Experimental and statistical ANOVA analysis on combustion stability of CH4/O2/CO2 in a partially-premixed gas turbine combustor

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Sherif Rashwan ◽  
Basel Abdelkader ◽  
Ahmed AbdAlmonem ◽  
Tharwat Abou-Arab ◽  
Medhat Nemitallah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Flame Length ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Flame Speed ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Combustion Stability ◽  
Flammability Limits ◽  
Partially Premixed

Abstract The application of the oxy-fuel combustion technique could tackle the combustion process's environmental issues. Experiments were conducted on partially premixed air- and oxy-methane combustion flames stabilized over a novel perforated burner in the present work. The burner has a premixing ratio of 7.0. In oxy-fuel combustion, the experiments were performed at oxygen fractions (OF%: volumetric percentage of O2 in the oxidizer mixture) of 29%, 32%, and 36% and over a range of operating conditions necessary for a stable flame. The results of oxy-combustion flames were compared with the corresponding air-combustion flames at the same operating conditions. Two sets of statistical analyses were performed for further confirmation of the experimental results. The first set investigated the operating parameters' effect, including OF and oxidizer Reynolds number (Re), on the upper flammability limits (UFL). Simultaneously, the second set studied the impact of OF and equivalence ratio on flame length. The experimental results revealed that the flammability limits get wider as the OF increases due to the resulting flame speed rise with O2-enrichment. The statistical analysis is conducted by ANOVA technique, which carries innovation and confirms that OF and Re significantly impacted the UFL. The visual flame length of oxy-flames was longer than its correspondents of air-flames due to the reduction of flame speed associated with the negative influence of CO2 dilution in oxy-flames. The statistical analysis showed a significant effect of OF and equivalence ratio on the visible flame appearance.

Flame Characteristics and Turbulent Flame Speeds of Turbulent, High-Pressure, Lean Premixed Methane/Air Flames

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Griebel ◽  
R. Bombach ◽  
A. Inauen ◽  
R. Scha¨ren ◽  
S. Schenker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Front ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Turbulent Flame ◽  
Flame Speed ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Turbulent Flame Speed ◽  
Front Position ◽  
Preheating Temperature ◽  
Lean Premixed

The present experimental study focuses on flame characteristics and turbulent flame speeds of lean premixed flames typical for stationary gas turbines. Measurements were performed in a generic combustor at a preheating temperature of 673 K, pressures up to 14.4 bars (absolute), a bulk velocity of 40 m/s, and an equivalence ratio in the range of 0.43–0.56. Turbulence intensities and integral length scales were measured in an isothermal flow field with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The turbulence intensity (u′) and the integral length scale (LT) at the combustor inlet were varied using turbulence grids with different blockage ratios and different hole diameters. The position, shape, and fluctuation of the flame front were characterized by a statistical analysis of Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence images of the OH radical (OH-PLIF). Turbulent flame speeds were calculated and their dependence on operating conditions (p, φ) and turbulence quantities (u′, LT) are discussed and compared to correlations from literature. No influence of pressure on the most probable flame front position or on the turbulent flame speed was observed. As expected, the equivalence ratio had a strong influence on the most probable flame front position, the spatial flame front fluctuation, and the turbulent flame speed. Decreasing the equivalence ratio results in a shift of the flame front position farther downstream due to the lower fuel concentration and the lower adiabatic flame temperature and subsequently lower turbulent flame speed. Flames operated at leaner equivalence ratios show a broader spatial fluctuation as the lean blow-out limit is approached and therefore are more susceptible to flow disturbances. In addition, because of a lower turbulent flame speed these flames stabilize farther downstream in a region with higher velocity fluctuations. This increases the fluctuation of the flame front. Flames with higher turbulence quantities (u′, LT) in the vicinity of the combustor inlet exhibited a shorter length and a higher calculated flame speed. An enhanced turbulent heat and mass transport from the recirculation zone to the flame root location due to an intensified mixing which might increase the preheating temperature or the radical concentration is believed to be the reason for that.

An Annular Combustor Natural Gas Ignition Model Derived From Atmospheric Sector Experiments

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Hirsch ◽  
T. Ku¨enzi ◽  
H. P. Kno¨pfel ◽  
B. Paikert ◽  
C. Steinbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Mixing Model ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Flammability Limits ◽  
Basic Physics ◽  
Annular Combustor ◽  
Pilot Fuel ◽  
Gas Ignition ◽  
Ignition Limits ◽  
Burner Operation

Results from ignition and cross-ignition tests performed on an atmospheric 60°-sector test rig equipped with three EV-type burners are presented. Based on these results a model was developed for an annular combustor, which calculates the primary ignition and burner-burner cross-ignition limits for the combustor in terms of burner operation variables (equivalence ratio and pilot fuel ratio) using a generally applicable methodology described in the paper. Key ingredients of the model are the description of mixture flammability and a mixing model representing the ignition relevant mixing behaviour of the burners in the annular combustor. Ignition and cross-ignition are observed to occur, if the mixture equivalence ratio determined from the mixing model is above the flammability limits calculated for the particular operating conditions. Even in the case of cross iginition across an externally piloted or switched-off burner, the model reproduces the experimental cross-ignition limits, confirming that the basic physics have been captured.

scholarly journals Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the Laminar Flame Speed of CH4/O2 Mixtures Diluted With CO2 and H2O

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Mazas ◽  
D. A. Lacoste ◽  
T. Schuller
Keyword(s):  
Laminar Flame ◽  
Burning Velocity ◽  
Molar Fraction ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Flame Speed ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Laminar Flame Speed ◽  
Numerical Predictions ◽  
Linear Decrease

The effects of CO2 and H2O addition on premixed oxy-fuel combustion are investigated with experiments and numerical simulations on the laminar flame speed of CH4/O2/CO2/H2O(v) and CH4/O2/N2/H2O(v) mixtures, at atmospheric pressure and for a reactants inlet temperature Tu = 373 K. Experiments are conducted with steady laminar conical premixed flames over a range of operating conditions representative of oxy-fuel combustion with flue gas recirculation. The relative O2-to-CO2 and O2-to-N2 ratios, respectively defined as O2/(O2+CO2) (mol.) and O2/(O2+N2) (mol.), are varied from 0.21 to 1.0. The equivalence ratio of the mixtures ranges from 0.5 to 1.5, and the steam molar fraction in the reactive mixture is varied from 0 to 0.45. Laminar flame speeds are measured with the flame area method using a Schlieren apparatus. Experiments are completed by simulations with the PREMIX code using the detailed kinetic mechanism GRI-mech. 3.0. Numerical predictions are found in good agreement with experimental data for all cases explored. It is also shown that the laminar flame speed of CH4/O2/N2 mixtures diluted with steam H2O(v) features a quasi-linear decrease when increasing the diluent molar fraction, even at high dilution rates. Effects of N2 replacement by CO2 in wet reactive mixtures are then investigated. A similar quasi-linear decrease of the flame speed is observed for CH4/O2/CO2 H2O-diluted flames. For a similar flame speed in dry conditions, results show a larger reduction of the burning velocity for CH4/O2/N2/H2O mixtures than for CH4/O2/CO2/H2O mixtures, when the steam molar fraction is increased. Finally, it is observed that the laminar flame speed of weakly (CO2, H2O)-diluted CH4/O2 mixtures is underestimated by the GRI-mech 3.0 predictions.

Modeling the Response of Premixed Flames to Mixture Ratio Perturbations

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju Hyeong Cho ◽  
Tim C. Lieuwen
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Flame Length ◽  
Flame Speed ◽  
Heat Of Reaction ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Mixture Ratio ◽  
Flame Response ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Flame Position

Combustion instabilities continue to cause significant reliability and availability problems in low emissions gas turbine combustors. It is known that these instabilities are often caused by a self-exciting feedback loop between unsteady heat release rate and reactive mixture equivalence ratio perturbations. We present an analysis of the flame’s response to equivalence ratio perturbations by considering the kinematic equations for the flame front. This response is controlled by three processes: heat of reaction, flame speed, and flame area. The first two are directly generated by equivalence ratio oscillations. The third is indirect, as it is generated by the flame speed fluctuations. The first process dominates the response of the flame at low Strouhal numbers, roughly defined as frequency times flame length divided by mean flow velocity. All three processes play equal roles at Strouhal numbers of O(1). The mean equivalence ratio exerts little effect upon this transfer function at low Strouhal numbers. At O(1) Strouhal numbers, the flame response increases with decreasing values of the mean equivalence ratio. Thus, these results are in partial agreement with heuristic arguments made in prior studies that the flame response to equivalence ratio oscillations increases as the fuel/air ratio becomes leaner. In addition, a result is derived for the sensitivity of this transfer function to uncertainties in mean flame position. For example, a sensitivity of 10 means that a 5% uncertainty in flame position translates into a 50% uncertainty in transfer function. This sensitivity is of O(1) for St<<1, but has very high values for St∼O(1).

scholarly journals An Experimental Investigation on the Combustion and Emissions Performance of a Natural Gas–Diesel Dual Fuel Engine at Low and Medium Loads

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongsheng Guo ◽  
W. Stuart Neill ◽  
Brian Liko
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Combustion Stability ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions ◽  
Dual Fuel Combustion

Natural gas is an abundant and inexpensive fuel in North America. It produces lower greenhouse gas emissions than diesel fuel when burned in an internal combustion engine. It is also considered to be a clean fuel because it generates lower particulate matter emissions than diesel fuel during combustion. In this study, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the combustion and emissions performance of a natural gas – diesel dual fuel engine at low and medium loads. A single cylinder direct injection diesel engine was modified to operate as the dual fuel engine. The diesel fuel was directly injected into the cylinder, while natural gas was injected into the intake port. The operating conditions, such as engine speed, load, intake temperature and pressure, were well controlled during the experiment. The effect of natural gas fraction on energy efficiency, cylinder pressure, exhaust temperature, and combustion stability were recorded and analyzed. The emissions data, including particulate matter, nitric oxides, carbon monoxide, and methane at various natural gas fractions and operating conditions were also analyzed. The results showed that natural gas – diesel dual fuel combustion slightly decreased brake thermal efficiency at low and medium load conditions and significantly reduced carbon dioxide and particulate matter emissions. Methane and NOx emissions increased in dual fuel combustion mode compared to diesel operation. The variation of carbon monoxide emissions in dual fuel mode depended on load and speed conditions.

Stability and Emission in a LPG-Air Premixed Coaxial Jet Flame Burner under a Wide Range of Operating Conditions

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Stability Limit ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Flammability Limits ◽  
Core Flow ◽  
Jet Flame ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Flame Burner ◽  
Co2 Level

This paper is concerned with the experimental investigation of stability and emission in a LPG-air premixed coaxial jet burner. By varying the fuel-air ratio in the core flow stream, the flame stability of this coaxial jet flame burner is carried out experimentally, extensively over a wide range of core velocity at 4-16 m/sec. The overall equivalence ratios for all cases are enhanced with the increase in core velocity. An improvement in stability limits are observed with the increase in coflow velocity. However, the NO level for two coflow velocities increases with the increase in core flow velocity which is attributed to the fact that the flame gets stabilized at a higher core equivalence ratio. The flue gas CO2 level is enhanced with the increase in core velocity for three different coflow velocities. The increase in CO2 is mainly due to the combustion of fuel and the subsequent conversion of CO to CO2 in the higher combustion gas temperature. In order to reduce the emission level, the coflow stream is premixed by injecting fuel into the coflow stream with an equivalence ratio even below flammability limits. The stability limit is found to be improved marginally, when the premixed mixture is used in the coflow stream. Interestingly, by using premixed fuel-air mixture in the coflow stream, there is a decrease in NO emission levels. Of course, the use of fuel-air mixtures in the coflow stream enhances the CO2 level.

scholarly journals A Numerical Prediction of Stabilized Turbulent Partially Premixed Flames Using Ammonia/Hydrogen Mixture

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 113-133
Author(s):  
Moataz Medhat ◽  
Mohamed Yehia ◽  
Adel Khalil ◽  
Miguel C. Franco ◽  
Rodolfo C. Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Turbulent Flame ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Combustion Model ◽  
Hydrogen Mixture ◽  
Partially Premixed ◽  
No Emissions

The objective of this work is to computationally assess the performance of a carbon free ammonia-hydrogen mixture when burnt in a gas turbine like combustor. Recently, utilizing ammonia as an alternative carbon-free fuel for future power, industry applications and achieving clean energy attracted enormous interest. Pure ammonia oxidation is facing many challenges such as high NOx emissions, high ignition energy, slow reactivity and lower laminar flame speeds. Therefore, the use of ammonia/hydrogen mixture provides flame stability and increasing flame speed. In this manuscript a numerical study for a new swirl stabilized combustor for oxidizing ammonia/hydrogen mixture. Numerical two dimensional model simulations of a turbulent flame on Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) including a realizable k-e turbulent scheme with the aid of chemistry mechanism were performed under various conditions. Partially premixed combustion model with flame-let concept was selected and radiation effects are also considered. Validation for the predicted results showed a reasonable agreement when validated with the experimental data. The results discuss the influence of changing inlet pressure and equivalence ratio on the stability and the characteristics of unburnt NH3 and NO emissions. Results show that for constant operating conditions such as constant equivalence ratio of 0.8 that increasing hydrogen content resulted in increasing NO emission. Also, for constant ammonia/hydrogen concentrations, NO emissions increases with equivalence ratio then reduced at rich conditions and NH3 emissions are generally low. Equivalence ratio lower than 1.2 will be preferable to reduce the amount of unburnt NH3 formation.

Thermal efficiency of a dual-mode turbulent jet ignition engine under lean and near-stoichiometric operation

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 1055-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravi Teja Vedula ◽  
Ruitao Song ◽  
Thomas Stuecken ◽  
Guoming G Zhu ◽  
Harold Schock
Keyword(s):  
Compression Ratio ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Turbulent Jet ◽  
Combustion Stability ◽  
Effective Pressure ◽  
Dual Mode ◽  
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure ◽  
Combustion Technology

Turbulent jet ignition is a combustion technology that can offer higher thermal efficiency compared to the homogeneous spark ignition engines. A potential combustion-related challenge with turbulent jet ignition is the pre-chamber misfiring due to improperly scavenged combustion residuals and maintaining the mixture composition there. Dual-mode turbulent jet ignition is a novel combustion technology developed to address the aforementioned issues. The dual-mode turbulent jet ignition is an engine combustion technology wherein an auxiliary air supply apart from an auxiliary fuel injection is provided into the pre-chamber. This technology can offer enhanced stoichiometry control and combustion stability in the pre-chamber and subsequently combustion control in the main chamber. In this work, engine testing of a single-cylinder dual-mode turbulent jet ignition engine having a compression ratio of 12.0 was completed with liquid gasoline and the indicated thermal efficiency was measured. High-speed pressure recordings were used to compare and analyze different operating conditions. Coefficient of variation in the indicated mean effective pressure and the global air/fuel equivalence ratio values were used to characterize the engine operation. Lean operating conditions for a global air/fuel equivalence ratio of 1.85 showed an indicated efficiency of 46.8% ± 0.5% at 1500 r/min and 6.0 bar indicated mean effective pressure. In addition, the combustion stability of this engine was tested with nitrogen dilution. The nitrogen diluent fraction was controlled by monitoring the intake oxygen fraction. The dual-mode turbulent jet ignition engine of compression ratio 12.0 delivered an indicated efficiency of 46.6% ± 0.5% under near-stoichiometric operation at 1500 r/min and 7.7 bar indicated mean effective pressure with a coefficient of variation in indicated mean effective pressure of less than 2% for all conditions tested.

Relationships between Population Dynamics and Operating Parameters in an Activated Sludge-Plant by Statistical Analysis

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 399-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Cingolani ◽  
M. Cossignani ◽  
R. Miliani
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Aerobic Treatment

Statistical analyses were applied to data from a series of 38 samples collected in an aerobic treatment plant from November 1989 to December 1990. Relationships between microfauna structure and plant operating conditions were found. Amount and quality of microfauna groups and species found in activated sludge proved useful to suggest the possible causes of disfunctions.

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