Misuse of Information-Theoretic Dispersion Measures as Design Complexity Metrics

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jami J. Shah ◽  
George Runger
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Design Theory ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Axiomatic Theory ◽  
Design Complexity ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Complexity Metrics ◽  
Mathematical Properties ◽  
Dispersion Measures

Complexity is defined as a quality of an object with many interwoven elements, aspects, details, or attributes that makes the whole object difficult to understand in a collective sense. Many measures of design complexity have been proposed in the literature. Of these the most popular are Information-theoretic metrics, such as Information Content based on Suh’s Axiomatic Theory and Entropy based on Shannon’s Information Theory. In this paper we will show that not only these metrics do not provide common sense measures of complexity, but they also do not possess proper mathematical properties. At best, they are geared towards measuring a designs goodness of fit rather than its complexity. It is hoped that this paper will generate some debate on strongly held beliefs in the design theory community.

The Baroque and Philosophy

2018 ◽  
pp. 601-622
Author(s):  
Michael Moriarty
Keyword(s):  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Visual Arts ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
The Self ◽  
Early Modern Philosophy ◽  
The World ◽  
Baroque Art ◽  
Art And Architecture

Although the concept “baroque” is less obviously applicable to philosophy than to the visual arts and music, early modern philosophy can be shown to have connections with baroque culture. Baroque style and rhetoric are employed or denounced in philosophical controversies, to license or discredit a certain style of philosophizing. Philosophers engage with themes current in baroque literature (the mad world, the world as a stage, the quest for the self) and occasionally transform these into philosophical problems, especially of an epistemological kind (are the senses reliable? how far is our access to reality limited by our perspective?) Finally, the philosophies of Malebranche and Berkeley, with their radical challenges to so-called common sense, and their explanation of conventional understandings of the world as based on illusion, have something of the disturbing quality of baroque art and architecture.

scholarly journals Using Benford’s law to assess the quality of COVID-19 register data in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Silva ◽  
Dalson Figueiredo Filho
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Mean Absolute Deviation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Distortion Factor ◽  
Benford Law ◽  
Official Data

Abstract We employ Newcomb–Benford law (NBL) to evaluate the reliability of COVID-19 figures in Brazil. Using official data from February 25 to September 15, we apply a first digit test for a national aggregate dataset of total cases and cumulative deaths. We find strong evidence that Brazilian reports do not conform to the NBL theoretical expectations. These results are robust to different goodness of fit (chi-square, mean absolute deviation and distortion factor) and data sources (John Hopkins University and Our World in Data). Despite the growing appreciation for evidence-based-policymaking, which requires valid and reliable data, we show that the Brazilian epidemiological surveillance system fails to provide trustful data under the NBL assumption on the COVID-19 epidemic.

Simple Index to Assess the Calibration Quality of Safety Performance Functions Based on Multiple Goodness-of-Fit Metrics

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110088
Author(s):  
Raul E. Avelar ◽  
Karen Dixon ◽  
Boniphace Kutela ◽  
Sam Klump ◽  
Beth Wemple ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Calibration Procedure ◽  
Safety Performance ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Safety Database ◽  
Simple Index ◽  
Safety Performance Functions

The calibration of safety performance functions (SPFs) is a mechanism included in the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) to adjust SPFs in the HSM for use in intended jurisdictions. Critically, the quality of the calibration procedure must be assessed before using the calibrated SPFs. Multiple resources to aid practitioners in calibrating SPFs have been developed in the years following the publication of the HSM 1st edition. Similarly, the literature suggests multiple ways to assess the goodness-of-fit (GOF) of a calibrated SPF to a data set from a given jurisdiction. This paper uses the calibration results of multiple intersection SPFs to a large Mississippi safety database to examine the relations between multiple GOF metrics. The goal is to develop a sensible single index that leverages the joint information from multiple GOF metrics to assess overall quality of calibration. A factor analysis applied to the calibration results revealed three underlying factors explaining 76% of the variability in the data. From these results, the authors developed an index and performed a sensitivity analysis. The key metrics were found to be, in descending order: the deviation of the cumulative residual (CURE) plot from the 95% confidence area, the mean absolute deviation, the modified R-squared, and the value of the calibration factor. This paper also presents comparisons between the index and alternative scoring strategies, as well as an effort to verify the results using synthetic data. The developed index is recommended to comprehensively assess the quality of the calibrated intersection SPFs.

scholarly journals Metrics for evaluation of metaprogram complexity

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robertas Damasevicius ◽  
Vytautas Stuikys
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Graph Algorithm ◽  
Aspect Oriented Programming ◽  
Engineering Software ◽  
Software Complexity ◽  
Complexity Management ◽  
Complexity Metrics ◽  
Cognitive Difficulty ◽  
Cognitive Dimensions

The concept of complexity is used in many areas of computer science and software engineering. Software complexity metrics can be used to evaluate and compare quality of software development and maintenance processes and their products. Complexity management and measurement is especially important in novel programming technologies and paradigms, such as aspect-oriented programming, generative programming, and metaprogramming, where complex multilanguage and multi-aspect program specifications are developed and used. This paper analyzes complexity management and measurement techniques, and proposes five complexity metrics (Relative Kolmogorov Complexity, Metalanguage Richness, Cyclomatic Complexity, Normalized Difficulty, Cognitive Difficulty) for measuring complexity of metaprograms at information, metalanguage, graph, algorithm, and cognitive dimensions.

scholarly journals The Development of Indicators for Transformational Leadership of Undergraduate Students at Thailand National Sports University

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Thitipong Sukdee
Keyword(s):  
Transformational Leadership ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Research Instrument ◽  
Fit Index

This paper develops indicators for transformational leadership of undergraduate students at Thailand National Sports University. The development of these indicators was based on in-depth interviews with six informants. The research instrument was a semi-structured interview form. The data collected were inductively analyzed. The development of indicators was accomplished through the synthesis of the data and the conceptual framework for this research investigation. Evaluate indicators of Accuracy Standard Propriety Standard with of five experts was compared with the principle of 3.50, using the research instrument was an Evaluation Form and thence the verification of the quality of the congruence of the indicators. The sample population consisted of 4 5 0 undergraduate students at Thailand National Sports. The research instrument was a rating-scale questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was utilized in conjunction with reliance on the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) technique. Findings were as follows: 1) In regard to the development of indicators for transformational leadership of undergraduate students at Thailand National Sports University, results were as follows: The aspect of idealized influence engendered eight keywords and twenty-two subtopics. The aspect of inspiration motivation exhibited six keywords and thirteen subtopics. The aspect of intellectual motivation evinced six keywords and fourteen subtopics. The aspect of individualized consideration displayed five keywords and eleven subtopics. 2) Assessing indicators for transformational leadership of undergraduate students at Thailand National Sports University All aspects were significantly higher than the threshold 3.50 at the .05 level. 3) The development of indicators for transformational leadership of undergraduate students at Thailand National Sports University were found to have twenty-five indicators. The verification of the quality of appropriateness for the indicators for transformational leadership of undergraduate students at Thailand National Sports University showed that chi-square (χ2) was at 552.93; (probability-value [p-value] at 0.000); degrees of freedom (df) at 271; relative χ2 at 2.04; goodness of fit index (GFI) at 0.91; adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) at 0.90; Normal Fit Index (NFI) at 0.99; Comparative Fit Index (CFI) at 0.99 and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) at 0.04. It is concluded that transformational leadership of undergraduate students at Thailand National Sports is consistent with empirical data.

Determinants of health-related quality of life in patients with celiac disease: a structural equation modeling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeinab Nikniaz ◽  
Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi ◽  
Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi ◽  
Masood Shirmohammadi ◽  
Leila Nikniaz
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Adherence To Diet ◽  
Sf 36 ◽  
Related Quality

Abstract Purpose We employed the structure equation modeling (SEM) for investigating the determinants of Helath-related quality of life (HRQOL) in Iranian patients with celiac disease (CD). Methods In the present cross-sectional study, a total of 170 patients with CD were recruited. The information regarding adherence to diet, symptom severity and HRQOL were collected using celiac disease adherence test (CDAT), gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS) and SF-36 questionnaire respectively. Association between various studied variables and HRQOL was assessed using SEM. The standardized regression weights was used to assess total, direct and indirect effects. The model fit was assessed to determine the “goodness of fit” between the hypothesized model. Results The mean age of participants was 37.57 ± 9.59 years. The results of SEM indicated that the overall fit of our model was acceptable. Adherence to the diet, GSRS score, occupation, and education level were significantly related to PCS of SF-36; and adherence to the diet, GSRS score, and education level were significantly correlated to MCS of SF-36. The analysis of indirect effect indicated that only adherence to diet indirectly via GSRS score was significantly associated with PCS and MCS of SF-36. There were significant differences between males and females regarding the relationship between education and adherence to diet (p<0.001) and education level and MCS of SF-36 (p=0.03). Conclusion In adult patients with celiac disease, HRQoL was affected by age, education level, adherence to GFD, and GSRS score. Additionally, occupation and disease duration were associated with HRQoL only in women and men respectively.

scholarly journals Predictors of oral health-related quality of life in 2–5 year-old children in the South of Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoumeh Abbasi-Shavazi ◽  
Elham Mansoorian ◽  
Sara Jambarsang ◽  
Amene Hosseini-Yekani ◽  
Vahid Rahmanian
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Oral Health Status ◽  
Health Related Quality ◽  
Oral Health Behaviours ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related

Abstract Background Dental and oral diseases can have negative impacts on children’s quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in the children aged 2–5 years old. Materials and methods A total number of 288 children aged between 2 and 5 years were selected and stratified by gender from three community health centres located in the city of Jahrom, south of Fars Province, Iran. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability was confirmed. The questionnaire was completed by parents/caregivers of the children. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed with quality of life as the dependent variable and, based on covariance structural analysis, evaluated the goodness of fit of the resulting structural equations models. Results The results showed that predisposing factors with a coefficient of 0.0457 (p = 0.015) and reinforcing factors ones with a coefficient of 0.2748 (p < 0.001) were correlated with the oral health behaviours. Moreover, there was a relationship between such behaviours with a coefficient of 0.1612 (p < 0.001) and oral health status and the given status with a coefficient − 0.9714 was correlated with OHRQoL (p < 0.001). Based on the covariance structural analysis, the resulting model was found to exhibit a reasonable goodness of fit. Conclusion The predictors of the children’s OHRQoL included predisposing, strengthening, oral health behaviours and oral health status. Therefore, planning to enhance supportive family behaviours and to boost predisposing factors including knowledge, attitudes, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy in parents and their oral health behaviours is recommended.

Spatial Information System Development

2011 ◽  
pp. 36-62
Author(s):  
Brian N. Hilton ◽  
Richard J. Burkhard ◽  
Tarun Abhichandani
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
System Design ◽  
Design Theory ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
System Development ◽  
Information System Development ◽  
Information System Design ◽  
Organization And Management ◽  
Nature Of Information

An approach to an ontology-based information system design theory for spatial information system development is presented. This approach addresses the dynamic nature of information system development at the beginning of the 21st century and addresses the question of how to establish relationships between the various design components of a spatial information system. It should also help to automate and guide the design process while at the same time improve the quality of the process along with its outputs. An example of this approach is presented, along with examples of the various ontologies utilized in the design of this particular spatial information system. Finally, a method to mitigate the issues regarding the organization and management of a growing library of ontologies is discussed.

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