Formulation of Sasol Isomerized Paraffinic Kerosene Surrogate Fuel for Diesel Engine Application Using an Ignition Quality Tester

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziliang Zheng ◽  
Tamer Badawy ◽  
Naeim Henein ◽  
Peter Schihl ◽  
Eric Sattler
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Surrogate Fuels ◽  
Cycle Simulation ◽  
Ignition Quality ◽  
Surrogate Fuel ◽  
Ignition Quality Tester

Sasol isomerized paraffinic kerosene (IPK) is a coal-derived synthetic fuel under consideration as a blending stock with jet propellant 8 (JP-8) for use in military equipment. However, Sasol IPK is a low ignition quality fuel with derived cetane number (DCN) of 31. The proper use of such alternative fuels in internal combustion engines (ICEs) requires the modification in control strategies to operate engines efficiently. With computational cycle simulation coupled with surrogate fuel mechanism, the engine development process is proved to be very effective. Therefore, a methodology to formulate Sasol IPK surrogate fuels for diesel engine application using ignition quality tester (IQT) is developed. An in-house developed matlab code is used to formulate the appropriate mixture blends, also known as surrogate fuel. And aspen hysys is used to emulate the distillation curve of the surrogate fuels. The properties of the surrogate fuels are compared to those of the target Sasol IPK fuel. The DCNs of surrogate fuels are measured in the IQT and compared with the target Sasol IPK fuel at the standard condition. Furthermore, the ignition delay, combustion gas pressure, and rate of heat release (RHR) of Sasol IPK and its formulated surrogate fuels are analyzed and compared at five different charge temperatures. In addition, the apparent activation energies derived from chemical ignition delay of the surrogate fuel and Sasol IPK are determined and compared.

Formulation of Sasol IPK Surrogate Fuel for Diesel Engine Application Using an Ignition Quality Tester (IQT)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziliang Zheng ◽  
Tamer Badawy ◽  
Naeim Henein ◽  
Peter Schihl ◽  
Eric Sattler
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Combustion Gas ◽  
Surrogate Fuels ◽  
Aspen Hysys ◽  
Ignition Quality ◽  
Apparent Activation Energies ◽  
Surrogate Fuel ◽  
Ignition Quality Tester

This paper presents an approach to develop Sasol IPK (Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene) surrogate fuels for diesel engine application using Ignition Quality Tester (IQT). The methodology includes: 1) in-house developed MATLAB code to formulate the appropriate mixture blends, 2) Aspen HYSYS to develop the distillation curve and compares it to the target Sasol IPK fuel, 3) IQT to measure the derived cetane number (DCN) of surrogate fuels and compare it with the target Sasol IPK fuel, 4) analysis of autoignition and combustion characteristics for Sasol IPK surrogate fuels. The ignition delay, combustion gas pressure, and rate of heat release of Sasol IPK and its formulated surrogate fuel are analyzed and compared at five different charge temperatures. Furthermore, the apparent activation energies derived from chemical ignition delay of the surrogate fuel and Sasol IPK are determined and compared.

Fuel-Sensitive Ignition Delay Models for a Local and Global Description of Direct Injection Internal Combustion Engines

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoung Hyun Kwak ◽  
Claus Borgnakke ◽  
Dohoy Jung
Keyword(s):  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Global Model ◽  
Local Model ◽  
Delay Model ◽  
Lower Accuracy ◽  
Delay Models ◽  
Single Calibration

Models for ignition delay are investigated and fuel-specific properties are included to predict the effects of different fuels on the ignition delay. These models follow the Arrhenius type expression for the ignition delay modified with the oxygen concentration and Cetane number to extend the range of validity. In this investigation, two fuel-sensitive spray ignition delay models are developed: a global model and a local model. The global model is based on the global combustion chamber charge properties including temperature, pressure, and oxygen/fuel content. The local model is developed to account for temporal and spatial variations in properties of separated spray zones such as local temperature, oxidizer, and fuel concentrations obtained by a quasi-dimensional multizone fuel spray model. These variations are integrated in time to predict the ignition delay. Often ignition delay models are recalibrated for a specific fuel but in this study, the global ignition delay model includes the Cetane number to capture ignition delay of various fuels. The local model uses Cetane number and local stoichiometric oxygen to fuel molar ratio. The model is therefore capable of predicting spray ignition delays for a set of fuels with a single calibration. Experimental dataset of spray ignition delay in a constant volume chamber is used for model development and calibration. The models show a good accuracy for the predicted ignition delay of four different fuels: JP8, DF2, n-heptane, and n-dodecane. The investigation revealed that the most accurate form of the models is from a calibration done for each individual fuel with only a slight decrease in accuracy when a single calibration is done for all fuels. The single calibration case is the more desirable outcome as it leads to general models that cover all the fuels. Of the two proposed models, the local model has a slightly better accuracy compared to the global model. Results for both models demonstrate the improvements that can be obtained for the ignition delay model when additional fuel-specific properties are included in the spray ignition model. Other alternative fuels like synthetic oxygenated fuels were included in the investigation. These fuels behave differently such that the Cetane number does not provide the same explanation for the trend in ignition delay. Though of lower accuracy, the new models do improve the predictive capability when compared with existing types of ignition delay models applied to this kind of fuels.

Gas-to-Liquid Sprays at Different Injection and Ambient Conditions

2010 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dung Ngoc Nguyen ◽  
Hiroaki Ishida ◽  
Masahiro Shioji
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Ignition Quality ◽  
Gas To Liquid

Alternative fuels exhibit potential as a clean fuel and suitable to address problems of energy security and environmental pollution. The main objective of this research was to provide the fundamental data of ignition delay and combustion characteristics for gas-to-liquid (GTL) fuels. Experiments were carried out in a constant-volume vessel under diesel-engine conditions to study the effects of various injection and ambient conditions on ignition and combustion characteristics. The results showed that all tested fuels exhibited similar ignition-delay trends: Ignition delay increased as ambient temperature, ambient pressure, and oxygen concentration decreased. The result of changing injection pressures and nozzle-hole diameters did not significantly affect ignition-delay values for all tested fuels. The variation in ignition-delay values was small at temperatures higher than 700 K but large at temperatures less than 700 K. In addition, the result showed that GTL fuels with high cetane number corresponded to shorter ignition delay and smoother heat-release rate than those for gas-oil (conventional diesel fuel) at the same temperature, pressure, and oxygen concentration. The blend GTL fuel improved ignition quality and combustion than that of gas-oil. Shadowgraph images showed that GTL fuels exhibited shorter spray penetration and mixed with the hot air quicker than gas-oil. In addition, GTL fuels showed suitability for premixed charge compression-ignition operations owing to ignitability at low temperature. The obtained results provide useful information for finding the optimal conditions for the design and control of diesel engines fuelled by synthetic GTL fuels.

scholarly journals Relationship between Fuel Properties and Cetane Response of Cetane Improver for Non-Aromatic and Aromatic Fuels Used In A Single Cylinder Heavy Duty Diesel Engine

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel Engine ◽  
Ignition Quality ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel

Ignition improver additives are used to improve the ignition quality, or reduce the ignition delay; i.e. the time between when fuel is injected and time when combustion start is different this difference in time is minimize by additive is called cetane improver (CN). The Cetane Number (CN) is the most widely accepted measure of ignition quality to get desired value of centane number some additive are used hence ignition improvers are usually characterized by the fact that at what extent they can increase CN. By increasing cetane number we have two benefits that it helps smoother combustion and lower emissions. Fuel properties are always considered as one of the main factors to diesel engines concerning performance of cetane improver. There are still challenges for researchers to identify the most correlating and non-correlating fuel properties and their effects on cetane improver .In this study to derive the most un-correlating and correlating properties. In parallel, sensitivity analysis was performed for the fuel properties as well as to effect on performance of cetane improver

Experimental Validation of a 3-Component Surrogate for Sasol-IPK in Single Cylinder Diesel Engine and IQT

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samy A. Alkhayat ◽  
Manan J. Trivedi ◽  
Naeim A. Henein ◽  
Sampad Mukhopadhyay ◽  
Peter Schihl
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Experimental Validation ◽  
Peak Pressure ◽  
Single Cylinder ◽  
Pressure Peak ◽  
Ignition Quality ◽  
Surrogate Fuel ◽  
Three Components

The goal of this investigation is to compare the validation of Sasol-IPK and its surrogate fuel in the IQT and in an actual diesel engine. The surrogate fuel is composed of three components (46% iso-cetane, 44% decalin and 10% n-nonane on a volume basis). IQT experiments were conducted as per ASTM D6890-10a. Engine experiments were conducted at 1500 RPM, two engine loads, and two injection timings. Analysis of the ignition delay, peak pressure, peak RHR and other combustion phasing parameters, showed a closer match in IQT than in the diesel engine. This investigation suggests that validation in a single cylinder diesel engine should be a part of the surrogate validation, particularly for low ignition quality fuels.

Fuel Sensitive Ignition Delay Models for a Local and Global Description of Direct Injection Internal Combustion Engines

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoung Hyun Kwak ◽  
Claus Borgnakke ◽  
Dohoy Jung
Keyword(s):  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Global Model ◽  
Local Model ◽  
Delay Model ◽  
Delay Models ◽  
Single Calibration

Models for ignition delay in a direct injection compression ignition engine are investigated and fuel specific properties are included to predict the effects of different fuels on the ignition delay. These models follow the Arrhenius type expression for the ignition delay modified with the oxygen concentration and Cetane number to extend the range of validity. In this investigation two fuel-sensitive spray ignition delay models are developed: a global model and a local model. The global model is based on the global combustion chamber charge properties including temperature, pressure and oxygen/fuel content. The local model is developed to account for temporal and spatial variations in properties of separated spray zones such as local temperature, oxidizer and fuel concentrations obtained by a quasi-dimensional multi-zone fuel spray model. These variations are integrated in time to predict the ignition delay. An ignition delay model is typically re-calibrated for a specific fuel being used. In this study, the global ignition delay model includes the Cetane number to capture ignition delay of various fuels. The local model uses Cetane number and local stoichiometric oxygen to fuel molar ratio. Due to those variables, the model is capable of predicting spray ignition delays for a set of fuels with a single calibration step. Experimental dataset of spray ignition delay in a constant volume chamber is used for model development and calibration. The models show a good accuracy for the predicted ignition delay of four different fuels: JP8, DF2, n-heptane and n-dodecane. The investigation revealed that the most accurate form of the models is from a calibration done for each individual fuel with only a slight decrease in accuracy when a single calibration is done for all fuels. The single calibration case is the more desirable outcome as it leads to general models that cover all the fuels. Of the two proposed models the local model has a slightly better accuracy compared to the global model. Results for both models demonstrate the improvements that can be obtained for the ignition delay model when additional fuel specific properties are included in the spray ignition model. Other alternative fuels like synthetic oxygenated fuels were included in the investigation. These fuels behave differently such that the Cetane number does not provide the same explanation for the trend in ignition delay. Though of lower accuracy, the new models do improve the predictive capability when compared with existing types of ignition delay models applied to this kind of fuels.

An Investigation on Sensitivity of Ignition Delay and Activation Energy in Diesel Combustion

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Umashankar Joshi ◽  
Ziliang Zheng ◽  
Amit Shrestha ◽  
Naeim Henein ◽  
Eric Sattler
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Ignition Process ◽  
Start Of Injection ◽  
Auto Ignition ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Ignition Quality ◽  
Ignition Quality Tester ◽  
Start Of Combustion

The auto-ignition process plays a major role in the combustion, performance, fuel economy, and emission in diesel engines. The auto-ignition quality of different fuels has been rated by its cetane number (CN) determined in the cooperative fuel research engine, according to ASTM D613. More recently, the ignition quality tester (IQT), a constant volume vessel, has been used to determine the derived cetane number (DCN) to avoid the elaborate, time consuming, and costly engine tests, according to ASTM D6890. The ignition delay (ID) period in these two standard tests and many investigations has been considered to be the time period between start of injection (SOI) and start of combustion (SOC). The ID values determined in different investigations can vary due to differences in instrumentation and definitions. This paper examines the different definitions and the parameters that effect ID period. In addition, the activation energy dependence on the ID definition is investigated. Furthermore, results of an experimental investigation in a single-cylinder research diesel engine will be presented, while the charge density is kept constant during the ID period. The global activation energy is determined and its sensitivity to the charge temperature is examined.

Experimental Validation of a Three-Component Surrogate for Sasol-Isoparaffinic Kerosene in Single Cylinder Diesel Engine and Ignition Quality Tester

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samy Alkhayat ◽  
Manan Trivedi ◽  
Naeim Henein ◽  
Sampad Mukhopadhyay ◽  
Peter Schihl
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Experimental Validation ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Negative Temperature ◽  
Single Cylinder ◽  
Combustion Behavior ◽  
Auto Ignition ◽  
Temperature Combustion ◽  
Ignition Quality ◽  
Ignition Quality Tester

Surrogates development is important to extensively investigate the combustion behavior of fuels. Development of comprehensive surrogates has been focusing on matching chemical and physical properties of their target fuel to mimic its atomization, evaporation, mixing, and auto-ignition behavior. More focus has been given to matching the derived cetane number (DCN) as a measure of the auto-ignition quality. In this investigation, we carried out experimental validation of a three-component surrogate for Sasol-Isoparaffinic Kerosene (IPK) in ignition quality tester (IQT) and in an actual diesel engine. The surrogate fuel is composed of three components (46% iso-cetane, 44% decalin, and 10% n-nonane on a volume basis). The IQT experiments were conducted as per ASTM D6890-10a. The engine experiments were conducted at 1500 rpm, two engine loads, and two injection timings. Analysis of ignition delay (ID), peak pressure, peak rate of heat release (RHR), and other combustion phasing parameters showed a closer match in the IQT than in the diesel engine. Comparison between the surrogate combustion behavior in the diesel engine and IQT revealed that matching the DCN of the surrogate to its respective target fuel did not result in the same negative temperature coefficient (NTC) profile—which led to unmatched combustion characteristics in the high temperature combustion (HTC) regimes, despite the same auto-ignition and low temperature combustion (LTC) profiles. Moreover, a comparison between the combustion behaviors of the two fuels in the IQT is not consistent with the comparison in the diesel engine, which suggests that the surrogate validation in a single-cylinder diesel engine should be part of the surrogate development methodology, particularly for low ignition quality fuels.

An Investigation on Sensitivity of Ignition Delay and Activation Energy in Diesel Combustion

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umashankar Joshi ◽  
Ziliang Zheng ◽  
Amit Shrestha ◽  
Naeim Henein ◽  
Eric Sattler
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Ignition Process ◽  
Start Of Injection ◽  
Auto Ignition ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Ignition Quality ◽  
Ignition Quality Tester ◽  
Start Of Combustion

The auto-ignition process plays a major role in the combustion, performance, fuel economy and emission in diesel engines. The auto-ignition quality of different fuels has been rated by its cetane number (CN) determined in the CFR engine, according to ASTM D613. More recently, the Ignition Quality Tester (IQT), a constant volume vessel, has been used to determine the derived cetane number (DCN) to avoid the elaborate, time consuming and costly engine tests, according to ASTM D6890. The ignition delay period in these two standard tests and many investigations has been considered to be the time period between start of injection (SOI) and start of combustion (SOC). The ignition delay (ID) values determined in different investigations can vary due to differences in instrumentation and definitions. This paper examines the different definitions and the parameters that effect ID period. In addition the activation energy dependence on the ID definition is investigated. Furthermore, results of an experimental investigation in a single-cylinder research diesel engine will be presented while the charge density is kept constant during the ID period. The global activation energy is determined and its sensitivity to the charge temperature is examined.

Combustion and Emissions Characterization of Soy Methyl Ester Biodiesel Blends in an Automotive Turbocharged Diesel Engine

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin W. Moscherosch ◽  
Christopher J. Polonowski ◽  
Scott A. Miers ◽  
Jeffrey D. Naber
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Biodiesel Blends ◽  
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽  
Soy Methyl Ester ◽  
Low Sulfur

Recent increases in petroleum fuel costs, CAFE standards, and environmental concerns about CO2 emissions from petroleum based fuels have created an increased opportunity for diesel engines and renewable alternative fuels such as biodiesel. Additionally, the Environmental Protection Agencies Tier II heavy duty and light duty emissions regulations require significant reductions in NOx and diesel particulate matter emissions for diesel engines. As a result, the diesel engine and aftertreatment system is a highly calibrated system that is sensitive to changing fuel characteristics. This study focuses on the impact of soy methyl ester biodiesel blends on combustion performance, carbonaceous soot matter and NOX emissions. Tests were completed with an I4 1.9L, turbocharged, high speed, direct injection diesel engine using commercially available 15 ppm ultra low sulfur diesel, a soy methyl ester B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% ultra low sulfur diesel) biodiesel blend and a pure soy methyl ester biodiesel. Results show a reduction in NOx and carbonaceous soot matter emissions and an increase in brake specific fuel consumption with the use of biodiesel. Further, traditional methodology assumes that diesel fuels with a high cetane number have a reduced ignition delay. However, results from this study show the cetane number is not the only parameter effecting ignition delay.

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