Recycling Chain for Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIB) is becoming increasingly important with regard to environmental, economic, geostrategic, and health aspects due to the increasing amount of LIB produced, introduced into the market, and being spent in the following years. The recycling itself becomes a challenge to face on one hand the special aspects of LIB-technology and on the other hand to reply to the idea of circular economy. In this paper, we analyze the different recycling concepts for spent LIBs and categorize them according to state-of-the-art schemes of waste treatment technology. Therefore, we structure the different processes into process stages and unit processes. Several recycling technologies are treating spent lithium-ion batteries worldwide focusing on one or several process stages or unit processes.

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Analysis of the Possibility of Use Lithium - Ion as a Starting Battery on the Ship Engine Room

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.236.106 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 236 ◽

pp. 106-112

Author(s):

Grzegorz Grzeczka ◽

Paweł Swoboda

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

The Other ◽

Electrochemical Systems ◽

Lead Acid Batteries ◽

Engine Room ◽

Other Hand ◽

Start Up ◽

Electrochemical Parameters ◽

Lead Acid

The most commonly used starter batteries for ship engine rooms are lead acid systems. Lead acid batters have the lowest electrochemical parameters from all other modern electrochemical systems. On the other hand their biggest advantage is the price of the cell which is much lower comparing to other electrochemical systems. Due to fact that the lithium – ion batteries are very widely used and constantly developed this technology is starting to be promising as an alternative for lead acid batteries for starter applications. Because of this there is a need to verify if the lithium - ion technology can be used for start-up and power backup systems and how will it affect the construction of the engine room and those systems. In order to determine the potential energetic requirements during the design of starter systems in an backup engine room with the use of lithium – ion batteries, in the article the analytic of their performance was conducted with comparison of other electrochemical systems.

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Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries—Current State of the Art, Circular Economy, and Next Generation Recycling

Advanced Energy Materials ◽

10.1002/aenm.202102917 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 2102917

Author(s):

Jonas Neumann ◽

Martina Petranikova ◽

Marcel Meeus ◽

Jorge D. Gamarra ◽

Reza Younesi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Circular Economy ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Next Generation ◽

Current State

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An Exploratory Study of the Policies and Legislative Perspectives on the End-of-Life of Lithium-Ion Batteries from the Perspective of Producer Obligation

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132011154 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (20) ◽

pp. 11154

Author(s):

Chiara Giosuè ◽

Daniele Marchese ◽

Matteo Cavalletti ◽

Robertino Isidori ◽

Massimo Conti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Second Life ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Practical Implication ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Point Of View ◽

Self Sufficiency ◽

Italian Context ◽

Spent Libs

European self-sufficiency in the battery sector is one of the major EU needs. The key lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) materials demand is expected to increase in the next decade as a consequence of the increment in the LIBs production and a massive amount of spent LIBs will flood global markets. Hence, these waste streams would be a potential source of secondary raw materials to be valorized, under the principle of circular economy. European governments first, and then companies in the battery sector second, are addressing many efforts in improving legislation on batteries and accumulators. This study explores the current legislative aspects, the main perspective from the producer’s point of view, and the possibility to guarantee a proper recycle of spent LIBs. A monitoring proposal by means of a survey has been carried out and the Italian context, which has been taken as an example of the European context, and it was used to evaluate the practical implication of the current legislation. The main result of the survey is that a specific identification as well as regulations for LIBs are needed. The benefit from a cradle-to-cradle circular economy is still far from the actual situation but several industrial examples and ongoing European projects show the importance and feasibility of the reuse (e.g., second life) and recycle of LIBs.

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Separation and Efficient Recovery of Lithium from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Metals ◽

10.3390/met11071091 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1091

Author(s):

Eva Gerold ◽

Stefan Luidold ◽

Helmut Antrekowitsch

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Sodium Phosphate ◽

Room Temperature ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Potassium Phosphate ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Rechargeable Batteries ◽

Raw Material ◽

Efficient Recovery

The consumption of lithium has increased dramatically in recent years. This can be primarily attributed to its use in lithium-ion batteries for the operation of hybrid and electric vehicles. Due to its specific properties, lithium will also continue to be an indispensable key component for rechargeable batteries in the next decades. An average lithium-ion battery contains 5–7% of lithium. These values indicate that used rechargeable batteries are a high-quality raw material for lithium recovery. Currently, the feasibility and reasonability of the hydrometallurgical recycling of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries is still a field of research. This work is intended to compare the classic method of the precipitation of lithium from synthetic and real pregnant leaching liquors gained from spent lithium-ion batteries with sodium carbonate (state of the art) with alternative precipitation agents such as sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate. Furthermore, the correlation of the obtained product to the used type of phosphate is comprised. In addition, the influence of the process temperature (room temperature to boiling point), as well as the stoichiometric factor of the precipitant, is investigated in order to finally enable a statement about an efficient process, its parameter and the main dependencies.

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Predicting the new carbon nanocages, fullerynes: a DFT study

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82142-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Qasemnazhand ◽

Farhad Khoeini ◽

Farah Marsusi

Keyword(s):

Density Functional Theory ◽

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Density Functional ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

The Other ◽

Electron Affinities ◽

Chemical Formula ◽

Functional Theory ◽

Triple Bonds ◽

Structural And Electronic Properties

AbstractIn this study, based on density functional theory, we propose a new branch of pseudo-fullerenes which contain triple bonds with sp hybridization. We call these new nanostructures fullerynes, according to IUPAC. We present four samples with the chemical formula of C4nHn, and the structures derived from fulleranes. We compare the structural and electronic properties of these structures with those of two common fullerenes and fulleranes systems. The calculated electron affinities of the sampled fullerynes are negative, and much smaller than those of fullerenes, so they should be chemically more stable than fullerenes. Although fulleranes also exhibit higher chemical stability than fullerynes, but pentagon or hexagon of the fullerane structures cannot pass ions and molecules. Applications of fullerynes can be included in the storage of ions and gases at the nanoscale. On the other hand, they can also be used as cathode/anode electrodes in lithium-ion batteries.

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Elemental analysis of lithium ion batteries

Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry ◽

10.1039/c7ja00073a ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 32 (10) ◽

pp. 1833-1847 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Sascha Nowak ◽

Martin Winter

Keyword(s):

Energy Storage ◽

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Elemental Analysis ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Electronic Devices ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Promising Candidate ◽

Decomposition Products ◽

Power Sources ◽

Large Size

Being successfully introduced into the market only 25 years ago, lithium ion batteries are already state-of-the-art power sources for portable electronic devices and the most promising candidate for energy storage in large-size batteries. Therefore, elemental analysis of lithium ion batteries (lithium ion batteries), their components and decomposition products is a fast growing topic in the literature.

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A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

Batteries ◽

10.3390/batteries5040068 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 68 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Velázquez-Martínez ◽

Valio ◽

Santasalo-Aarnio ◽

Reuter ◽

Serna-Guerrero

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Circular Economy ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Economic Value ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Energy Storage Devices ◽

Storage Devices ◽

Battery Recycling ◽

Recycling Systems ◽

Process Complexity

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently one of the most important electrochemical energy storage devices, powering electronic mobile devices and electric vehicles alike. However, there is a remarkable difference between their rate of production and rate of recycling. At the end of their lifecycle, only a limited number of LIBs undergo any recycling treatment, with the majority go to landfills or being hoarded in households. Further losses of LIB components occur because the the state-of-the-art LIB recycling processes are limited to components with high economic value, e.g., Co, Cu, Fe, and Al. With the increasing popularity of concepts such as “circular economy” (CE), new LIB recycling systems have been proposed that target a wider spectrum of compounds, thus reducing the environmental impact associated with LIB production. This review work presents a discussion of the current practices and some of the most promising emerging technologies for recycling LIBs. While other authoritative reviews have focused on the description of recycling processes, the aim of the present was is to offer an analysis of recycling technologies from a CE perspective. Consequently, the discussion is based on the ability of each technology to recover every component in LIBs. The gathered data depicted a direct relationship between process complexity and the variety and usability of the recovered fractions. Indeed, only processes employing a combination of mechanical processing, and hydro- and pyrometallurgical steps seemed able to obtain materials suitable for LIB (re)manufacture. On the other hand, processes relying on pyrometallurgical steps are robust, but only capable of recovering metallic components.

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Constructing an elastic solid electrolyte interphase on graphite: a novel strategy suppressing lithium inventory loss in lithium-ion batteries

Journal of Materials Chemistry A ◽

10.1039/c7ta02706k ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (22) ◽

pp. 10885-10894 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Qiang Shi ◽

Shuai Heng ◽

Qunting Qu ◽

Tian Gao ◽

Weijie Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solid Electrolyte ◽

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Solid Electrolyte Interphase ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Elastic Solid ◽

The State ◽

Graphite Anode ◽

Novel Strategy

Constructing a robust and elastic solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on a graphite anode is an important strategy to suppress lithium-inventory loss and to prolong the lifespan of the state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries.

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