Reliability Centered Maintenance as Applied to Wind Turbine Power Plants

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth E. Farrington ◽  
Daniel Sillivant ◽  
Chris Sautter
Keyword(s):  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
The Core ◽  
Equipment Reliability ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Reliability Centered Maintenance

The objective of this paper is to present the methodology for the application of Reliability Centered Maintenance to wind turbines. The reliability and maintenance of wind turbines is a growing area of interest. The inherent variation in the loading experienced by wind turbines presents unique problems that differ from current practice within the power generation sector. The core of these issues center on the inherent variability of the wind and the resulting loads transferred to the equipment. Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) is a useful tool that provides the means to overcome some of these difficulties. RCM is implemented through either Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) or Time-Directed Maintenance (TDM). CBM is implemented through the use of condition monitoring based on defined condition indicators established through field experience, or laboratory testing. TDM is implemented through the use of reliability failure analysis to characterize a time directed maintenance interval. This failure analysis is performed on either laboratory test specimens, or failed field components. This paper presents the methodology for applying CBM or TDM to a wind turbine as well as suggestions for scaled laboratory testing.

scholarly journals Novel Application and Validation of a Method to Assess Visual Impacts of Rotating Wind Turbine Blades Within Woodland Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
U. Nopp-Mayr ◽  
F. Kunz ◽  
F. Suppan ◽  
E. Schöll ◽  
J. Coppes
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Wind Turbine Blades ◽  
Environmental Impact Assessments ◽  
Independent Field

AbstractIncreasing numbers of wind power plants (WPP) are constructed across the globe to reduce the anthropogenic contribution to global warming. There are, however, concerns on the effects of WPP on human health as well as related effects on wildlife. To address potential effects of WPP in environmental impact assessments, existing models accounting for shadow flickering and noise are widely applied. However, a standardized, yet simple and widely applicable proxy for the visibility of rotating wind turbines in woodland areas was largely lacking up to date. We combined land cover information of forest canopy extracted from orthophotos and airborne laser scanning (LiDAR) data to represent the visibility of rotating wind turbines in five woodland study sites with a high spatial resolution. Performing an in-situ validation in five study areas across Europe which resulted in a unique sample of 1738 independent field observations, we show that our approach adequately predicts from where rotating wind turbine blades are visible within woodlands or not. We thus provide strong evidence, that our approach yields a valuable proxy of the visibility of moving rotor blades with high resolution which in turn can be applied in environmental impact assessments of WPP within woodlands worldwide.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Inertia Contribution and Optimal Grid Utilization with Wind Turbines

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 3013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Jauch ◽  
Arne Gloe
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Realistic Case ◽  
System Utilization ◽  
Continuous Feed

This paper presents findings of a study on continuous feed-in management and continuous synthetic inertia contribution with wind turbines. A realistic case study, based on real measurements, is outlined. A wind turbine feeds into a weak feeder, such that its power has to be adapted to the permissible loading of this feeder. At the same time the wind turbine is to provide inertia to the grid by applying the previously published variable inertia constant controller. It is discussed that optimal grid utilization and simultaneous inertia contribution are mandatory for the frequency control in power systems that are heavily penetrated with renewable energies. The study shows that continuous feed-in management can be combined well with continuous inertia provision. There are hardly any negative consequences for the wind turbine. The benefits for the grid are convincing, both in terms of increased system utilization and in terms of provided inertia. It is concluded that wind turbines can enhance angular stability in a power system to a larger extent than conventional power plants.

scholarly journals Recycling of Mechanically Ground Wind Turbine Blades as Filler in Geopolymer Composite

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 6539
Author(s):  
Kinga Pławecka ◽  
Jakub Przybyła ◽  
Kinga Korniejenko ◽  
Wei-Ting Lin ◽  
An Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Waste Material ◽  
Wind Turbine Blades ◽  
Inorganic Matter ◽  
Geopolymer Composites

This paper concerns the recycling of waste material from wind turbine blades. The aim of the research was to determine the possibility of using ground waste material derived from the exploited structures of wind turbines as a filler in geopolymer composites. In order to determine the potential of such a solution, tests were carried out on three different fractions originating from the ground blades of wind turbines, including an analysis of the morphology and chemical composition of particles using SEM and an EDS detector, the analysis of organic and inorganic matter content and tests for multivariate geopolymer composites with the addition of waste material. The compression and flexural strength, density and absorbability tests, among others, were carried out. The composite material made of the geopolymer matrix contained the filler at the level of 5%, 15% and 30% of dry mass. The addition of the filler showed a tendency to decrease the properties of the obtained geopolymer composite. However, it was possible to obtain materials that did not significantly differ in properties from the re-reference sample for the filler content of 5% and 15% of dry mass. As a result of the research, it was found that waste materials from the utilization of used wind power plants can become fillers in geopolymer composites. It was also found that it is possible to increase the strength of the obtained material by lowering the porosity.

scholarly journals Modelling Types 1 and 2 Wind Turbines Based on IEC 61400-27-1: Transient Response under Voltage Dips

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania García-Sánchez ◽  
Irene Muñoz-Benavente ◽  
Emilio Gómez-Lázaro ◽  
Ana Fernández-Guillamón
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
International Electrotechnical Commission ◽  
Voltage Dips

Wind power plants depend greatly on weather conditions, thus being considered intermittent, uncertain and non-dispatchable. Due to the massive integration of this energy resource in the recent decades, it is important that transmission and distribution system operators are able to model their electrical behaviour in terms of steady-state power flow, transient dynamic stability, and short-circuit currents. Consequently, in 2015, the International Electrotechnical Commission published Standard IEC 61400-27-1, which includes generic models for wind power generation in order to estimate the electrical characteristics of wind turbines at the connection point. This paper presents, describes and details the models for wind turbine topologies Types 1 and 2 following IEC 61400-27-1 for electrical simulation purposes, including the values for the parameters for the different subsystems. A hardware-in-the-loop combined with a real-time simulator is also used to analyse the response of such wind turbine topologies under voltage dips. The evolution of active and reactive powers is discussed, together with the wind turbine rotor and generator rotational speeds.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Inertia Contribution and Optimal Grid Utilization with Wind Turbines

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Jauch ◽  
Arne Gloe
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Power System ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Realistic Case ◽  
Continuous Feed

This paper presents findings of a study on continuous feed-in management and continuous synthetic inertia contribution with wind turbines. A realistic case study, based on real measurements, is outlined. A wind turbine feeds into a weak feeder, such that its power has to be adapted to the permissible loading of this feeder. At the same time the wind turbine is to provide inertia to the grid by applying the previously published variable inertia constant controller. It is discussed that optimal grid utilisation and simultaneous inertia contribution are mandatory for the frequency control in power systems that are heavily penetrated with renewable energies. The study shows that continuous feed-in management can be combined well with continuous inertia provision. There are hardly any negative consequences for the wind turbine. The benefits for the grid are convincing, both in terms of increased system utilisation and in terms of provided inertia. It is concluded that wind turbines can enhance angular stability in a power system to a larger extent than conventional power plants.

scholarly journals Failure Analysis of Wind Turbine Planetary Gear

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6768
Author(s):  
Artur Bejger ◽  
Ewelina Frank ◽  
Przemysław Bartoszko
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Planetary Gear ◽  
Fatigue Wear ◽  
Gear Teeth ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Specific Direction ◽  
Vital Element

The article presents selected problems related to an analysis of damage to wind turbine planetary gear. It is the most vital element installed in wind turbines, affecting the operational costs (prolonged downtime), and costs of repairs and servicing including delivery of required components. The authors have analyzed the wear/failure of planetary gear. The process initiating fatigue wear, different from similar devices in other industries, can be easily observed in wind turbine gear. This establishes a specific direction of research into the causes, and early detection of ‘gas spots’ on gear teeth as they seem to trigger fatigue wear.

scholarly journals A True Hybrid Solar Wind Turbine Electric Generator System for Smaller Hybrid Renewable Energy Power Plants

2018 ◽  
Vol 215 ◽  
pp. 01015
Author(s):  
Mohammad Shafi Al-Ajmi ◽  
Faizal Mustapha ◽  
Mohd. Khairol Anuar b. Mohd Ariffin ◽  
Nurul Amziah Md Yunus ◽  
Izhal Abdul Halin
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Electromechanical Coupling ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Coupling Mechanism ◽  
Electric Generator ◽  
True Hybrid

Contemporary Hybrid Solar-Wind farms are implemented using separate solar Photovoltaic (PV) cell arrays and wind turbines, where electricity generated from both devices are combined. However, this solution requires a large amount of space to cater for the PV arrays and wind turbines of the system. This paper proposes a new type of renewable energy electric generator with a small power production footprint (PPF) that allows reduction in land usage. The technology introduced in this True Hybrid Wind-Solar (THWS) generator allows for the solar panels to rotate along with a VAWT wind turbine it is attached to through a specially designed electromechanical coupling mechanism. The working principal behind the connections described in this paper. The design of a hybrid circuit module that serves to combine current generated via the solar cells and wind generator and also automatically disconnects inactive wind or solar generators is also described. This is important in order to eliminate unwanted loads generated from the inactive generators from within the THWS itself.

scholarly journals Response to Noise Emitted by Wind Farms in People Living in Nearby Areas

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Pawlaczyk-Łuszczyńska ◽  
Kamil Zaborowski ◽  
Adam Dudarewicz ◽  
Małgorzata Zamojska-Daniszewska ◽  
Małgorzata Waszkowska
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Wind Turbine Noise ◽  
Health And Well Being

The aim of this study was to evaluate the perception and annoyance of noise from wind turbines in populated areas of Poland. A questionnaire inquiry was carried out among 517 subjects, aged 18–88, living within 204–1726 m from the nearest wind turbine. For areas where respondents lived, A-weighted sound pressure levels (SPLs) were calculated as the sum of the contributions from the wind power plants in the specific area. It has been shown that the wind turbine noise at the calculated A-weighted SPL of 33–50 dB was perceived as annoying or highly annoying by 46% and 28% of respondents, respectively. Moreover, 34% and 18% of them said that they were annoyed or highly annoyed indoors, respectively. The perception of high annoyance was associated with the A-weighted sound pressure level or the distance from the nearest wind turbine, general attitude to wind farms, noise sensitivity and terrain shape (annoyance outdoors) or road-traffic intensity (annoyance indoors). About 48–66% of variance in noise annoyance rating might be explained by the aforesaid factors. It was estimated that at the distance of 1000 m the wind turbine noise might be perceived as highly annoying outdoors by 43% and 2% of people with negative and positive attitude towards wind turbines, respectively. There was no significant association between noise level (or distance) and various health and well-being aspects. However, all variables measuring health and well-being aspects, including stress symptoms, were positively associated with annoyance related to wind turbine noise.

HYBRID ELECTRIC POWER PLANT USING WIND TURBINE SAVONIUS HELIX AND SOLAR CELL AS AN ALTERNATIVE POWER SOURCE IN THE LIGHTNING TOWER AT FLASHING LIGHTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Aris Suryadi ◽  
Purwandito Tulus Asmoro ◽  
Ahmad Solihin
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cell ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Hybrid Power

Electrical Energy is a very important need, but the electrical energy we use today still comes from conventional power plants that have negative threats such as pollution and fossil fuel reserves that are decreasing. To overcome this, by utilizing alternative energy that is environmentally friendly, one of them is wind energy and solar energy. Hybrid power plants use savonius helix wind turbines and solar cells are made to minimize the use of conventional energy. This tool utilizes wind and solar energy as the main media of electricity generation. The wind turbine which is made is a type of helix savonius vertical turbine that has a large torque, can rotate with low wind speed with a turbine size 80 cm high, diameter 25 cm which is connected to the generator and mounted on mechanical construction with a height of 200 cm and mounted control panel and solar cell with a capacity of 20 WP. This study aims to develop the potential of alternative energy as a power generation medium and be used as a source of flashing lights in the Indorama Engineering Polytechnic lightning tower tower. Savonius helix wind turbines that are designed require a minimum wind speed of 2.45 m / s for the start of the turbine rotation. Generating from the generator produces a maximum voltage of 18.64 V with a generator rotation of 304 rpm when not loaded and when loaded produces a maximum spin voltage of 281.3 rpm, 11.73 V voltage and 0.038 W power with a wind speed of 5 m/s. From the results of testing this hybrid power plant can be used for flashing lights on the lightning rod tower of the Indorama Polytechnic Engineering campus with a duration of 12 hours per day.

scholarly journals Annoyance Related to Wind Turbine Noise

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Pawlaczyk-łuszczyńska ◽  
Adam Dudarewicz ◽  
Kamil Zaborowski ◽  
Małgorzata Zamojska-Daniszewska ◽  
Małgorzata Waszkowska
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Mental Health Status ◽  
Wind Turbine Noise

Abstract A questionnaire inquiry on response to wind turbine noise was carried out on 361 subjects living in the vicinity of 8 wind farms. Current mental health status of respondents was assessed using Goldberg General Health Questionnaire GHQ-12. For areas where respondents lived, A-weighted sound pressure levels (SPLs) were calculated as the sum of the contributions from the wind power plants in the specific area. Generally, 33.0% of respondents were annoyed outdoors by wind turbine noise at the calculated A-weighted SPL of 31-50 dB, while indoors the noise was annoying to 21.3% of them. The proportion of subjects evaluating the noise produced by operative wind turbines as annoying decreased with increasing the distance from the nearest wind turbine (27.6% at the distance of 400-800 m vs 14.3% at the distance above 800 m, p < 0.016). On the other hand, the higher was the noise level, the greater was the percentage of annoyed respondents (14.0% at SPL up to 40 dB vs 28.1% at SPL of 40-45 dB, p < 0.016). Besides noise and distance categories, subjective factors, such as general attitude to wind turbines, sensitivity to landscape littering and current mental health status, were found to have significant impact on the perceived annoyance. About 50% of variance in annoyance rating might be explained by the aforesaid subjective factors.

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