System Level Performance and Emissions Evaluation of Renewable Fuels for Jet Engines

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kadambari Lokesh ◽  
Vishal Sethi ◽  
Theoklis Nikolaidis ◽  
Devaiah Karumbaiah
Keyword(s):  
Engine Performance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
System Level ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Jet Engines ◽  
Stirred Reactor ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Aircraft Performance ◽  
Level Performance

Incessant demand for fossil derived energy and the resulting environmental impact has urged the renewable energy sector to conceive one of the most anticipated sustainable, alternative “drop-in” fuels for jet engines, called as, Bio-Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (Bio-SPKs). Second (Camelina SPK & Jatropha SPK and third generation (Microalgae SPK) advanced biofuels have been chosen to analyse their influence on the behaviour of a jet engine through numerical modelling and simulation procedures. The thermodynamic influence of each of the biofuels on the gas turbine performance extended to aircraft performance over a user-defined trajectory (with chosen engine/airframe configuration) have been reported in this paper. Initially, the behaviour of twin-shaft turbofan engine operated with 100% Bio-SPKs at varying operating conditions. This evaluation is conducted from the underpinning phase of adopting the chemical composition of Bio-SPKs towards an elaborate and careful prediction of fluid thermodynamics properties (FTPs). The engine performance was primarily estimated in terms of fuel consumption which steers the fiscal and environmental scenarios in civil aviation. Alternative fuel combustion was virtually simulated through stirred-reactor approach using a validated combustor model. The system-level emissions (CO2 and NOx) have been numerically quantified and reported as follows: the modelled aircraft operating with Bio-SPKs exhibited fuel economy (mission fuel burn) by an avg. of 2.4% relative to that of baseline (Jet Kerosene). LTO-NOx for the user-defined trajectory decreased by 7–7.8% and by 15–18% considering the entire mission. Additionally, this study reasonably qualitatively explores the benefits and issues associated with Bio-SPKs.

Assessing Double Injection and Intake Air Temperature Effects on Gasoline HCCI Engine Performance and Emissions Using Fully-Automated Experiments and Micro-Genetic Algorithms

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Canakci ◽  
Eric Hruby ◽  
Rolf D. Reitz
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spray Angle ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Double Injection ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Engine Performance And Emissions

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is receiving attention as a new low emission engine concept. Little is known about the optimal operating conditions for this engine operation mode. Combustion at homogeneous, low equivalence ratio conditions results in modest temperature combustion products, containing very low concentrations of NOx and PM as well as providing high thermal efficiency. However, this combustion mode can produce higher HC and CO emissions than those of conventional engines. An electronically controlled Caterpillar single-cylinder oil test engine (SCOTE), originally designed for heavy-duty diesel applications, was converted to a HCCI direct-injection gasoline engine. The engine features an electronically controlled low-pressure common rail injector with a 60°-spray angle that is capable of multiple injections. The use of double injection was explored for emission control, and the engine was optimized using fully-automated experiments and a micro-genetic algorithm (μGA) optimization code. The variables changed during the optimization include the intake air temperature, start of injection timing, and split injection parameters (percent mass of the fuel in each injection, dwell between the pulses). The engine performance and emissions were determined at 700 rev/min with a constant fuel flow rate at 10 MPa fuel injection pressure. The results show that significant emissions reductions are possible with the use of optimal injection strategies.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Effect of Environmental Conditions on Rotorcraft Pollutant Emissions at Mission Level

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesus Ortiz-Carretero ◽  
Alejandro Castillo Pardo ◽  
Vassilios Pachidis ◽  
Ioannis Goulos
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Helicopter Rotors ◽  
Helicopter Flight ◽  
Fuel Burn

It is anticipated that the contribution of rotorcraft activities to the environmental impact of civil aviation will increase in the forthcoming future. Due to their versatility and robustness, helicopters are often operated in harsh environments with extreme ambient conditions and dusty air. These severe conditions affect not only the engine operation but also the performance of helicopter rotors. This impact is reflected in the fuel burn and pollutants emitted by the helicopter during a mission. The aim of this paper is to introduce an exhaustive methodology to quantify the influence of the environment in the mission fuel consumption and the associated emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx). An Emergency Medical Service (EMS) and a Search and Rescue (SAR) mission were used as a case study to simulate the effects of extreme temperatures, high altitude and compressor degradation on a representative Twin-Engine Medium (TEM) weight helicopter, the Sikorsky UH-60A Black Hawk. A simulation tool for helicopter mission performance analysis developed and validated at Cranfield University was employed. This software comprises different modules that enable the analysis of helicopter flight dynamics, powerplant performance and exhaust emissions over a user defined flight path profile. The results obtained show that the environmental effects on mission fuel and emissions are mainly driven by the modification of the engine performance for the particular missions simulated. Fluctuations as high as 12% and 40% in mission fuel and NOx emissions, respectively, were observed under the environmental conditions simulated in the present study.

scholarly journals Benefits of Exergy-Based Analysis for Aerospace Engineering Applications—Part I

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Doty ◽  
José A. Camberos ◽  
David J. Moorhouse
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Aerospace Engineering ◽  
The Other ◽  
System Level ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Design Paradigm ◽  
Analysis Design ◽  
Level Performance

This paper compares the analysis of systems from two different perspectives: an energy-based focus and an exergy-based focus. A complex system was simply modeled as interacting thermodynamic systems to illustrate the differences in analysis methodologies and results. The energy-based analysis had combinations of calculated states that are infeasible. On the other hand, the exergy-based analyses only allow feasible states. More importantly, the exergy-based analyses provide clearer insight to the combination of operating conditions for optimum system-level performance. The results strongly suggest changing the analysis/design paradigm used in aerospace engineering from energy-based to exergy-based. This methodology shift is even more critical in exploratory research and development where previous experience may not be available to provide guidance. Although the models used herein may appear simplistic, the message is very powerful and extensible to higher-fidelity models: the 1st Law is only anecessarycondition for design, whereas the 1st and 2nd Laws provide thesufficiencycondition.

Helicopter Mission Analysis Using a Multidisciplinary Simulation Framework

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Karamolegkos ◽  
I. Goulos ◽  
V. Pachidis ◽  
J. Stevens ◽  
C. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Engine Performance ◽  
Simulation Framework ◽  
Mission Analysis ◽  
Integrated Technology ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Rotorcraft Performance ◽  
Multidisciplinary Simulation ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Year 2000

This paper describes the work done and strong interaction between the Technology Evaluator (TE), Green Rotorcraft (GRC) Integrated Technology Demonstrator (ITD) and Sustainable and Green Engine (SAGE) ITD of the Clean Sky Joint Technology Initiative (JTI). The GRC and SAGE ITDs are responsible for developing new helicopter airframe and engine technologies respectively, whilst the TE has the distinctive role of assessing the environmental impact of these technologies at single flight (mission), airport and Air Transport System levels (ATS). The assessments reported herein have been performed by using a GRC-developed multidisciplinary simulation framework called PhoeniX (Platform Hosting Operational and Environmental Investigations for Rotorcraft) that comprises various computational modules. These modules include a rotorcraft performance code (EUROPA), an engine performance and emissions simulation tool (GSP) and a noise prediction code (HELENA). PhoeniX can predict the performance of a helicopter along a prescribed 4D trajectory offering a complete helicopter mission analysis. In the context of the TE assessments reported herein, two helicopter classes are examined namely a Twin Engine Light (TEL) configuration for Emergency Medical Service (EMS) and Police missions and a Single Engine Light (SEL) configuration for Passenger/Transport missions. The different technologies assessed reflect three simulation points which are the ‘Baseline’ Year 2000 technology, ‘Reference’ Y2020 technology, without Clean Sky benefits, and finally the ‘Conceptual’, reflecting Y2020 technology with Clean Sky benefits. The results of this study illustrate the potential that incorporated technologies possess in terms of improving performance and gas emission metrics such as fuel burn, CO2, NOx as well as the noise footprint on the ground.

scholarly journals Impact of Adverse Environmental Conditions on Rotorcraft Operational Performance and Pollutant Emissions

2017 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesus Ortiz-Carretero ◽  
Alejandro Castillo Pardo ◽  
Ioannis Goulos ◽  
Vassilios Pachidis
Keyword(s):  
Engine Performance ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Operational Performance ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Harsh Environments ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Helicopter Flight ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions

It is anticipated that the contribution of rotorcraft activities to the environmental impact of civil aviation will increase in the future. Due to their versatility and robustness, helicopters are often operated in harsh environments with extreme ambient conditions. These severe conditions not only affect the performance of the engine but also affect the aerodynamics of the rotorcraft. This impact is reflected in the fuel burn and pollutants emitted by the rotorcraft during a mission. The aim of this paper is to introduce an exhaustive methodology to quantify the influence adverse environment conditions have in the mission fuel consumption and the associated emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx). An emergency medical service (EMS) and a search and rescue (SAR) mission are used as case studies to simulate the effects of extreme temperatures, high altitude, and compressor degradation on a representative twin-engine medium (TEM) weight helicopter, the Sikorsky UH-60A Black Hawk. A simulation tool for helicopter mission performance analysis developed and validated at Cranfield University was employed. This software comprises different modules that enable the analysis of helicopter flight dynamics, powerplant performance, and exhaust emissions over a user-defined flight path profile. For the validation of the models implemented, extensive comparisons with experimental data are presented throughout for rotorcraft and engine performance as well as NOx emissions. Reductions as high as 12% and 40% in mission fuel and NOx emissions, respectively, were observed for the “high and cold” scenario simulated at the SAR role relative to the same mission trajectory under standard conditions.

scholarly journals Performance and Emissions of a Microturbine and Turbofan Powered by Alternative Fuels

Aerospace ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Radoslaw Przysowa ◽  
Bartosz Gawron ◽  
Tomasz Białecki ◽  
Anna Łęgowik ◽  
Jerzy Merkisz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Jet Engines ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Emissivity Model ◽  
Aircraft Performance ◽  
The Impact

Alternative fuels containing biocomponents produced in various technologies are introduced in aviation to reduce its carbon footprint but there is little data describing their impact on the performance and emissions of engines. The purpose of the work is to compare the performance and gas emissions produced from two different jet engines—the GTM-140 microturbine and the full-size DGEN380 turbofan, powered by blends of Jet A-1 and one of two biocomponents: (1) Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) and (2) Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) produced from used cooking oil (UCO) in various concentrations. The acquired data will be used to develop an engine emissivity model to predict gas emissions. Blends of the mineral fuel with synthetic components were prepared in various concentrations, and their physicochemical parameters were examined in the laboratory. Measurements of emissions from both engines were carried out in selected operating points using the Semtech DS gaseous analyzer and the EEPS spectrometer. The impact of tested blends on engine operating parameters is limited, and their use does not carry the risk of a significant decrease in aircraft performance or increase in fuel consumption. Increasing the content of biocomponents causes a noticeable rise in the emission of CO and slight increase for some other gasses (HC and NOx), which should not, however, worsen the working conditions of the ground personnel. This implies that there are no contraindications against using tested blends for fuelling gas-turbine engines.

Performance and Emissions Characteristics Investigation of a Bi-Fuel SI Engine Fuelled by CNG and Gasoline

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abazar Shamekhi ◽  
Nima Khatibzadeh ◽  
Amir H. Shamekhi
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Sources

Nowadays, increased attention has been focused on internal combustion engine fuels. Regarding environmental effects of internal combustion engines particularly as pollutant sources and depletion of fossil fuel resources, compressed natural gas (CNG) has been introduced as an effective alternative to gasoline and diesel fuel in many applications. A high research octane number allows combustion at higher compression ratios without knocking and good emission characteristics of HC and CO are major benefits of CNG as an engine fuel. In this paper, CNG as an alternative fuel in a spark ignition engine has been considered. Engine performance and exhaust emissions have been experimentally studied for CNG and gasoline in a wide range of the engine operating conditions.

scholarly journals Performance and Emissions of a Microturbine and Turbofan Powered by Alternative Fuels

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radoslaw Przysowa ◽  
Bartosz Gawron ◽  
Tomasz Białecki ◽  
Anna Łęgowik ◽  
Jerzy Merkisz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Jet Engines ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Emissivity Model ◽  
Aircraft Performance ◽  
The Impact

Alternative fuels containing biocomponents produced in various technologies are introduced in aviation to reduce its carbon footprint but there is little data describing their impact on the performance and emissions of engines. The purpose of the work is to compare the performance and gas emissions produced from two different jet engines: the GTM-140 microturbine and the full-size DGEN380 turbofan, powered by blends of Jet A-1 and one of two biocomponents: 1) ATJ and 2) HEFA produced from used cooking oil (UCO) in various concentrations. The acquired data will be used to develop an engine emissivity model to predict gas emissions. Blends of the mineral fuel with synthetic components were prepared in various concentrations, and their physicochemical parameters were examined in the laboratory. Measurements of emissions from both engines were carried out in selected operating points using the Semtech DS gaseous analyzer and the EEPS spectrometer. The impact of tested blends on engine operating parameters is limited, and their use does not carry the risk of a significant decrease in aircraft performance or increase in fuel consumption. Increasing the content of biocomponents causes a noticeable rise in the emission of CO and slight increase for some other gasses (HC and NOx), which should not, however, worsen the working conditions of the ground personnel. This implies that there are no contraindications against using tested blends for fuelling gas-turbine engines.

Prediction of Combustion Velocities, Indicated-Cycle Pressure in the Closed-Valve Phase and Operating Condition Effects on Performance and Emissions of CNG and Gasoline SI Engines

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirko Baratta ◽  
Elena Caristo ◽  
Andrea E. Catania ◽  
Ezio Spessa
Keyword(s):  
Turbulence Modeling ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Combustion Model ◽  
Speed Ratio ◽  
Predictive Tool ◽  
Flame Kernel ◽  
Fractal Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Performance And Emissions

The simulation of heat release, flame propagation speeds and pollutant formation was carried out in both a turbocharged CNG engine and a multivalve naturally-aspirated bi-fuel engine running on either CNG or gasoline. The predictive tool used for investigation is based on an enhanced fractal geometry concept of the flame front which is able to capture the modulation of turbulent to laminar burning speed ratio throughout the overall combustion phase without introducing flame kernel growth or burn out sub-models. The fractal approach is coupled to a simple refined quasi-dimensional multizone combustion model, which includes specifically developed sub-models for evaluating CO and NO formation, in addition to a CAD procedure to determine the burned-gas front area and radius, as is detaild in [16]. An insight is also given into main features of in-cylinder turbulence modeling, as an easy and effective evaluation of the turbulence intensity is needed for an accurate computation of the turbulent burning speed. The predictive model was applied to a wide range of engine speeds (N = 2000–5500 rpm), loads (bmep = 200–790 kPa for the naturally-aspirated engine, bmep = 200–1400 kPa for the turbocharged one), relative air-fuel ratios (RAFR = 0.80–1.60) and spark advances (SA ranging from 8 deg of retard to 8 deg of advance from MBT), and the obtained results were compared to experimental data. These latter were extracted from measured in-cylinder pressure by an advanced diagnostics technique that was previously developed by the authors. The results confirmed a quite accurate prediction of burning speed even without any kind of tuning, with respect to different currently available fractal as well as non-fractal approaches for the simulation of flame-turbulence interaction. Furthermore, the authors’ computational code showed to be capable of capturing the effects of fuel composition, different combustion-chamber concepts, and operating conditions on engine performance and emissions.

Prediction of Combustion Parameters, Performance, and Emissions in Compressed Natural Gas and Gasoline SI Engines

2008 ◽  
Vol 130 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirko Baratta ◽  
Andrea E. Catania ◽  
Stefano d’Ambrosio ◽  
Ezio Spessa
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Speed Ratio ◽  
Predictive Tool ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Flame Kernel ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Combustion Phase

The simulation of heat release, flame propagation speeds, and pollutant formation was carried out in both a turbocharged compressed natural gas (CNG) engine and a multivalve naturally aspirated bifuel engine running on either CNG or gasoline. The predictive tool used for investigation is based on an enhanced fractal geometry concept of the flame front, which is able to capture the modulation of turbulent to laminar burning speed ratio throughout the overall combustion phase without introducing flame kernel growth or burnout submodels. The prediction model was applied to a wide range of engine speeds, loads, relative air-fuel ratios, and spark advances, and the obtained results were compared to experimental data. These latter were extracted from measured in-cylinder pressure by an advanced diagnostics technique that was previously developed by the authors. The results confirmed a quite accurate prediction of burning speed even without any kind of tuning, with respect to different currently available fractal as well as nonfractal approaches for the simulation of flame-turbulence interaction. Furthermore, the computational code proved to be capable of capturing the effects of fuel composition, different combustion-chamber concepts, and operating conditions on engine performance and emissions.

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