investigated. Three-dimensional inverse dynamics analysis determined externally applied internal/external tibia axial and valgus/varus moments, anterior forces, and flexion angles throughout stance. Results The soccer boot type imparted no significant difference on knee loading for each maneuver. Internal tibia and valgus moments were significantly greater for sidestep cutting at 30° and 60° compared with straight-ahead running. Sidestep cutting at 60° compared with straight-ahead running significantly increased anterior joint forces. Conclusion Varying soccer boot type had no effect on knee loading for each maneuver, but sidestep cutting significantly increased internal tibia and valgus moments and anterior joint forces. Clinical Relevance Sidestep cutting, irrespective of the modern soccer boot type worn, may be implicated in the high incidence of noncontact soccer anterior cruciate ligament injuries by significantly altering knee loading.

Kinematic and Dynamic Synergies of Human Precision-Grip Movements

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 2284-2294 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Grinyagin ◽  
E. V. Biryukova ◽  
M. A. Maier
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Precision Grip ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Biomechanical Model ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Movement Kinematics ◽  
Movement Velocity ◽  
Joint Torques ◽  
Relative Contribution

We analyzed the adaptability of human thumb and index finger movement kinematics and dynamics to variations of precision grip aperture and movement velocity. Six subjects performed precision grip opening and closing movements under different conditions of movement velocity and movement aperture (thumb and index finger tip-to-tip distance). Angular motion of the thumb and index finger joints was recorded with a CyberGlove and a three-dimensional biomechanical model was used for solving the inverse dynamics problem during precision grip movements, i.e., for calculating joint torques from experimentally obtained angular variations. The time-varying joint angles and joint torques were analyzed by principal-component analysis to quantify the contributions of individual joints in kinematic and dynamic synergies. At the level of movement kinematics, we found subject-specific angular contributions. However, the adaptation to large aperture, achieved by an increase of the relative contribution of the proximal joints, was subject-invariant. At the level of movement dynamics, the adaptation of thumb-index finger movements to task constraints was similar among all subjects and required the linear scaling of joint torques, the synchronization of joint torques under high velocity conditions, and a flexible redistribution of joint torques between the proximal joint of the thumb and that of the index finger. This work represents one of the first attempts at calculating the joint torques during human precision-grip movements and indicates that the dynamic synergies seem to be remarkably simple compared with the synergies found for movement kinematics.

A Novel Three-Dimensional Gait Analysis System

2012 ◽  
Vol 569 ◽  
pp. 352-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Liu ◽  
Yoshio Inoue ◽  
Kyoko Shibata ◽  
Kozou Shiojima ◽  
Ji Bin Yin
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Local Area Network ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Local Area Network ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Joint Moments

Three-dimensional (3D) lower limb kinematic and kinetic analysis based on ambulatory measurements is introduced in this paper. We developed a wireless sensor system composed of a mobile force plate system, 3D motion sensor units and a wireless data logger. 3D motions of body segment and triaxial ground reaction force (GRF) could be simultaneously measured using the system, and the data obtained from sensor units on thighs, shanks and feet could be transferred to a personal computer by wireless local area network (LAN). An inverse dynamics method was adopted to calculate triaxial joint moments. The accuracy of kinematics and kinetics (joint moments) assessment is validated against results obtained from the stationary measurement system based on camera movement analysis and force plates.

Three-Dimensional Knee Joint Loading in Alpine Skiing: A Comparison Between a Carved and a Skidded Turn

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 655-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Klous ◽  
Erich Müller ◽  
Hermann Schwameder
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Joint Loading ◽  
Joint Forces ◽  
Inverse Dynamics Analysis ◽  
Knee Joint Loading

Limited data exists on knee biomechanics in alpine ski turns despite the high rate of injuries associated with this maneuver. The purpose of the current study was to compare knee joint loading between a carved and a skidded ski turn and between the inner and outer leg. Kinetic data were collected using Kistler mobile force plates. Kinematic data were collected with five synchronized, panning, tilting, and zooming cameras. Inertial properties of the segments were calculated using an extended version of the Yeadon model. Knee joint forces and moments were calculated using inverse dynamics analysis. The obtained results indicate that knee joint loading in carving is not consistently greater than knee joint loading in skidding. In addition, knee joint loading at the outer leg is not always greater than at the inner leg. Differentiation is required between forces and moments, the direction of the forces and moments, and the phase of the turn that is considered. Even though the authors believe that the analyzed turns are representative, results have to be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size.

COMPARING METHODS FOR 3D INVERSE DYNAMICS ANALYSIS OF SQUAT LIFTING USING A FULL BODY LINKED SEGMENT MODEL

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (03) ◽  
pp. 2050004
Author(s):  
IMAN VAHDAT ◽  
MOHAMAD PARNIANPOUR ◽  
FARHAD TABATABAI GHOMSHEH ◽  
NIMA TOOSIZADEH ◽  
ALI TANBAKOOSAZ
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dynamics Analysis ◽  
Joint Moments ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Segment Model ◽  
Squat Lifting ◽  
Inverse Dynamics Analysis ◽  
Full Body

Objective: The main objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of bottom-up solution for three-dimensional (3D) inverse dynamics analysis of squat lifting using a 3D full body linked segment model. Least squares solution was used in this study as reference for assessment of the accuracy of bottom-up solution. Findings of this study may clarify how much the bottom-up solution can be reliable for calculating the joint kinetics in 3D inverse dynamics problems. Methods: Ten healthy males volunteered to perform squat lifting of a box with a load of one-tenth of their body weights. The joint moments were calculated using 110 reflective passive markers (46 anatomical markers and 64 tracking markers) and a 3D full body linked segment model. Ground reaction forces and kinematics data were recorded using a Vicon system with two parallel Kistler force plates. Three-dimensional Newton–Euler equations of motion with bottom-up and least squares solutions were applied to calculate joint moments. The peak and mean values of the joint moments were determined to check the quantitative differences as well as the time-to-peak value of the moment curves was determined to check the temporal differences between the two inverse dynamics solutions. Results: Significant differences (all [Formula: see text]-values [Formula: see text]) between the two inverse dynamics solutions were detected for the peak values of the hip (right and left sides) and L5–S1 joint moments in the lateral anatomical direction as well significant differences (all [Formula: see text]-values [Formula: see text]) were detected for the peak and mean values of the L5–S1 joint moment in all anatomical directions. Moreover, small differences (all RMSEs [Formula: see text]%) were detected between the two inverse dynamic solutions for the calculated lower body joint moments. Conclusions: The findings of this study clarified the disadvantages of the straightforward solutions and demonstrated that the bottom-up solution may not be accurate for more distal measures from the force plate (for hip and S1–L5) but it may be accurate for more proximal joints (ankle and knee) in 3D inverse dynamics analysis.

scholarly journals Development of New Soft Wearable Balance Exercise Device Using Pneumatic Gel Muscles

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (15) ◽  
pp. 3108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masataka Yamamoto ◽  
Yusuke Kishishita ◽  
Koji Shimatani ◽  
Yuichi Kurita
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Balance Control ◽  
Lightweight Design ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Balance Training ◽  
Assistive Device ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Peak Acceleration ◽  
Small Perturbations ◽  
Balance Exercise

Decreased ability to control posture is correlated with the risk of falls among older individuals. In particular, reactive postural control ability response to even small perturbations is important for fall prevention of older individuals. The current study sought to design a new wearable assistive device for improving balance function by generating small perturbations using pneumatic gel muscle (PGM). Furthermore, we investigated the effects of using the proposed device for balance training. The proposed wearable balance exercise device utilized PGMs possessing various features, such as a lightweight design and the ability to generate small perturbations with a small power source. We investigated the effects of the device on reactive postural control exercises. Seven healthy participants participated in this study. Three-dimensional acceleration data (Ax, Ay, and Az) were measured from participants during a single leg stance in each session. The peak Ax value generated by perturbations and responses significantly differed from baseline peak acceleration. The peak Ay value caused by perturbations was significantly decreased compared with baseline peak acceleration. In addition, the root mean square Ax value of the post-test significantly decreased compared with the pre-test value. Our results revealed that the proposed wearable balance exercise device was able to create small perturbations for assessing reactive postural balance control. Furthermore, the device was able to improve users’ stability.

scholarly journals Inverse Dynamics Modeling of Paralympic Wheelchair Curling

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 294-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brock Laschowski ◽  
Naser Mehrabi ◽  
John McPhee
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Biomechanical Model ◽  
Joint Kinematics ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Dynamics Modeling ◽  
Dynamic Simulations ◽  
Delivery Technique ◽  
Optical Motion ◽  
Inverse Dynamics Analysis

Paralympic wheelchair curling is an adapted version of Olympic curling played by individuals with spinal cord injuries, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and lower extremity amputations. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there has been no experimental or computational research published regarding the biomechanics of wheelchair curling. Accordingly, the objective of the present research was to quantify the angular joint kinematics and dynamics of a Paralympic wheelchair curler throughout the delivery. The angular joint kinematics of the upper extremity were experimentally measured using an inertial measurement unit system; the translational kinematics of the curling stone were additionally evaluated with optical motion capture. The experimental kinematics were mathematically optimized to satisfy the kinematic constraints of a subject-specific multibody biomechanical model. The optimized kinematics were subsequently used to compute the resultant joint moments via inverse dynamics analysis. The main biomechanical demands throughout the delivery (ie, in terms of both kinematic and dynamic variables) were about the hip and shoulder joints, followed sequentially by the elbow and wrist. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to wheelchair curling delivery technique, musculoskeletal modeling, and forward dynamic simulations.

scholarly journals Relationships between Racket Arm Joint Moments and Racket Head Speed during the Badminton Jump Smash Performed by Elite Male Malaysian Players

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 880
Author(s):  
Yuvaraj Ramasamy ◽  
Viswanath Sundar ◽  
Juliana Usman ◽  
Rizal Razman ◽  
Harley Towler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Multiple Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Joint Moments ◽  
Wrist Extension ◽  
System A ◽  
Position Data ◽  
Rotation Plane ◽  
Inverse Dynamics Analysis

Three-dimensional position data of nineteen elite male Malaysian badminton players performing a series of maximal jump smashes were collected using a motion capture system. A ‘resultant moments’ inverse dynamics analysis was performed on the racket arm joints (shoulder, elbow and wrist). Relationships between racket head speed and peak joint moments were quantified using correlational analyses, inclusive of a Benjamini–Hochberg correction for multiple-hypothesis testing. The racket head centre speed at racket–shuttlecock contact was, on average, 61.2 m/s with a peak of 68.5 m/s which equated to average shuttlecock speeds of 95.2 m/s with a peak of 105.0 m/s. The correlational analysis revealed that a larger shoulder internal rotation moment (r = 0.737), backwards shoulder plane of elevation moment (r = 0.614) and wrist extension moment (r = −0.564) were associated with greater racket head centre speed at racket–shuttlecock contact. Coaches should consider strengthening the musculature associated with shoulder internal rotation, plane of elevation and wrist extension. This work provides a unique analysis of the joint moments of the racket arm during the badminton jump smash performed by an elite population and highlights significant relationships between racket head speed and peak resultant joint moments.

Fall Initiation Criteria for Three-Dimensional Multi-Segmental Model of Biped Robot

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang B. Joo ◽  
Joo H. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Biped Robot ◽  
3D Space ◽  
Force Direction ◽  
Balancing Conditions

A biped mechanism can maintain its balance by redirecting the ground reaction force direction and changing the center of pressure location. In this paper, how the variable inertia in a multibody dynamic model is related to those efforts is investigated and fall initiation criteria in three dimensional space, a balanced state manifold is constructed by using a 3D multi-segmental model. The balanced state domain is constructed by iteratively solving nonlinear constrained optimization problems and finding the velocity extrema at given center of mass positions subjected to certain balancing conditions. The constructed balanced state domain of a multi-segmental model can be used as fall initiation criteria in 3D space and it demonstrates the better balancing maintenance capability of 3D multi-segmental model than the 3D linear inverted pendulum mode.

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