COUNTERFACTUAL TEMPORAL MODEL OF CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR CONSTRUCTING EXPLANATIONS IN INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS

The subject of the research is the processes of constructing explanations based on causal relationships between states or actions of an intellectualsystem. An explanation is knowledge about the sequence of causes and effects that determine the process and result of an intelligent informationsystem. The aim of the work is to develop a counterfactual temporal model of cause-and-effect relationships as part of an explanation of the process offunctioning of an intelligent system in order to ensure the identification of causal dependencies based on the analysis of the logs of the behavior ofsuch a system. To achieve the stated goals, the following tasks are solved: determination of the temporal properties of the counterfactual description ofcause-and-effect relationships between actions or states of an intelligent information system; development of a temporal model of causal connections,taking into account both the facts of occurrence of events in the intellectual system, and the possibility of occurrence of events that do not affect theformation of the current decision. Conclusions. The structuring of the temporal properties of causal links for pairs of events that occur sequentially intime or have intermediate events is performed. Such relationships are represented by alternative causal relationships using the temporal operators"Next" and "Future", which allows realizing a counterfactual approach to the representation of causality. A counterfactual temporal model of causalrelationships is proposed, which determines deterministic causal relationships for pairs of consecutive events and pairs of events between which thereare other events, which determines the transitivity property of such dependencies and, accordingly, creates conditions for describing the sequence ofcauses and effects as part of the explanation in intelligent system with a given degree of detail The model provides the ability to determine cause-andeffect relationships, between which there are intermediate events that do not affect the final result of the intelligent information system.

Locke, God, and Materialism

This chapter looks at Locke’s discussion in Essay 4.10, focusing on his arguments that God cannot be material: that he can be neither an incogitative material first cause, nor a cogitative one. Perhaps Locke had Hobbes or even Spinoza in mind as targets of his arguments, but he did not focus on their views alone. Locke in 4.10 draws on a discussion in Cudworth’s True Intellectual System. The central thought behind several of Locke’s arguments is the metaphysical principle (also seen in Cudworth) that the less perfect cannot cause the more perfect. Locke uses this repeatedly in arguing against views on which God is material. Understanding the role of this principle also helps us understand what Locke meant when he said that we might be material thinking beings, because God could have superadded thought to the matter in us, even though God himself could not be a material being.

The Relation between International Rights and Natural Rights a Comparison between Hobbes, Grotius and Kant’s Ideas in law

International law is a science attributed to Hugo Grotius, based on both natural rights and intergovernmental treaties, although over time it has expanded its sphere of influence to other subjects. In the present study, an attempt is made to address the origins and defined framework of this science by addressing the theories of this Dutch philosopher and to look at the ancestors and successors of Grotius in order to determine the extent of influence by each of the following philosophers: Aristotle and Cicero in ancient times and Hobbes and Kant in the modern era. Examining the nature of natural rights on the one hand and international law on the other and, the relationship between the two from the point of view of Grotius, as well as comparing his point of view with Hobbes' in particular and, referring to Kant are among the topics covered in this article. Because the study of the theoretical foundations and methods of each of the above thinkers as well as their intellectual system and their proponents and opponents can to some extent shed light on the hidden aspects of the issue.

Information system for monitoring of hypopituitarism in childhood and adolescence

The article is devoted to the development of a medical information system (MIS) designed to monitor and predict hypopituitarism in children and teenagers. MIS combines the medical information storage and management system with an intellectual system of medical decision-making support. The information system is based on a database with information obtained from impersonal medical discharge papers of children and adolescents of the Altai Territory diagnosed with hypopituitarism. Medical discharge papers provide information about the patient’s health status while in the hospital, the results of examinations and treatment. Discharges form a complete medical history of the patient, and the information system allows assessing the disease in dynamics. The purpose of the intelligent information system is to predict the patient's growth in order to select the optimal treatment strategy. The intelligent decision support system is based on a machine-learning model trained on data from a database. The model was trained in the Python programming language. The MIS interface is developed using the C # programming language. The use of MIS in medical institutions will allow doctors to carry out a personalized approach to the monitoring and predicting the growth for patients, and to choose the optimal trajectory of treatment.

Architecture of Intellectual System for Research of Space Weather Parameters

Has been carried out analysis of the subject area and main functions of the intellectual system for research of space weather parameters are identified. The model of static structure of intellectual system is developed as well as its dynamic aspects are modeled. Also is constructed an architecture of intellectual system for research of space weather parameters on the basis of “client-server” two-level model. The scientific novelty of the obtained results stands on developed model of the intellectual system for research of space weather parameters. The practical significance of the intellectual system lies in its capabilities: automated collection and processing of data on the manifestations of solar activity; storing information in the database; data analysis and establishing links between helio- and geo-activity indicators, as well as forecasting geophysical disturbances caused by cosmic factors.

La unidad de la sustancia inmaterial en Ralph Cudworth

En este artículo me propongo mostrar que en el universo armónico que propone Ralph Cudworth (1617-1688), destacado miembro del grupo de los Platónicos de Cambridge del siglo XVII, la sustancia inmaterial cumple un rol fundamental. Ella no se halla separada de la sustancia material y recibe distintos nombres de acuerdo a las funciones que desarrolla, en tanto es la única fuerza vital en la creación, fundada en la naturaleza divina. Es decir, la naturaleza plástica (plastic nature) y las almas no son más que distintos nombres para esa única sustancia inmaterial en el universo creado. Esto refleja una concepción dualista diferente al dualismo cartesiano, que tendrá consecuencias a nivel físico. Por eso, en primer lugar, presentaré la metafísica de Cudworth, para luego detenerme en la sustancia inmaterial. Para esto utilizaré su obra principal The True Intellectual System of the Universe (1678) y sus dos escritos de publicación póstuma: Treatise concerning eternal and immutable Morality (1731) y Treatise on Freewill (1838).

Inference of Mulla Sadra's Ethical Views in the Four Realms of Meta-Ethics

Meta-ethics is an important and fundamental part of ethical philosophy. Normative ethics discusses the ethical criterion and definition of happiness and obligation; but Meta-ethics deals with its background. In other words, it puts ethical propositions into philosophical questions in terms of meaning, cognition, and truth. In the intellectual system of transcendent wisdom, metaphysical issues and sheer philosophy are studied in order to help human beings to develop and transcend. In fact, human ethics and transcendence along with theology are two main goals of transcendent wisdom. In this regard, it is important to understand Mulla Sadra's views on meta-ethics as well as to discover and deduce it among Mulla Sadra's philosophical views. While defining meta-ethics, explaining its domains and asking main questions about each of these domains, the method of comparative study is used in this paper in order to provide the most appropriate and consistent possible answers to questions in the realm of meta-ethics - based on Mulla Sadra's views on the originality of existence Substantial motion and Union of Intelligent and Intelligible and so on.

Artificial intelligence as a technology of the future at the present stage of development of society

The article establishes that the vector of research in the field of artificial intelligence is aimed at developing methods of formalization, generalization, classification, knowledge representation; study and formalization of reasoning, their modeling; research of communication, the specifics of the dialogue between the intellectual system and the person; development of algorithms for the operation of computer technology and training of intelligent systems.