Alarms, Shutdowns and Trip Rationalization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasidi Mohamed ◽  
Syafeq Moazari Sukeri ◽  
Robert Mendoza ◽  
Rainer Kurz
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The Other ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Control Algorithms ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Compressor Station ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Other Hand

Abstract A key function for a control system in a gas turbine train is to keep the operation of all components within a range of parameters that keep the unit safe. If the operating parameters of components fall outside the desired range for safe operation, the control system will detect these and create an alarm. For critical parameters, the control system may initiate an alarm and a shutdown of the unit. In many instances, an alarm may precede the shutdown command. Frequent discussions evolve around situations that lead to a shutdown of the train, as shutdowns impact the availability of the turbomachinery equipment, but in a wider sense also the availability of the compressor station. Therefore, shutdowns impact the profitability of a system. On the other hand, shutdowns may prevent significant, costly damage to the equipment, with significant downtime, and financial implications. In this lecture, we will discuss different methodologies for shutdown requirements, in the effort to maximize availability of units. Particular emphasis will be given to aging machines as well as machines where the instrumentation, and the control algorithms may no longer be state of the art, or where unnecessary or spurious shutdowns plague an installation.

Stall Control

1960 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Drabek
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
General Problem ◽  
The Other ◽  
Jet Engine ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Stall Control

Compressor stall has had an increasing effect through the years upon gas turbine controls. The general problem was reasonably well known in the first decade of jet engine history after the “Whittle Engine”. The scheduling approach to the control of compressor stall established during this time has become rooted throughout the industry. On the other hand, an idealized approach based on sensing incipient stall remains an intriguing challenge.

scholarly journals Recycling Chain for Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Werner ◽  
Urs Alexander Peuker ◽  
Thomas Mütze
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Economic ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Spent Libs

The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIB) is becoming increasingly important with regard to environmental, economic, geostrategic, and health aspects due to the increasing amount of LIB produced, introduced into the market, and being spent in the following years. The recycling itself becomes a challenge to face on one hand the special aspects of LIB-technology and on the other hand to reply to the idea of circular economy. In this paper, we analyze the different recycling concepts for spent LIBs and categorize them according to state-of-the-art schemes of waste treatment technology. Therefore, we structure the different processes into process stages and unit processes. Several recycling technologies are treating spent lithium-ion batteries worldwide focusing on one or several process stages or unit processes.

Smart Combustors: Just Around the Corner

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben T. Zinn
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Active Control ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Combustion Instabilities ◽  
Lean Blowout

This paper reviews the state of the art of active control systems (ACS) for gas turbine combustors. Specifically, it discusses the manner in which ACS can improve the performance of combustors, the architecture of such ACS, and the designs and promising performance of ACS that have been developed to control combustion instabilities, lean blowout and pattern factor. The paper closes with a discussion of research needs, with emphasis on the integration of utilized engine ACS, health monitoring and prognostication systems into a single control system that could survive in the harsh combustor environment.

scholarly journals ПРИНЦИП ЦІЛІСНОЇ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНИХ СИСТЕМ

2019 ◽  
pp. 4-16
Author(s):  
Серій Ілліч Доценко
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Intelligent System ◽  
Control Object ◽  
The Other ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Intellectual System ◽  
The Impact

The antinomy of the division of the intellectual system into parts has been formed, namely: the intellectual system is an organized whole, which is formed from at least two parts; for an intelligent system, as an organized whole, it is impossible to divide into a controlling part (control system) and a part of which is controlled. It has been established that the antinomy of dividing an intelligent system into parts is generated by the fact that, traditionally, the control system and the control object are considered separately. Therefore, it is considered the system, and not an organized whole. The role of the theory of functional systems in the development of cybernetic systems as intellectual systems is defined. This theory is the basis for the development of intelligent systems A. V. Chechkinim, K. A. Pupkov, and other authors. On the other hand, M. I. Meltzer develops the theory of dialogue systems for managing production enterprises, the basis of which is the mathematical theory of systems. It is shown that the functional representation architectures for these systems are similar. The similarity is determined on the basis of the task approach. On the one hand, there is a mutual non-recognition of the results of scientific schools of physical and technical cybernetics, and on the other hand, there is a similarity of the results obtained. It has been established that the methodological basis of the holistic approach is the task approach to the formation of a solving system, developed in the theory of dialogue management of production. To do this, it is necessary to include the “Activity to get the result” block in the solving system in order to turn it into an intellectual system. The methodological basis of a systems approach is a functional approach to the formation of systems. The main lesson of the classical cybernetics crisis, regarding the organizational principle for two parts of an organized whole, is to establish a dialectical unity of concepts in the form of a “general” concept and a “concrete” concept for problem-solving results in the control system and control object. Thus, a dialectically organized whole is formed. The article also analyzes the impact of the study of intelligent systems on the development of the methodological foundations of the Industry 4.0 platform. The next task that needs to be solved is the formation of the principle of functional self-organization, which is the basis for the formation of a mechanism for ensuring consistency between the results of solving problems in parts of a dialectically organized whole

scholarly journals Natural Language Processing in Serious Games: A state of the art.

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Picca ◽  
Dominique Jaccard ◽  
Gérald Eberlé
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Serious Games ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Serious Game ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level

In the last decades, Natural Language Processing (NLP) has obtained a high level of success. Interactions between NLP and Serious Games have started and some of them already include NLP techniques. The objectives of this paper are twofold: on the one hand, providing a simple framework to enable analysis of potential uses of NLP in Serious Games and, on the other hand, applying the NLP framework to existing Serious Games and giving an overview of the use of NLP in pedagogical Serious Games. In this paper we present 11 serious games exploiting NLP techniques. We present them systematically, according to the following structure:  first, we highlight possible uses of NLP techniques in Serious Games, second, we describe the type of NLP implemented in the each specific Serious Game and, third, we provide a link to possible purposes of use for the different actors interacting in the Serious Game.

Current State of the Art: Problem-Driven Multi-Functional Bio-Inspired Designs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devesh Bhasin ◽  
Daniel A. McAdams
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Design ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current State ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Design Generation ◽  
Biomimetic Approach ◽  
Functional Solution

Abstract The development of multi-functional designs is one of the prime reasons to adopt bio-inspired design in engineering design. However, the development of multi-functional bio-inspired designs is mostly solution-driven, in the sense that an available multi-functional solution drives the search for a problem that can be solved by implementing the available solution. The solution-driven nature of the approach restricts the engineering designers to the use of the function combinations found in nature. On the other hand, a problem-driven approach to multi-functional designs allows the designers to form some combination of functions best suited for the problem at hand. However, few works exist in the literature that focus on the development of multi-functional bio-inspired solutions from a problem-driven perspective. In this work, we analyze the existing works that aid the designers in combining multiple biological strategies to develop multi-functional bio-inspired designs. The analysis is carried out by comparing and contrasting the existing frameworks that support multi-functional bio-inspired design generation. The criteria of comparison are derived from the steps involved in the unified problem-driven biomimetic approach. In addition, we qualitatively compare the multi-functional bio-inspired designs developed using existing frameworks to the multi-functional designs existing in biology. Our aim is to explore the capabilities and limitations of current methods to support the generation multi-functional bio-inspired designs.

Numerical Comparison of Operating Conditions and Nozzle Geometry on Injector Performance

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Xu Xiang ◽  
Yong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Heat Load ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nozzle Geometry ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Least Energy

A model was established to discuss the effect of operating parameters and nozzle shapes on the performance of injectors. The comparison pointed out that heat load has worst effect on injector geometries, while little effect on area ratio. On the other hand, the area ratio is very sensitive to suction temperature, which is critical to injector performance. The least energy loss is achieved when nozzle converges gently at the same nozzle entrance and exit diameter.

Influence of Advancements in Gas Turbine Control Systems on Gas Turbine and Combined-Cycle Performance Test Correction Curves

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Schmitt ◽  
Christopher R. Banares ◽  
Benjamin D. Morlang ◽  
Matthew C. Michael
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Control Algorithms ◽  
Technical Accuracy

Many modern power plants feature gas turbines with advanced control systems that allow a greater level of performance enhancements, over a broader range of the combined-cycle plant’s operating environment, compared to conventional systems. Control system advancements tend to outpace a plant’s construction and commissioning timescale. Often, the control algorithms and settings in place at the final guarantee performance test will differ significantly from those envisioned during the contract agreement phase. As such, the gas turbine’s actual performance response to changes in boundary conditions, such as air temperature and air humidity, will be considerably different than the response illustrated on the initial correction curves. For the sake of technical accuracy, the performance correction curves should be updated to reflect the as-built, as-left behavior of the plant. By providing the most technically accurate curves, the needs of the new plant performance test are satisfied. Also, plant operators receive an accurate means to trend performance over time. The performance correction curves are intended to provide the most technically accurate assurance that the corrected test results are independent of boundary conditions that persist during the performance test. Therefore, after the gas turbine control algorithms and/or settings have been adjusted, the performance correction curves — whether specific to gas turbines or overall combined-cycle plants — should be updated to reflect any change in turbine response. This best practice maintains the highest level of technical accuracy. Failure to employ the available advanced gas turbine control system upgrades can limit the plant performance over the ambient operating regime. Failure to make a corresponding update to the correction curves can cause additional inaccuracy in the performance test’s corrected results. This paper presents a high-level discussion of GE’s recent gas turbine control system advancements, and emphasizes the need to update performance correction curves based on their impact.

A Demonstration of Artificial Neural-Networks-Based Data Mining for Gas-Turbine-Driven Compressor Stations

2002 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Botros ◽  
G. Kibrya ◽  
A. Glover
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Radial Basis Function Networks ◽  
Sensor Faults ◽  
Compressor Station ◽  
Estimation Of Parameters ◽  
Kohonen Som ◽  
Good Set

This paper presents a successful demonstration of application of neural networks to perform various data mining functions on an RB211 gas-turbine-driven compressor station. Radial basis function networks were optimized and were capable of performing the following functions: (a) backup of critical parameters, (b) detection of sensor faults, (c) prediction of complete engine operating health with few variables, and (d) estimation of parameters that cannot be measured. A Kohonen SOM technique has also been applied to recognize the correctness and validity of any data once the network is trained on a good set of data. This was achieved by examining the activation levels of the winning unit on the output layer of the network. Additionally, it would also be possible to determine the suspicious, faulty or corrupted parameter(s) in the cases which are not recognized by the network by simply examining the activation levels of the input neurons.

Review—Computational Methods for Internal Flows With Emphasis on Turbomachinery

1985 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. McNally ◽  
Peter M. Sockol
Keyword(s):  
Stream Function ◽  
Computational Methods ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Internal Flows ◽  
Other Hand

A review is given of current computational methods for analyzing flows in turbomachinery and other related internal propulsion components. The methods are divided primarily into two classes, inviscid and viscous. The inviscid methods deal specifically with turbomachinery applications. Viscous methods, on the other hand, due to the state-of-the-art, deal with generalized duct flows as well as flows in turbomachinery passages. Inviscid methods are categorized into the potential, stream function, and Euler approaches. Viscous methods are treated in terms of parabolic, partially parabolic, and elliptic procedures.

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