scholarly journals Simultaneous Inertia Contribution and Optimal Grid Utilization with Wind Turbines

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 3013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Jauch ◽  
Arne Gloe
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Realistic Case ◽  
System Utilization ◽  
Continuous Feed

This paper presents findings of a study on continuous feed-in management and continuous synthetic inertia contribution with wind turbines. A realistic case study, based on real measurements, is outlined. A wind turbine feeds into a weak feeder, such that its power has to be adapted to the permissible loading of this feeder. At the same time the wind turbine is to provide inertia to the grid by applying the previously published variable inertia constant controller. It is discussed that optimal grid utilization and simultaneous inertia contribution are mandatory for the frequency control in power systems that are heavily penetrated with renewable energies. The study shows that continuous feed-in management can be combined well with continuous inertia provision. There are hardly any negative consequences for the wind turbine. The benefits for the grid are convincing, both in terms of increased system utilization and in terms of provided inertia. It is concluded that wind turbines can enhance angular stability in a power system to a larger extent than conventional power plants.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Inertia Contribution and Optimal Grid Utilization with Wind Turbines

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Jauch ◽  
Arne Gloe
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Power System ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Realistic Case ◽  
Continuous Feed

This paper presents findings of a study on continuous feed-in management and continuous synthetic inertia contribution with wind turbines. A realistic case study, based on real measurements, is outlined. A wind turbine feeds into a weak feeder, such that its power has to be adapted to the permissible loading of this feeder. At the same time the wind turbine is to provide inertia to the grid by applying the previously published variable inertia constant controller. It is discussed that optimal grid utilisation and simultaneous inertia contribution are mandatory for the frequency control in power systems that are heavily penetrated with renewable energies. The study shows that continuous feed-in management can be combined well with continuous inertia provision. There are hardly any negative consequences for the wind turbine. The benefits for the grid are convincing, both in terms of increased system utilisation and in terms of provided inertia. It is concluded that wind turbines can enhance angular stability in a power system to a larger extent than conventional power plants.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Implementation of the Primary and/or Inertial Frequency Control in Variable Speed Wind Turbines in an Isolated Power System with High Renewable Penetration. Case Study: El Hierro Power System

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Martínez-Lucas ◽  
José Ignacio Sarasúa ◽  
Juan Ignacio Pérez-Díaz ◽  
Sergio Martínez ◽  
Danny Ochoa
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Power System ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Frequency Regulation ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
El Hierro

With high levels of wind energy penetration, the frequency response of isolated power systems is more likely to be affected in the event of a sudden frequency disturbance or fluctuating wind conditions. In order to minimize excessive frequency deviations, several techniques and control strategies involving Variable Speed Wind Turbines (VSWTs) have been investigated in isolated power systems. In this paper, the main benefits and disadvantages of introducing VSWTs—both their inertial contribution and primary frequency regulation—in an exclusively renewable isolated power system have been analyzed. Special attention has been paid to the influence of the delays of control signals in the wind farm when VSWTs provide primary regulation as well as to the wind power reserve value which is needed. To achieve this objective, a methodology has been proposed and applied to a case study: El Hierro power system. A mathematical dynamic model of the isolated power system, including exclusively renewable technologies, has been described. Representative generation schedules and wind speed signals have been fixed according to the observed system. Finally, in order to obtain conclusions, realistic system events such as fluctuations in wind speed and the outage of the generation unit with the higher assigned power in the power system have been simulated.

scholarly journals Novel Application and Validation of a Method to Assess Visual Impacts of Rotating Wind Turbine Blades Within Woodland Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
U. Nopp-Mayr ◽  
F. Kunz ◽  
F. Suppan ◽  
E. Schöll ◽  
J. Coppes
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Wind Turbine Blades ◽  
Environmental Impact Assessments ◽  
Independent Field

AbstractIncreasing numbers of wind power plants (WPP) are constructed across the globe to reduce the anthropogenic contribution to global warming. There are, however, concerns on the effects of WPP on human health as well as related effects on wildlife. To address potential effects of WPP in environmental impact assessments, existing models accounting for shadow flickering and noise are widely applied. However, a standardized, yet simple and widely applicable proxy for the visibility of rotating wind turbines in woodland areas was largely lacking up to date. We combined land cover information of forest canopy extracted from orthophotos and airborne laser scanning (LiDAR) data to represent the visibility of rotating wind turbines in five woodland study sites with a high spatial resolution. Performing an in-situ validation in five study areas across Europe which resulted in a unique sample of 1738 independent field observations, we show that our approach adequately predicts from where rotating wind turbine blades are visible within woodlands or not. We thus provide strong evidence, that our approach yields a valuable proxy of the visibility of moving rotor blades with high resolution which in turn can be applied in environmental impact assessments of WPP within woodlands worldwide.

scholarly journals Impact of Typhoons on Floating Offshore Wind Turbines: A Case Study of Typhoon Mangkhut

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 543
Author(s):  
Jiawen Li ◽  
Jingyu Bian ◽  
Yuxiang Ma ◽  
Yichen Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Turbine ◽  
Motion Response ◽  
Offshore Wind Turbines ◽  
Floating Offshore Wind Turbines ◽  
Coupling Motion

A typhoon is a restrictive factor in the development of floating wind power in China. However, the influences of multistage typhoon wind and waves on offshore wind turbines have not yet been studied. Based on Typhoon Mangkhut, in this study, the characteristics of the motion response and structural loads of an offshore wind turbine are investigated during the travel process. For this purpose, a framework is established and verified for investigating the typhoon-induced effects of offshore wind turbines, including a multistage typhoon wave field and a coupled dynamic model of offshore wind turbines. On this basis, the motion response and structural loads of different stages are calculated and analyzed systematically. The results show that the maximum response does not exactly correspond to the maximum wave or wind stage. Considering only the maximum wave height or wind speed may underestimate the motion response during the traveling process of the typhoon, which has problems in guiding the anti-typhoon design of offshore wind turbines. In addition, the coupling motion between the floating foundation and turbine should be considered in the safety evaluation of the floating offshore wind turbine under typhoon conditions.

scholarly journals An Adaptive Load Frequency Control for Power Systems with Renewable Energy Sources

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 573
Author(s):  
Mohamed Mokhtar ◽  
Mostafa I. Marei ◽  
Mariam A. Sameh ◽  
Mahmoud A. Attia
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Adaptive Controller ◽  
Load Frequency Control ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Load Variations

The frequency of power systems is very sensitive to load variations. Additionally, with the increased penetration of renewable energy sources in electrical grids, stabilizing the system frequency becomes more challenging. Therefore, Load Frequency Control (LFC) is used to keep the frequency within its acceptable limits. In this paper, an adaptive controller is proposed to enhance the system performance under load variations. Moreover, the proposed controller overcomes the disturbances resulting from the natural operation of the renewable energy sources such as Wave Energy Conversion System (WECS) and Photovoltaic (PV) system. The superiority of the proposed controller compared to the classical LFC schemes is that it has auto tuned parameters. The validation of the proposed controller is carried out through four case studies. The first case study is dedicated to a two-area LFC system under load variations. The WECS is considered as a disturbance for the second case study. Moreover, to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed controller, the dynamic performance is compared with previous work based on an optimized controller in the third case study. Finally in the fourth case study, a sensitivity analysis is carried out through parameters variations in the nonlinear PV-thermal hybrid system. The novel application of the adaptive controller into the LFC leads to enhance the system performance under disturbance of different sources of renewable energy. Moreover, a robustness test is presented to validate the reliability of the proposed controller.

scholarly journals Designing a GA-Based Robust Controller For Load Frequency Control (LFC)

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 2633-2639 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Soleimani ◽  
J. Mazloum
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Power System ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Load Frequency Control ◽  
System Stability ◽  
Robust Controller ◽  
Power Flux ◽  
Pi Controllers ◽  
Multiple Units

Power systems include multiple units linked together to produce constantly moving electric power flux. Stability is very important in power systems, so controller systems should be implemented in power plants to ensure power system stability either in normal conditions or after the events of unwanted inputs and disorder. Frequency and active power control are more important regarding stability. Our effort focused on designing and implementing robust PID and PI controllers based on genetic algorithm by changing the reference of generating units for faster damping of frequency oscillations. Implementation results are examined on two-area power system in the ideally state and in the case of parameter deviation. According to the results, the proposed controllers are resistant to deviation of power system parameters and governor uncertainties.

scholarly journals PI and LQR controllers for Frequency Regulation including Wind Generation

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 3711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Semaria Ruiz ◽  
Julian Patiño ◽  
Jairo Espinosa
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Test System ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Load Frequency Control ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Frequency Regulation ◽  
Control Effort ◽  
Load Frequency

<pre>The increasing use of renewable technologies such as wind turbines in power systems may require the contribution of these new sources into grid ancillary services, such as Load Frequency Control. Hence, this work dealt with the performance comparison of two traditional control structures, PI and <span>LQR</span>, for secondary regulation of Load Frequency Control with the participation of variable-speed wind turbines. For this purpose, the doubly-fed induction generator wind turbine was modeled with additional control loops for emulation of the inertial response of conventional machines for frequency regulation tasks. Performance of proposed strategies was verified through simulation in a benchmark adapted from the <span>WSCC</span> 3 machines 9-bus test system. Results showed overall superior performance for <span>LQR</span> controller, although requiring more strenuous control effort from conventional units than PI control.</pre>

scholarly journals Hybrid Wind–PV Frequency Control Strategy under Variable Weather Conditions in Isolated Power Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Fernández-Guillamón ◽  
Guillermo Martínez-Lucas ◽  
Ángel Molina-García ◽  
Jose-Ignacio Sarasua
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Squared Error ◽  
Variable Weather

Over the last two decades, variable renewable energy technologies (i.e., variable-speed wind turbines (VSWTs) and photovoltaic (PV) power plants) have gradually replaced conventional generation units. However, these renewable generators are connected to the grid through power converters decoupled from the grid and do not provide any rotational inertia, subsequently decreasing the overall power system’s inertia. Moreover, the variable and stochastic nature of wind speed and solar irradiation may lead to large frequency deviations, especially in isolated power systems. This paper proposes a hybrid wind–PV frequency control strategy for isolated power systems with high renewable energy source integration under variable weather conditions. A new PV controller monitoring the VSWTs’ rotational speed deviation is presented in order to modify the PV-generated power accordingly and improve the rotational speed deviations of VSWTs. The power systems modeled include thermal, hydro-power, VSWT, and PV power plants, with generation mixes in line with future European scenarios. The hybrid wind–PV strategy is compared to three other frequency strategies already presented in the specific literature, and gets better results in terms of frequency deviation (reducing the mean squared error between 20% and 95%). Additionally, the rotational speed deviation of VSWTs is also reduced with the proposed approach, providing the same mean squared error as the case in which VSWTs do not participate in frequency control. However, this hybrid strategy requires up to a 30% reduction in the PV-generated energy. Extensive detailing of results and discussion can be also found in the paper.

scholarly journals Fault-Ride Trough Validation of IEC 61400-27-1 Type 3 and Type 4 Models of Different Wind Turbine Manufacturers

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 3039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Honrubia-Escribano ◽  
Francisco Jiménez-Buendía ◽  
Jorge Luis Sosa-Avendaño ◽  
Pascal Gartmann ◽  
Sebastian Frahm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Transient Stability ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Generic Models ◽  
Voltage Dip ◽  
Converter Topology ◽  
Type 3

The participation of wind power in the energy mix of current power systems is progressively increasing, with variable-speed wind turbines being the leading technology in recent years. In this line, dynamic models of wind turbines able to emulate their response against grid disturbances, such as voltage dips, are required. To address this issue, the International Electronic Commission (IEC) 61400-27-1, published in 2015, defined four generic models of wind turbines for transient stability analysis. To achieve a widespread use of these generic wind turbine models, validations with field data are required. This paper performs the validation of three generic IEC 61400-27-1 variable-speed wind turbine model topologies (type 3A, type 3B and type 4A). The validation is implemented by comparing simulation results with voltage dip measurements performed on six different commercial wind turbines based on field campaigns conducted by three wind turbine manufacturers. Both IEC validation approaches, the play-back and the full system simulation, were implemented. The results show that the generic full-scale converter topology is accurately adjusted to the different real wind turbines and, hence, manufacturers are encouraged to the develop generic IEC models.

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