scholarly journals Failure Analysis of Wind Turbine Planetary Gear

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6768
Author(s):  
Artur Bejger ◽  
Ewelina Frank ◽  
Przemysław Bartoszko
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Planetary Gear ◽  
Fatigue Wear ◽  
Gear Teeth ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Specific Direction ◽  
Vital Element

The article presents selected problems related to an analysis of damage to wind turbine planetary gear. It is the most vital element installed in wind turbines, affecting the operational costs (prolonged downtime), and costs of repairs and servicing including delivery of required components. The authors have analyzed the wear/failure of planetary gear. The process initiating fatigue wear, different from similar devices in other industries, can be easily observed in wind turbine gear. This establishes a specific direction of research into the causes, and early detection of ‘gas spots’ on gear teeth as they seem to trigger fatigue wear.

Future Transmissions for Wind Turbines

2011 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 18-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Robert Höhn
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Planetary Gear ◽  
Transmission Ratio ◽  
Constant Ratio ◽  
Constant Frequency ◽  
Planetary Gear Sets ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Electric Engine

Most transmissions for wind turbines are set up by multiple consecutively arranged planetary gear sets and/or normal gear sets. Therefore these transmissions have a constant ratio. In order to feed the electricity produced by the wind turbines into the grid, an electric conversion to a constant frequency of 50 Hz is necessary. FZG developed a new concept for transmissions of wind turbines based on a planetary gear. By superposition of a small electric engine the transmission ratio is continuously variable. This makes an electric conversion unnecessary and thereby increases the efficiency of the wind turbine.

Planetary Gear for Counter-Rotating Wind Turbines

2014 ◽  
Vol 658 ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radu Saulescu ◽  
Codruta Jaliu ◽  
Olimpiu Munteanu ◽  
Oliver Climescu
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Planetary Gear ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Turbine Rotor ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Electrical Generator ◽  
High Rotation Speed ◽  
The Difference

A specific problem of the wind turbines refers to the difference between the low rotation speed of the wind turbine rotor and the high rotation speed needed for the electrical generator. Usually, the adaptation between the speed of the turbine rotor and the electrical generator speed is achieved by means of a speed increaser. A recent alternative relates to the use of coaxial counter-rotating wind turbines, which can achieve higher power and improve the conversion efficiency of the wind energy into electrical energy (up to 25%) with a reduced cost of approx. 20-30% compared to similar single rotor turbines. Conceptually, the counter-rotating wind turbine systems can integrate a particular generator wherein the rotor is coupled to a row of blades and the stator with another row of blades, or a commonly generator, coupled to a differential planetary gear, that allows the summation of the blades motions.The paper describes and analyzes kinematic and dynamic aspects of a system consisting of two coaxial counter-rotating turbines and a generator, interconnected by a planetary gear with two inputs (the two turbines) and an output (the generator). The algorithm is based on the property of the differential planetary gear of adding two input motions into one output motion. The kinematic and dynamic parameters of the planetary gear are established in the paper, and a case study is further presented: a small wind turbine equipped with a transmission enabling input speed multiplication.

Simulation Analysis of Planetary Gears Train of Semi-Direct Drive Wind Turbine Based on ADAMS

2015 ◽  
Vol 789-790 ◽  
pp. 311-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Li Cheng ◽  
Zheng Ming Xiao ◽  
Li Rong Huan ◽  
Fu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Planetary Gear ◽  
Gear System ◽  
Direct Drive ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Velocity Change ◽  
Planetary Gears

The speed increasing gearbox is the key part of the wind turbine and its role is to transmit power which is generated by wind turbines to the generator through the gear system. The single-stage planetary gears train system is commonly used in the semi-direct drive wind turbines. In this paper Pro/E is used to establish the three-dimensional model of the speed increasing planetary gear system of the semi-direct drive wind turbine. Motion pairs, drive and load of the model are added by ADAMS. Angular velocity change rule of the parts is obtained. The change rules of the mesh force of the planetary gears, ring and sun gear can be obtained through the dynamic simulation and analysis using the contact algorithm. These are useful to study the vibration and noise of the system.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF THREE PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS METHODS FOR WIND TURBINE GEAR BOXES. A CASE STUDY OF SATELLITE BEARING WEAR AND GEAR TEETH SURFACE DAMAGES

10.6036/9685 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-259
Author(s):  
RAMÓN MIRALBÉS BUIL ◽  
DAVID RANZ ANGULO
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Predictive Analysis ◽  
Gear Teeth ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
Surface Damages ◽  
Gear Box

The aim of this paper is to review and compare diverse predictive analysis methods used for the inspection of the internal conditions of wind generator gear box bearings on wind turbines in order to determine the accuracy, deficiencies, and validity of these methods. Thus, three different types of predictive analysis will be compared: visual analysis using boroscopy (that is an industrial type of endoscopy), oil analysis, and bearing condition unit vibrations analysis. These analyses were carried out on a ten-year-old wind farm that has forty-eight 800 kW wind turbines; the results will allow other similar wind farms to determine the most appropriate predictive strategies. In the studied gear boxes, damage is restricted to the bearings of the satellites. Therefore, the study has focused on this part of the gear box. The study demonstrates that bearing condition unit vibration analysis can predict severe damage in all cases, so it is possible to predict bearing failure within 6 months; as a result, it is possible to establish the optimal moment to substitute bearings to avoid catastrophic failure in gear boxes. In addition, given that a boroscopy can detect all types of damage in the bearings of the satellite and thus can predict failure ahead of 6 months as well as detect low and moderate damage, it becomes the method of preference. Keywords: wind, turbine, gear box, bearing, predictive analysis

Detailed Modeling of Wind Turbine Gear Set by General-Purpose Multibody Dynamics

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Paiva Okabe ◽  
Pierangelo Masarati
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Multibody Dynamics ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Contact Point ◽  
Kinematic Model ◽  
Planetary Gear ◽  
Spur Gear ◽  
Spur Gears ◽  
Wind Turbine Gearbox ◽  
Hydrodynamic Bearing

This work presents the development of a kinematic model of a spur gear pair and the implementation of a hydrodynamic bearing in a multidisciplinary multibody dynamics software. Both models are employed to simulate the behavior of a planetary gear set typically adopted in wind turbines. Geared transmissions have been a popular choice to transmit the rotation of the main rotor to the electrical generator in this type of turbine. Compared to other kinds of transmission, a gearbox is more compact, robust and require low maintenance over its lifetime, which is interesting, since these turbines are usually installed in remote places. The gearbox of a wind turbine is normally composed by a set of spur gears and bearings, assembled in arrangement known as epicyclic. Spur gears generally have an involute profile, which allows a constant transmission of the angular speed. This kinematic constraint between gears is defined by the angle that the surface of their teeth is in contact with. This angle is known as pressure angle and, by design, it should remain constant during operation. However, a variation of the distance between gears changes this angle, which also changes the direction of the transmission of the movement. To account for this effect, the joint is described by the projection of the absolute velocity of the contact point of each gear on the line of action, which is calculated from their position. Another important group of elements are the bearings that support gear and shafts. They can absorb part of the vibration, and compensate misalignments and teeth surface failures. Hydrodynamic bearings are widely employed in turbomachinery, due to their simplicity, long life and good damping properties, which are features that wind turbines can benefit from. Most of the hydrodynamic bearing models are two dimensional, so they have to be adapted to be implemented in a multibody dynamics software. The development of these modifications is also described in this work, so any other hydrodynamic bearing model can be easily adapted using the same procedure. Finally, a model of the wind turbine gearbox is presented, and some of the features of using the aforementioned elements inside a multibody dynamics software can be highlighted.

Reliability Centered Maintenance as Applied to Wind Turbine Power Plants

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth E. Farrington ◽  
Daniel Sillivant ◽  
Chris Sautter
Keyword(s):  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
The Core ◽  
Equipment Reliability ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Reliability Centered Maintenance

The objective of this paper is to present the methodology for the application of Reliability Centered Maintenance to wind turbines. The reliability and maintenance of wind turbines is a growing area of interest. The inherent variation in the loading experienced by wind turbines presents unique problems that differ from current practice within the power generation sector. The core of these issues center on the inherent variability of the wind and the resulting loads transferred to the equipment. Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) is a useful tool that provides the means to overcome some of these difficulties. RCM is implemented through either Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) or Time-Directed Maintenance (TDM). CBM is implemented through the use of condition monitoring based on defined condition indicators established through field experience, or laboratory testing. TDM is implemented through the use of reliability failure analysis to characterize a time directed maintenance interval. This failure analysis is performed on either laboratory test specimens, or failed field components. This paper presents the methodology for applying CBM or TDM to a wind turbine as well as suggestions for scaled laboratory testing.

A CapsNet-Based Fault Diagnosis Method for a Digital Twin of a Wind Turbine Gearbox

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Zhao ◽  
Weifei Hu ◽  
Zhenyu Liu ◽  
Jianrong Tan
Keyword(s):  
Fault Diagnosis ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Planetary Gear ◽  
Monitoring Data ◽  
Wind Turbine Gearbox ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
Bearing Damage

Abstract Accurate fault diagnosis of complex energy systems, such as wind turbines, is essential to avoid catastrophic accidents and ensure a stable power source. However, accurate fault diagnoses under dynamic operating conditions and various failure mechanisms are major challenges for wind turbines nowadays. Here we present a CapsNet-based deep learning scheme for data-driven fault diagnosis used in a digital twin of a wind turbine gearbox. The CapsNet model can extract the multi-dimensional features and rich spatial information from the gearbox monitoring data by an artificial neural network named the CapsNet. Through the dynamic routing algorithm between capsules, the network structure and parameters of the CapsNet model can be adjusted effectively to realize an accurate and robust classification of the operational conditions of a wind turbine gearbox, including front box stuck (single fault) and high-speed shaft bearing damage & planetary gear damage (coupling faults). Two gearbox datasets are used to verify the performance of the CapsNet model. The experimental results show that the accuracy of this proposed method is up to 98%, which proves the accuracy of CapsNet model in the case study when this model performed three-state classification (health, stuck, and coupled damage). Compared with state-of-the-art fault diagnosis methods reported in the literature, the CapsNet model has a competitive advantage, especially in the ability to diagnose coupling faults, high-speed shaft bearing damage & planetary gear damage in our case study. CapsNet has at least 2.4 percentage points higher than any other measure in our experiment. In addition, the proposed method can automatically extract features from the original monitoring data, and do not rely on expert experience or signal processing related knowledge, which provides a new avenue for constructing an accurate and efficient digital twin of wind turbine gearboxes.

EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINES

2018 ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
B. P. Khozyainov
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Power Efficiency ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Analytical Studies ◽  
Air Flow Velocity

The article carries out the experimental and analytical studies of three-blade wind power installation and gives the technique for measurements of angular rate of wind turbine rotation depending on the wind speeds, the rotating moment and its power. We have made the comparison of the calculation results according to the formulas offered with the indicators of the wind turbine tests executed in natural conditions. The tests were carried out at wind speeds from 0.709 m/s to 6.427 m/s. The wind power efficiency (WPE) for ideal traditional installation is known to be 0.45. According to the analytical calculations, wind power efficiency of the wind turbine with 3-bladed and 6 wind guide screens at wind speedsfrom 0.709 to 6.427 is equal to 0.317, and in the range of speed from 0.709 to 4.5 m/s – 0.351, but the experimental coefficient is much higher. The analysis of WPE variations shows that the work with the wind guide screens at insignificant average air flow velocity during the set period of time appears to be more effective, than the work without them. If the air flow velocity increases, the wind power efficiency gradually decreases. Such a good fit between experimental data and analytical calculations is confirmed by comparison of F-test design criterion with its tabular values. In the design of wind turbines, it allows determining the wind turbine power, setting the geometrical parameters and mass of all details for their efficient performance.

SHAPING OF AN AUTONOMOUS POWER SYSTEM FOR GUARANTEED POWER SUPPLY WITH THE PREDOMINANCE WIND ENERGY

2018 ◽  
pp. 28-50
Author(s):  
S. G. Ignatiev ◽  
S. V. Kiseleva
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Diesel Generator ◽  
Average Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Average Wind

Optimization of the autonomous wind-diesel plants composition and of their power for guaranteed energy supply, despite the long history of research, the diversity of approaches and methods, is an urgent problem. In this paper, a detailed analysis of the wind energy characteristics is proposed to shape an autonomous power system for a guaranteed power supply with predominance wind energy. The analysis was carried out on the basis of wind speed measurements in the south of the European part of Russia during 8 months at different heights with a discreteness of 10 minutes. As a result, we have obtained a sequence of average daily wind speeds and the sequences constructed by arbitrary variations in the distribution of average daily wind speeds in this interval. These sequences have been used to calculate energy balances in systems (wind turbines + diesel generator + consumer with constant and limited daily energy demand) and (wind turbines + diesel generator + consumer with constant and limited daily energy demand + energy storage). In order to maximize the use of wind energy, the wind turbine integrally for the period in question is assumed to produce the required amount of energy. For the generality of consideration, we have introduced the relative values of the required energy, relative energy produced by the wind turbine and the diesel generator and relative storage capacity by normalizing them to the swept area of the wind wheel. The paper shows the effect of the average wind speed over the period on the energy characteristics of the system (wind turbine + diesel generator + consumer). It was found that the wind turbine energy produced, wind turbine energy used by the consumer, fuel consumption, and fuel economy depend (close to cubic dependence) upon the specified average wind speed. It was found that, for the same system with a limited amount of required energy and high average wind speed over the period, the wind turbines with lower generator power and smaller wind wheel radius use wind energy more efficiently than the wind turbines with higher generator power and larger wind wheel radius at less average wind speed. For the system (wind turbine + diesel generator + energy storage + consumer) with increasing average speed for a given amount of energy required, which in general is covered by the energy production of wind turbines for the period, the maximum size capacity of the storage device decreases. With decreasing the energy storage capacity, the influence of the random nature of the change in wind speed decreases, and at some values of the relative capacity, it can be neglected.

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