Measured Performance of Two-Stage Centrifugal Compressor Under Wet Gas Conditions

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Bertoneri ◽  
Simone Duni ◽  
David Ransom ◽  
Luigi Podestà ◽  
Massimo Camatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Centrifugal Compressor ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Liquid Volume ◽  
Performance Measurements ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Discharge Temperature ◽  
Wet Gas

The oil and gas industry is moving forward to access the most remote gas reserves and enhance the exploitation of the existing installation or postponing their tail-end. To achieve these accomplishments several technology challenges are being unveiled. In topside upstream application both offshore and onshore, one important technology issue is the capability to compress gas with a significant amount of liquids and it assumes a special interest in case of the facilities revamping. Nevertheless is in the subsea environment where this technology issue becomes really challenging. In order to properly design and size a compressor/motor system for subsea wet gas compression, one must be able to adequately predict the compressor performance with mixed phase flow. This paper presents the results from an experimental test program which investigated the performance of a centrifugal compressor at various wet gas conditions with elevated suction pressure. Performance tests are completed on a two stage centrifugal compressor with a mixture of air and water at suction pressures of 20 bar (300 psi). The compressor is subjected to flow with liquid volume fractions ranging from 0 to 5% along three speedlines. The performance measurements are made in accordance with ASME PTC-10 specifications with an additional torque measurement on the shaft between the compressor and gearbox. At each test condition, once the liquid is injected in the air flow, an increase in pressure ratio occurs. This testifies the compressor is still able to work in presence of water. However, increasing the amount of liquid injected a decreased polytropic head together with an increased absorbed actual power by the compressor cause a deterioration of its efficiency. Moreover when liquid is introduced into the flow, the discharge temperature of the compressor reduces significantly. The performance results and trends mentioned above are reviewed in the detail in this paper.

Matching of Synchronous Motors and Centrifugal Compressors: Oil and Gas Industry Practice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Taher ◽  
Dragan Ristanovic ◽  
Cyrus Meher-Homji ◽  
Pradeep Pillai
Keyword(s):  
Centrifugal Compressor ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Synchronous Motor ◽  
Variable Frequency ◽  
Centrifugal Compressors ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Variable Frequency Drive ◽  
Synchronous Motors

Abstract Synchronous motor driven centrifugal compressors are widely used in the oil and gas industry. In evaluating the optimum selection of synchronous motor drivers for centrifugal compressors, it is important to understand the factors influencing a proper match for a centrifugal compressor and its synchronous motor driver. The buyer should specify process requirements and define possible operating scenarios for the entire life of the motor driven centrifugal compressor train. The compressor designer will use the buyer-specified process conditions to model the aerothermodynamic behavior of the compressor and characterize its performance. Performance, controllability, starting capabilities as well as the optimum power margin required for a future-oriented design must also be considered. This paper reviews the criteria for evaluating the optimal combination of a centrifugal compressor and its synchronous motor driver as an integral package. It also addresses API standard requirements on synchronous motor driven centrifugal compressors. Design considerations for optimal selection and proper sizing of compressor drivers include large starting torque requirements to enable compressor start from settle-out conditions and to prevent flaring are addressed. Start-up capabilities of the motor driver can significantly impact the reliability and operability of the compressor train. API 617 on centrifugal compressors refers to API 546 for synchronous motor drivers. In this paper, requirements of API 617 and 546 are reviewed and several important design and sizing requirements are presented. In the effort to optimize plant design, and maintain the performance requirements, the paper discusses optimization options, such as direct on-line starting method to explore the motor rating limits, and the use of synchronous motors for power factor correction to eliminate or reduce the need for reactive power compensation by capacitor banks. This paper presents a novel approach to show constant reactive power lines on traditional V curves. It also complements capability curves of synchronous motors with lines of constant efficiency. The paper discusses variable frequency drive options currently used for synchronous motors in compressor applications. The paper addresses the available variable frequency drive types, their impact on the electrical grid, and motor design considerations with a view to summarizing factors important to the selection of variable frequency drives.

A comparison of correlations used for Venturi wet gas metering in oil and gas industry

2007 ◽  
Vol 57 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 247-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Lide ◽  
Zhang Tao ◽  
Jin Ningde
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Wet Gas

Development of Test Stand for Measuring Aerodynamic, Erosion, and Rotordynamic Performance of a Centrifugal Compressor Under Wet Gas Conditions

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Bertoneri ◽  
Melissa Wilcox ◽  
Lorenzo Toni ◽  
Griffin Beck
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Test Stand ◽  
Liquid Volume ◽  
Wet Gas ◽  
Liquid Load ◽  
Test Loop ◽  
Gas Environment ◽  
Set Up

As the oil and gas industry addresses technology challenges for accessing gas reserves and enhancing the production of existing installations, wet gas compression becomes an important technology focus. When liquid is introduced into a compressor flow stream, the performance of the compressor is significantly influenced. Therefore, a concentrated effort is required to develop the tools to adequately predict the performance of the compressor when subjected to wet gas conditions. A series of tests were performed on a single stage compressor in a wet gas environment in order to provide empirical data for understanding how to predict wet gas performance. The compressor underwent aerodynamic, erosion, and rotordynamic performance testing. The tests were completed with a mixture of air and water at suction pressures of 10, 15, and 18.5 bar. The compressor was subjected to a multiphase flow with liquid volume fractions ranging from 0 to 3% (corresponding to a mass fraction of 73%) at three Mach numbers. Transient tests with liquid load variation were also done. This paper describes the test stand that was developed and operated for testing of the compressor in a wet gas environment. This includes a review of the overall test set-up, description of key test components and of the instrumentation installed on the compressor and the test loop. An overview of main test results is eventually shown.

The Challenges of Multiphase Flow Metering: Today and Beyond

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gioia Falcone ◽  
Claudio Alimonti
Keyword(s):  
Multiphase Flow ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Individual Measurement ◽  
Flow Metering ◽  
Wet Gas ◽  
The Impact

Since the early 1990’s, when the first commercial meters started to appear, Multiphase Flow Metering (MFM) has grown from being an area of R&D to representing a discipline in its own right within the oil and gas industry. The total figure for MFM installations worldwide is now over 1,800. Field applications include production optimisation, wet gas metering, mobile well testing and production allocation. However, MFM has not yet achieved its full potential. Despite an impressive improvement in the reliability of sensors and mechanical parts (particularly for subsea installations) over the past few years, there remain unresolved questions regarding the accuracy and range of applicability of today’s MFM technology. There is also a tendency to forget the complexity of multiphase flow and to evaluate the overall performance of a MFM as a “black box”, often neglecting all the possible uncertainties that are inherent in each individual measurement solutions. This paper reviews the inherent limitations of some classical MFM techniques. It highlights the impact of instruments rangeability, empirical correlations for pressure drop devices and fluids characterisation on the error propagation analysis in the “black box”. It also provides a comprehensive review of wet gas definitions for the oil and gas industry. Several attempts have been made to define “wet gas” for the purpose of metering streams at high gas-volume-fractions, but a single definition of wet gas still does not exist. The measurement of multiphase flows presents unique challenges that have not yet been fully resolved. However, the challenges are exciting and the authors have no doubts that new milestones will soon be set in this area. Today’s MFM technology has already become one piece of the optimised production system jigsaw. MFM has succeeded in fitting with other technologies toward global field-wide solutions. The ideal MFM of the future is one that provides unambiguous measurements of key parameters from which the flow rates can be deduced independently from flow regimes and fluid properties.

Fouling Effects on Wet Gas Compressor Performance: An Experimental Investigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagfinn Mæland ◽  
Lars E. Bakken
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Wet Gas ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Compressor Performance

Abstract Achieving profitability in mature areas such as the Norwegian continental shelf forces the oil and gas industry to apply innovative solutions to increase oil recovery and to reduce both operational and investment costs. Wet gas compressors are promising machines for increasing oil recovery from existing fields and to allow for production from small satellite fields in the proximity of existing infrastructure. A prerequisite for successful implementation of subsea wet gas compressors high reliability. Knowledge of possible failure modes is important. The effect of performance degradation due to fouling has been observed during wet gas compressor testing at K-Lab and has initiated further work to better understand and quantify the effects of fouling in wet conditions compared to dry conditions. A test campaign was conducted at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) to investigate the effect of fouled centrifugal compressor performance in both wet and dry conditions. The results documenting these effects are presented together with a proposed model for correcting the effects of fouling between dry and wet conditions.

Robustness of firm-specific and macroeconomic determinants of exploration investments

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-159
Author(s):  
Tarek Eldomiaty ◽  
Ibrahim Safwat Lotfy ◽  
Mohamed Rashwan ◽  
Mohamed Bahaa El Din
Keyword(s):  
Value At Risk ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Cointegration Analysis ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Performance Measurements ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The uncertainty that surrounds oil and gas exploration environments call for an examination at different angles. In terms of robustness, the purpose of this paper is to focus on three performance measurements: the amount of exploration investments, the growth rate of exploration investments, and the value at risk (VaR) of exploration investments. Design/methodology/approach The study utilizes the properties of discriminant analysis for deriving Z-score models that can be used for monitoring firms’ performance. A cointegration analysis is utilized as well in order to examine the level of cointegration between predictors of each performance measure. The sample includes annual data for 41 firms (local and multinational) working in the oil and gas industry in Egypt for the period 2009-2014. Findings The results show that amount and growth of exploration investment are quite robust performance measures in the oil and gas industry; VaR of exploration investment is sporadic as it firm-specific; and GDP, capital expenditure and operating expenditure are quite relevant for managing and monitoring growth of exploration investments. Originality/value The study offers robust evidence that amount and growth of exploration investment are quiet relevant for measuring firm performance in the oil and gas industry.

Matching of Gas Turbines and Centrifugal Compressors: Oil and Gas Industry Practice

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Taher ◽  
Cyrus Meher-Homji
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Centrifugal Compressor ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Centrifugal Compressors ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Compressor Design ◽  
Selection Of

Gas turbine driven centrifugal compressors are widely used in the oil and gas industry. In evaluating the optimum selection of gas turbine drivers for centrifugal compressors, one of the main objectives should be to verify proper integration and matching of the centrifugal compressor to its gas turbine driver. Gas turbines are of standard designs, while centrifugal compressors are specifically designed to meet customer requirements. The purchaser should clearly specify process requirements and define possible operating scenarios for the entire life of the gas turbine driven centrifugal compressor train. Process requirements defined by the purchaser, will be used by the compressor designer to shape the aero-thermodynamic behavior of the compressor and characterize compressor performance. When designing a centrifugal compressor to be driven by a specific gas turbine, other design requirements are automatically introduced to centrifugal compressor design. Off-design performance, optimum power turbine speeds at site conditions as well as optimum power margin required for a future-oriented design must all be considered. Design and off-design performance of the selected gas turbine at site conditions influences the final selection of a properly matched centrifugal compressor design. In order to evaluate different designs and select the most technically viable solution, the purchaser should have a clear understanding of the factors influencing a proper match for a centrifugal compressor and its gas turbine driver. This paper discusses criteria for evaluating the most efficient combination of a centrifugal compressor and its gas turbine driver as an integral package from a purchaser’s viewpoint. It also addresses API standard requirements on gas turbine driven centrifugal compressors.

Performance Degradation Monitoring of Centrifugal Compressors Using Deviation Analysis

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Shahrizal Jasmani ◽  
Thomas Van Hardeveld ◽  
Mohd Faizal Bin Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Centrifugal Compressor ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Performance Degradation ◽  
Centrifugal Compressors ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Deviation Analysis ◽  
Degradation Monitoring

Performance degradation monitoring of centrifugal compressor provides a means for the operators predict the behavior of their machines. Understanding the key principles in performance evaluation is essential for operators to benefit from this approach. In this paper, common performance degradation mechanisms found in centrifugal compressors for the oil and gas industry are outlined and related to their associated performance characteristics. Various analysis and evaluation techniques and approaches are elaborated with relevant requirements and assumptions for practical site application. A case study is also presented to demonstrate the application of performance degradation monitoring in a real-life operating environment. The benefits and limitations of the approach are also discussed. When combined with other condition monitoring approaches, this method provides a powerful tool to analyze and monitor centrifugal compressor performance which will then lead to useful recommendations for maintenance and operational interventions.

Determination of Nozzle Angle for Flow Performance in Supersonic Subsea Compact Wet Gas Separator

2014 ◽  
Vol 980 ◽  
pp. 117-121
Author(s):  
F.M. Mohd Hashim ◽  
M.F.A Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Supersonic Flow ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Wet Gas ◽  
Transmission Pipeline ◽  
Gas Separator ◽  
Water Pipeline

Flow assurances in deep water pipeline have received greater attention in oil and gas industry in order to meet the optimum production of hydrocarbons. However, existence of free water in the gas pipeline decreases production output and increases operational cost and time. Alternatively, anew supersonic subsea compact wet gas separator is design to remove free water from gas transmission pipeline. The key parts of the new design separators is the nozzle.The performanceof supersonic flow is highly related on the design of the nozzle. Therefore, the objective of this paper isto find correlation between the angle of the nozzle against separator flow performance, namely velocity. From the analysis done, it can be concluded thatat nozzle angle of 15°, maximum velocity is achievedthus producing supersonic flow.

Prospects for Sub Sea Wet Gas Compression

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Brenne ◽  
Tor Bjo̸rge ◽  
Lars E. Bakken ◽  
O̸yvind Hundseid
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The North ◽  
Wet Gas ◽  
Gas Compression ◽  
Petroleum Sector

Wet gas compression technology renders possible new opportunities for future gas/condensate fields by means of sub sea boosting and increased recovery for fields in tail-end production. In the paper arguments for the wet gas compression concept are given. At present no commercial wet gas compressor for the petroleum sector is available. StatoilHydro projects are currently investigating the wet gas compressors suitability to be used and integrated in gas field production. The centrifugal compressor is known as a robust concept and the use is dominant in the oil and gas industry. It has therefore been of specific interest to evaluate its capability of handling wet hydrocarbon fluids. Statoil initiated a wet gas test of a 2.8 MW single-stage compressor in 2003. A full load and pressure test was performed using a mixture of hydrocarbon gas and condensate or water. Results from these tests are presented. A reduction in compressor performance is evident as fluid liquid content is increased. The introduction of wet gas and the use of sub sea solutions make more stringent demands for the compressor corrosion and erosion tolerance. The mechanical stress of the impeller increases when handling wet gas fluids due to an increased mass flow rate. Testing of different impeller materials and coatings has been an important part of the Statoil wet gas compressor development program. Testing of full scale (6–8 MW) sub sea integrated motor-compressors (dry gas centrifugal machines) will begin in 2008. Program sponsor is the A˚sgard Licence in the North Sea and the testing takes place at K-lab, Norway. Shallow water testing of a full scale sub sea compressor station (12.5 MW) will begin in 2010 (2 years testing planned). Program sponsor is the Ormen Lange Licence.

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