The Synthesis of Planar Linkages to Satisfy an Approximate Motion Specification

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Mirth
Keyword(s):  
Design Space ◽  
Accurate Position ◽  
Solution Region ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Position Problem ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Planar Linkages ◽  
Position Synthesis ◽  
Individual Design ◽  
Complete Process

Abstract This paper introduces the method of quasi-precision position synthesis for planar linkages. A quasi-precision position is defined by an approximate region that the mechanism must pass through. The quasi-precision position problem specification generates an increased design region by not requiring the accurate position specification that is characteristic of optimization and precision position methods. The design space is generated by intersecting the individual design regions of different four position sets. Each four position set consists of three exact positions plus one quasi-precision position. The method allows for the use of any number of quasi-precision positions. The result of using quasi-precision positions is an increase in the available design space without violating the basic problem constraints. The increased solution region gives the designer a greater variety of choices while reducing the number of required design iterations. The complete process of quasi-precision position synthesis is presented through the use of an example.

Two Precision Position Synthesis of Planar Linkages With Positional Rectification

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Mirth
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Algorithms ◽  
All Solutions ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Planar Linkages ◽  
Position Synthesis ◽  
Exact Positions

Abstract Precision position synthesis is used to generate planar linkages that pass through two exact positions and an additional number of approximate positions. The approximate positions provide a means of rectifying the solution linkages such that all solutions presented are more likely to describe a motion that remains within acceptable positional bounds. The rectification method involves the development of three different numerical algorithms that may be applied to a particular step in the dyad/triad method of precision position synthesis. The three algorithms presented can be applied in a variety of combinations to allow for the synthesis of both simple (four-bar) and complex (multiloop) planar linkages.

Kinematic Synthesis of Binary Actuated Mechanisms for Rigid Body Guidance

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Hanchak ◽  
Andrew P. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Rigid Body ◽  
Design Space ◽  
Kinematic Synthesis ◽  
Prismatic Joint ◽  
Revolute Joints ◽  
Binary State ◽  
Parallel Arrangement ◽  
Position Problem ◽  
Position Synthesis ◽  
Kinematic Solution

Abstract This paper presents a method for designing mechanisms composed of Revolute-Binary state prismatic-Revolute (RBR) chains for rigid body guidance. Where a prismatic joint allows for any distance between two revolute joints, a binary state prismatic joint reaches two distances precisely. A single RBR chain can be designed to reach six positions. A parallel arrangement of three RBR chains can be assembled at the six positions but, in general, is not a viable kinematic solution. By requiring the arrangement of three RBR chains to share specific fixed and moving pivots, called an N-type arrangement, four positions are reachable. Further, the design space is quickly searchable for singularity-free solutions. Examples illustrate a solution to a four position synthesis problem and a ten position problem using a serial assembly of these mechanisms.

Full Well Corrosion Insight – Case Studies in the Added Value of Electromagnetic Thickness Measurements During Well Interventions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Imrie ◽  
Maciej Kozlowski ◽  
Omar Torky ◽  
Aditya Arie Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Metal Thickness ◽  
True Condition ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
External Corrosion ◽  
The Individual

AbstractMonitoring pipe corrosion is one of the critical aspects in the well intervention. Such analysis is used to evaluate and justify any remedial actions, to prolong the longevity of the well. Typical corrosion evaluation methods of tubulars consist of multifinger caliper tools that provide high-resolution measurements of the internal condition of the pipe. Routinely, this data is then analyzed and interpreted with respect to the manufacture's nominal specification for each tubular. However, this requires assumptions on the outer diameter of the tubular may add uncertainty, and incorrectly calculate the true metal thicknesses. This paper will highlight cases where the integration of such tool and electromagnetic (EM) thickness data adds value in discovering the true condition of both the first tubular and outer casings.These case studies demonstrate the use of a multireceiver, multitransmitter electromagnetic (EM) metal thickness tool operating at multiple simultaneous frequencies. It is used to measure the individual wall thickness across multiple strings (up to five) and operates continuously, making measurements in the frequency domain. This tool was combined with a multifinger caliper to provide a complete and efficient single-trip diagnosis of the tubing and casing integrity. The combination of multifinger caliper and EM metal thickness tool results gives both internal and external corrosion as well as metal thickness of first and outer tubular strings.The paper highlights multiple case studies including; i) successfully detecting several areas of metal loss (up to greater than 32%) on the outer string, which correlated to areas of the mobile salt formation, ii) overlapping defects in two tubulars and, iii) cases where a multifinger caliper alone doesn't provide an accurate indication of the true wall thickness. The final case highlights the advantages of integrating multiple tubular integrity tools when determining the condition of the casing wall.Metal thickness tools operating on EM principles benefit from a slim outer diameter design that allows the tools to pass through restrictions which typically would prevent ultrasonic scanning thickness tools. Additionally, EM tools are unaffected by the type of fluid in the wellbore and not affected by any non-ferrous scale buildup that may present in the inside of the tubular wall. Combinability between complementary multifinger caliper technology and EM thickness results in two independent sensors to provide a complete assessment of the well architecture.

scholarly journals Development of the cardinality principle in Macedonian preschool children

Psihologija ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Nikoloska
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Individual

Cardinality principle refers to the fact that the last number tag used in counting determines the cardinality of a set. Macedonian kindergarten children were tested with the give-a-number task for understanding of this principle. It was found that Macedonian children, unlike their western counterparts, pass through an additional stage, 5-knowers, before they master the cardinality principle. Also, the age at which they pass through the individual stages is somewhat higher than the age of children coming from western samples. Possible explanations are offered and discussed.

scholarly journals Seasonal changes of biological condition and reproductive cycle of hampback shrimp Pandalus hypsinotus (Caridea, Pandalidae) in the Tatar Strait

2021 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-560
Author(s):  
D. N. Yuriev ◽  
G. V. Zhukovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Japan Sea ◽  
Biological Condition ◽  
Tatar Strait ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Trawl Catches

Research and commercial trawl catches of humpback shrimp Pandalus hypsinotus from the Tatar Strait (Japan Sea) in 2004–2020 were investigated, with bioanalysis of about 45 thousand specimens. Average timing of group molting, spawning, and eggs laying are determined, terms of gonads and eggs development are estimated. Prespawning and molting of the females occur between January-April, with the peaks in early February and middle February, respectively. All oviparous females have 30–40 days to lay eggs, and molt during 50–55 days; the peak of the eggs laying occurs in late June. The males molt in July-August, afterwards the largest individuals change gender and new intersexes are formed. The males have the second molting in October-December, with the peak in late November. In January, after finish of the males molting, a new annual reproduction cycle starts from the prespawning molting of females. Both vitellogenesis and embryogenesis are observed through the year, though females with developing gonads prevail from August to January (because of a long time span between winter and summer moltings while the egg carrying continued 15 months) but oviparous females — from February to July. The individual reproductive cycle of Pandalus hypsinotus in the Tatar Strait lasts 24 months, with 9 months of vitellogenesis (quick growth of gonads) and 15 months of embryogenesis. During the 2-year reproductive cycle, most of females pass through the following stages: i) gonads development (just after eggs laying) when almost all oviparous females (up to 95 % in May) have green gonads under carapace that corresponds to the stage of development «eggs laid — gonads weakly developed»; ii) summer molting from August when females lose hairs on pleopods and the gonads growth accelerates; iii) respawning in January-March (together with the firstly spawning intersexes, with slight delay of the latter); iv) initial developing of eggs during summer; v) stage of «eyed eggs» from December to March; and vi) eggs laying and molting from late March to late May; then the 2-year reproductive cycle repeats.

The Depressive Position in Normal Emotional Development

2016 ◽  
pp. 185-200
Author(s):  
Donald W. Winnicott
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Depressive Mood ◽  
Oedipus Complex ◽  
Depressive Position ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Inner World ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Individual

This paper is Winnicott’s account of the Depressive Position as a normal stage in the development of healthy infants, an achievement mostly belonging to the weaning age. It does not mean healthy infants pass through a stage of depression. Emotionally unhealthy, depersonalized babies lack the preconditions for this achievement. The mother holds the situation in time, so that the baby may experience ‘excited’ relationships and meet the consequences. Integration in the child’s mind of the split between the child-care environment and the exciting environment (the two aspects of mother) depends on good-enough mothering and the mother’s survival. The baby experiences this while the mother is holding the situation and the infant realizes that the ‘quiet’ mother was involved in the full tide of instinctual experience, and has survived. Instinctual experience brings anxiety and guilt but clinically children are sometimes without a sense of guilt, although they can go on to develop it. In the inner world of the individual who has achieved the depressive position there is on balance a reduced depressive mood and their reaction to loss is grief, or sadness. Where there is some degree of failure at the depressive position the result of loss is depression. The child who has reached the depressive position can get on with the problem of triangular interpersonal relationships: the classical Oedipus complex.

An Optical Model for Quantitative Raman Microspectroscopy

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 684-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Razzell Hollis ◽  
David Rheingold ◽  
Rohit Bhartia ◽  
Luther W. Beegle
Keyword(s):  
Optical Model ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Pyrolytic Graphite ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Raman Intensity ◽  
Complex Samples ◽  
Uniform Sample ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Spectrometer Slit

Raman spectroscopy is an invaluable technique for identifying compounds by the unique pattern of their molecular vibrations and is capable of quantifying the individual concentrations of those compounds provided that certain parameters about the sample and instrument are known. We demonstrate the development of an optical model to describe the intensity distribution of incident laser photons as they pass through the sample volume, determine the limitations of that volume that may be detected by the spectrometer optics, and account for light absorption by molecules within the sample in order to predict the total Raman intensity that would be obtained from a given, uniform sample such as an aqueous solution. We show that the interplay between the shape and divergence of the laser beam, the position of the focal plane, and the dimensions of the spectrometer slit are essential to explaining experimentally observed trends in deep ultraviolet Raman intensities obtained from both planar and volumetric samples, including highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and binary mixtures of organic nucleotides. This model offers the capability to predict detection limits for organic compounds in different matrices based on the parameters of the spectrometer, and to define the upper/lower limits within which concentration can be reliably determined from Raman intensity for such samples. We discuss the potential to quantify more complex samples, including as solid phase mixtures of organics and minerals, that are investigated by the unique instrument parameters of the Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) investigation on the upcoming Mars 2020 rover mission.

scholarly journals 175 Reduce Reuse ReRumen: Variability in nutritive value of paunch manure

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 55-56
Author(s):  
Taylor J Garcia ◽  
Jeffrey A Brady ◽  
Kimberly A Guay ◽  
James P Muir ◽  
William B Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
State University ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
Penn State ◽  
Forced Air ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Ruminant animals develop a diverse and complex microbial ecosystem for digesting fibrous feedstuffs, but this material represents a cost to the industry when bound for rendering at harvest. Our objective was to determine the feed value of paunch manure recovered from an abattoir. Twelve paunch samples were collected from slaughtered cattle at the Tarleton State University Meat Laboratory, Stephenville, TX. Samples were dried under forced air at 55°C to a constant weight and ground to pass through 2-mm screen. A subsample was ground to 1-mm and assayed for DM, CP, and sequential NDF and ADF. Physically effective fiber (peNDF) was calculated with 2 L of unground, dried at 55 ˚C, paunch material using the manually-operated Penn State Particle Separator. Paunch peNDF was determined by multiplying the physical effectiveness factor by the total NDF content of the sample. Samples (2-mm) were subject to batch culture in vitro digestibility assays for determination of digestibility coefficients. Data were analysed as a random effects model using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS. Neutral detergent fiber, ADF, ADL, CP, and peNDF values were 68.1, 39.9, 10.9, 15.0, and 38.7%, respectively. Contribution to variance of the individual animal for NDF, ADF, ADL, CP, and peNDF was 97.2, 97.9, 95.4, 19.1, and 97.5%, respectively. In vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) was recorded as 46.2% and 21.6%, respectively. Contribution to variance of the animal for IVTD and IVNDFD was 99.05 and 98.49%, respectively. Data collected suggest paunch manure could provide valuable nutrients for livestock production, specifically fiber and protein. For full viability of application in a sustainable system, a centralized receiving and compositing system may be useful for development of a consistent product.

From CCTV to Biometrics through Mobile Surveillance

2009 ◽  
pp. 1096-1102
Author(s):  
Jason Gallo
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Radio Frequency Identification ◽  
Credit Card ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Surveillance Networks ◽  
Geographic Space ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mobile Surveillance

Surveillance is the act or process of observing, tracking, or recording personal details for the purpose of exercising control over the individual or population being watched. Control in this context can mean many things, from directly influencing the behavior of the observed to the use of gathered information for the purpose of management or governance. Mobile surveillance can be defined as two distinct, yet related, practices. The first is the ability to observe the physical movement of an individual through space. This is most often accomplished through documenting their interaction with a surveillance network. The object of surveillance is tracked from one node of the network to another, providing a record of behavior. The second practice is often referred to as dataveillance, or the ability to monitor an individual’s behavior through studying a trail of personally identifiable data, including credit card purchases, mobile phone calls, and health records. Mobile surveillance employs an array of technologies including video and photography cameras, visual recognition software, radio frequency identification (RFID), global positioning receivers (GPS), information and communication technologies (ICTs), and biometrics. Examples of mobile surveillance networks include the dense deployment of closed-circuit television (CCTV), video, and photographic technologies in a distinct geographic space to monitor activity, the tracking of automobiles and mobile phones via GPS, and radio frequency sensing that records motion as identity chips pass through a distributed network of receivers. As these networks proliferate, individuals are the exposed to overlapping layers of surveillance. Although many of these surveillance networks are deployed for limited purposes, the increasing ability to save and store personally identifiable information in searchable databases, and the ability to mine information from multiple sources raises privacy concerns for the individual. This is especially true in advanced capitalist societies that rely on sophisticated data gathering to track, model, and predict consumer behavior, as well as for citizen management.

Robotic Solutions Applied to Production and Measurement of Marine Propellers

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Cavada ◽  
Fernando Fadón
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Robots ◽  
Cell Alignment ◽  
Marine Propellers ◽  
Tool Positioning ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Principal Factors ◽  
Propeller Blades ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Accuracy And Repeatability ◽  
Individual Design

Over the past decades, robots have emerged as a valuable technological solution for multiple highly complex industrial processes, and the manufacture of marine propellers has not been an exception. Majority of the propellers being produced worldwide are custom-designed products aiming to satisfy each ship’s propulsion requirements. Such geometrical diversity is a considerable challenge when traditionally manual manufacturing processes like hand-grinding and polishing need to be automated. In several market-leading propeller manufacturers within Europe and Asia, industrial robots are being applied for widely diverse operations such as milling polystyrene blocks to make moulding patterns, grinding out the excess material in the blade surfaces, or polishing the complete propellers’ surface before their final verification. Propeller blades are customized products, formed by curved and warped surfaces, requiring minimum 5 axes to be smoothly polished, and this can be easily achieved with a robot cell where the CAD/CAM data coming from the individual design are directly translated into robotic parameters. While this solution has demonstrated to be perfectly capable to comply with the marine propellers finishing tolerances, which are internationally defined by ISO 484 standard rules [6], robotic solutions for propeller measurement have not been successfully implemented within this specific industry due to reasons like lack of accuracy and repeatability. This paper analyses the root causes behind this problem, identifying the calibration process, the cell alignment method and the tool positioning as the principal factors resulting in this low measuring repeatability. Findings explained by the authors are the outcome of several practical measuring tests made on real marine propellers within ABB and Fanuc robot cells. This paper concludes offering solutions to reduce the inaccuracies caused by the mentioned factors, and recommending what type of marine propellers are more suitable to be measured with industrial robots, on the basis of ISO 484 requirements for each customized design. Moreover, suggestions for further research on this specific measuring application are provided in the concluding chapter.

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