The Past, Present and Future of a Pipeline Gas Turbine

Author(s):  
A. H. Carameros ◽  
B. J. Mathews ◽  
W. B. Moyer

El Paso reviews its experience with the gas turbine. Requirements set forth, and how they have been fulfilled are discussed along with problems encountered with respect to design, operation, and maintenance. Desirable improvements in the gas turbine and associated equipment are also discussed.

Author(s):  
Pontus Slottner ◽  
Per Johansson

Abstract Gas turbine maintenance has historically been performed firstly to keep equipment safe and reliable to operate, and secondly to prevent performance loss. Component replacement plans have often been generic and therefore best suited for one set of ambient conditions and a few pre-defined operation profiles. Continuous development in materials and computerized analysis methods have resulted in much more well understood and robust designs than before, resulting in design induced failure rates dropping to levels where they can be considered as random and unexpected. While gas turbine designs matured, market conditions changed. Deregulation, consumer energy efficiency improvements, emission reduction requirements and large-scale introduction of renewables have reduced both average electricity price and thus the average amount of gas turbine power needed, but has also increased the variability in demand, resulting in highly unit specific operation profiles. This requires operators to cut unnecessary costs wherever possible and optimize operation and maintenance strategy in a complex environment with a growing number of parameters to consider. Over the past years much focus has been put on cost reduction through extension of maintenance intervals. However, since less maintenance and longer intervals can mean lower reliability and higher degradation, it is not always cost efficient. This paper shows how costs of maintenance, operation, fuel and degradation can be analyzed together, resulting in improved decision support for choosing better operation and maintenance strategies.


Author(s):  
Paul J. Stoller ◽  
Anthony LoRe ◽  
William Crellin ◽  
Robert Hauser

This paper discusses one of the key lessons learned from administering the first generation of service agreements for public owners of waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities over the past 22 years and how those experiences were incorporated into a new service agreement for the operation and maintenance of Pinellas County’s 24 year old, 3,000 tpd WTE Facility to better protect the county’s interests. Additionally, a major issue raised by the operating companies during the competitive procurement process for continue operation of the facility is discussed and how that concern was addressed in the new service agreement is also presented. Capitalized words or terms used in this paper are defined within the new service agreement.


Author(s):  
Mustapha Chaker ◽  
Cyrus B. Meher-Homji ◽  
Thomas Mee

The inlet fogging of gas turbine engines for power augmentation has seen increasing application over the past decade yet not a single technical paper treating the physics and engineering of the fogging process, droplet size measurement, droplet kinetics, or the duct behavior of droplets, from a gas turbine perspective, is available. This paper provides the results of extensive experimental and theoretical studies conducted over several years, coupled with practical aspects learned in the implementation of nearly 500 inlet fogging systems on gas turbines ranging in power from 5 to 250 MW. Part B of the paper treats the practical aspects of fog nozzle droplet sizing, measurement and testing presenting the information from a gas turbine fogging perspective. This paper describes the different measurement techniques available, covers design aspects of nozzles, provides experimental data on different nozzles and provides recommendations for a standardized nozzle testing method for gas turbine inlet air fogging.


Author(s):  
Bin Zhou

According to FM Global proprietary data, power-gen gas turbine losses have consistently represented a dominant share of the overall equipment-based loss value over the past decade. Effective assessment of loss exposure or risk related to gas turbines has become and will continue to be a critical but challenging task for property insurers and their clients. Such systematic gas turbine risk assessment is a necessary step to develop strategies for turbine risk mitigation and loss prevention. This paper presents a study of outage data from the Generating Availability Data System (GADS) by the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC). The risk of forced outages in turbines was evaluated in terms of outage days and number of outages per unit-year. In order to understand the drivers of the forced outages, the influence of variables including turbine age, capacity, type, loading characteristic, and event cause codes were analyzed by grouping the outage events based on the chosen values (or ranges of values) of these variables. A list of major findings related to the effect of these variables on the risk of forced outage is discussed.


Author(s):  
Allan J. Volponi ◽  
Hans DePold ◽  
Ranjan Ganguli ◽  
Chen Daguang

The goal of Gas Turbine Performance Diagnostics is to accurately detect, isolate and assess the changes in engine module performance, engine system malfunctions and instrumentation problems from knowledge of measured parameters taken along the engine’s gas path. Discernable shifts in engine speeds, temperatures, pressures, fuel flow, etc., provide the requisite information for determining the underlying shift in engine operation from a presumed nominal state. Historically, this type of analysis was performed through the use of a Kalman Filter or one of its derivatives to simultaneously estimate a plurality of engine faults. In the past decade, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have been employed as a pattern recognition device to accomplish the same task. Both methods have enjoyed a reasonable success.


2006 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 826-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustapha A. Chaker ◽  
Cyrus B. Meher-Homji ◽  
Thomas Mee

The inlet fogging of gas turbine engines for power augmentation has seen increasing application over the past decade. This paper provides the results of extensive experimental and theoretical studies conducted on impaction pin fog nozzles. It covers the important area of the fog plume pattern of impaction pin nozzles and examines fog-plume uniformity. The subject of sprinkle (large droplet formation) from the nozzles is also examined in detail and is shown to be nonsignificant. The effect, on evaporation rate, of ambient climatic conditions and the location of the fog nozzle with respect to the gas turbine inlet duct has been analytically and experimentally analyzed. An analytical model is used to study the evaporation dynamics of fog droplets injected in the inlet ducts. The model is validated experimentally in a wind tunnel.


2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
X Q Zhang ◽  
P W.M Tam ◽  
W Zheng

Rubber dams are inflatable and deflatable hydraulic structures. Thousands of rubber dams have been installed worldwide for various purposes: irrigation, water supply, power generation, tidal barrier, flood control, environmental improvement, and recreation. Furthermore, rubber dams have been used in cold areas where the temperature is as low as – 40°C. The simplicity and flexibility of the rubber dam structure and its proven reliability are key considerations in its wide scope of applications. Based on the management practices of 20 rubber dams in Hong Kong in the past 35 years, interviews with rubber dam experts and practitioners, and the investigation to the construction of a recent rubber dam, this paper provides a detailed discussion on various issues related to the construction, operation, maintenance, and repair of rubber dams.Key words: construction, hydraulic structure, maintenance, operation, repair, rubber dam.


Author(s):  
Mario Amura

      Napoli Explosionis the combinatorial synthesis of an emotional transition. A year dies flowing and vanishing into the new one. A reckless eye shuttles as fast as a blink from far away in the City of Naples with no human shape in sight. An invisible Humanity as a whole, a hundred thousand lights in their illusion of challenging the immense power of Nature, embodied by the still and silent menace of the Vesuvius Volcano. It seems like a war zone seen in the distance: the constellation of myriads of fireworks of the City seem an anti-aircraft fire against the imaginary menace of the passing of Time. On one side, a minuscule, invisible multitude of human beings obsessed and eaten up by Time celebrates its death and resurrection in the New Year’s Day fireworks mess. On the other side stands the Volcano, ironically waiting quietly in the shade for the moment to explode unannounced its fury: out of Time, guided by earth’s breath and beat, synchronized with the rhythm of Universe. The City surrounds it, lights-bombing it while motionless and mute: an enormous deep blue shadow of an overturned cone whose roots plunge into the chaos of fire and energy boiling in the earth bowels It seems to live out of Human Time.    The City of Naples explodes in the impermanent constellation of fireworks. The faraway eye, standing on the Faito Mountain just in front of the City, catches all its raging sense of vengeance against the deathly power of Vesuvius, as a sort of exhibition of euphoria in a state of trance, in the momentary victory over Death symbolized by the passage to a new year of Life. It’s an exorcism, a rite. New Year’s Day in Naples is something more than a simple celebration. It’s a state of mind: the city is notorious all over the world for its black market of illegal, dangerous fireworks, a hidden business which reveals all the iconoclastic fury of its inhabitants against Time and History. At midnight a kind of cyclic Potlatch begins, in which people get rid of everything belonging to the Past, throwing out of the windows furniture, objects, old stuff not worthy of surviving the Big Fire, aiming for the illusion of an eternal Present Time of everlasting Youth. Amura gives a human soul to what is lifeless: the city itself explodes, challenging Nature (Serafino Murri).      Napoli Explosion is a project started in 2006. From 2006 to 2015 the photos were shot solo by Amura. Since 2016, a "polyphonic" team was formed including Christian Arpaia, Claudia Ascione, Eleonora Grieco, Raffaele Losco, Marco Rambaldi, Marco Ricci, Armando Serrano, Maurizio Valsania. Original music by Louis Siciliano. (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Siciliano).Resumen      Explosión en Nápoles es la síntesis combinatoria de una transición emocional. Un año muere fluyendo y desvaneciéndose en uno nuevo. Un ojo temerario viaja tan rápido como un parpadeo desde la lejanía en la ciudad de Nápoles sin una forma humana a la vista. Una Humanidad invisible como un todo, cien mil luces en su ilusión de desafiar el inmenso poder de la naturaleza, personificado en la tranquila y silenciosa amenaza del volcán Vesubio.  Parece una escena de guerra en la distancia: la constelación de una miríada de fuegos artificiales de la Ciudad como si se tratara de un bombardeo antiaéreo contra la amenaza imaginaria que yace en el paso del tiempo. Por un lado, una minúscula multitud invisible de seres humanos obsesionados con, y devorados por, el Tiempo celebran su muerte y resurrección en el caos de los fuegos artificiales de Año Nuevo. Por otro lado, está el volcán, esperando silenciosamente en la sombra el momento en que su furia explote sin aviso: fuera del Tiempo, guiado por la respiración y latido de la tierra, sincronizado con el ritmo del universo. La Ciudad lo rodea, las luces lo iluminan mientras permanece quieto y mudo: una enorme sombra azul de un cono volcado cuyas raíces se sumergen en las entrañas de la tierra, en su caos de fuego y energía. Parece vivir fuera del Tiempo Humano.      La Ciudad de Nápoles explota en la constelación temporal de fuegos artificiales. El ojo lejano, situado en la montaña Faito justo frente a la ciudad, capta todo su iracundo sentido de venganza frente al poder mortal del Vesubio, como una especia de exhibición de euforia en un estado de trance, en la victoria momentánea sobre la Muerte simbolizada por el paso a un año nuevo de Vida. Es un exorcismo, un rito. El día de Año Nuevo en Nápoles es algo más que una simple celebración. Es un estado mental: la ciudad es conocida en todo el mundo por su mercado negro de fuegos artificiales peligrosos e ilegales, un negocio escondido que revela la furia iconoclasta de sus habitantes contra el Tiempo y la Historia. A medianoche una especie de Potlatch cíclico comienza, en el que la gente se deshace de todo lo que pertenece al pasado, lanzando por las ventanas muebles, objetos, cosas viejas que no merecen sobrevivir el Gran Fuego, con la ilusión de un Tiempo Presente eterno de Juventud interminable. Amura da un alma humana a lo que no tiene vida: la ciudad misma explota, desafiando a la Naturaleza (Serafino Murri).      Explosión en Nápoles es un proyecto que comenzó en 2006. De 2006 a 2015 sólo Amura tomó las fotos. Desde 2016, se formó un equipo “polifónico” incluyendo a Christian Arpaia, Claudia Ascione, Eleonora Grieco, Raffaele Losco, Marco Rambaldi, Marco Ricci, Armando Serrano, Maurizio Valsania. Música original de Louis Siciliano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Siciliano).


Author(s):  
A. H. Carameros

A summary of El Paso Natural Gas Company’s operating experience covering design and operating problems encountered during the period between September, 1952, to January, 1956. Some discussion on operating and maintenance costs is also offered.


Author(s):  
Jeffrey Goldmeer ◽  
Paul Glaser ◽  
Bassam Mohammad

Abstract The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has seen significant transformation in power generation in the past 10 years. There has been an increase in the number of F-class combined cycle power plants being developed and brought into commercial operation. There has also been a shift to the use of natural gas as primary fuel. At the same time, there has been an interest in switching the back-up fuel for new power plants from refined distillates to domestic crude oils. Both Arabian Super Light (ASL) and Arabian Extra Light (AXL) have been proposed for use in new F-class gas turbine combined cycle power plants. This paper provides details on the combustion evaluations of ASL and AXL, as well as the first field usage of ASL in a gas turbine.


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