Prototype for Solar Powered Chip-Ice Production Facility

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Huzayyin ◽  
M. S. El Morsi ◽  
M. A. Serag-Eldin ◽  
M. F. El-Bedaiwy
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Heat Leakage ◽  
Solar Powered ◽  
Ice Production ◽  
Prototype Design ◽  
Crushed Ice

Fishermen in highly isolated communities like Shallatin and Halayeb (Southern Egypt) suffer from the fouling of their catch before reaching the markets, due to the prevailing high ambient temperatures. Thus, they resort to block or crushed ice to cool their catch. Since fresh water is unavailable naturally, energy is needed to produce the fresh water from sea water, as well as to operate the chiller for ice production. Hence, employing solar energy as the sole source of energy for manufacturing ice, and producing the ice straight from saline water provides independence from both the electric grid and fresh water resources. A prototype solar powered facility for chip ice production from saline water has been designed, manufactured and erected in Shallatin for this purpose. The prototype, basically an ice production machine provides facilities for fish chilling and refrigeration compartments for vaccines, medicines and food products. The produced ice can be easily transported in to fishing boats in 10 kg plastic boxes that are easy to carry and handle. The prototype design employs many standard parts to cut costs and development time. Adequate ventilation with natural heat leakage to the cool surfaces of equipment (e.g. external surfaces of tanks and their piping) produces the desired room temperature without need for a fan coil unit, as discovered in actual implementation. The design should be applicable to all environments similar to Halayeb and Shellatin, which includes many places on the Red sea in the Gulf area and Africa. It is thus expected to be attractive for commercial exploitation in those places, and offers opportunities for local manufacturing and exportation of industrial products.

scholarly journals Stratigraphy, stable isotopes and salinity in multi-year sea ice from the rift area, south George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (127) ◽  
pp. 357-367
Author(s):  
J.-L. Tison ◽  
E. M. Morris ◽  
R. Souchez ◽  
J. Jouzel
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
The Core ◽  
Brackish Ice ◽  
Ice Production

AbstractResults from a detailed profile in a 5.54 m multi-year sea-ice core from the rift area in the southern part of George VI Ice Shelf are presented. Stratigraphy, stable isotopes and Na content are used to investigate the growth processes of the ice cover and to relate them to melting processes at the bottom of the ice shelf.The thickest multi-year sea ice in the sampling area appears to be second-year sea ice that has survived one melt season. Combined salinity/stable-isotope analyses show large-scale sympathetic fluctuations that can be related to the origin of the parent water. Winter accretion represents half of the core length and mainly consists of frazil ice of normal sea-water origin. However, five major dilution events of sea water, with fresh-water input from the melting base of the ice shelf reaching 20% on two occasions, punctuate this winter accretion. Two of them correspond to platelet-ice production, which is often related to the freezing of ascending supercooled water from the bottom of the ice shelf.Brackish ice occurs between 450 and 530 cm in the core. It is demonstrated that this results from the freezing of brackish water (Jeffries and others, 1989) formed by mixing of normal sea water with melted basal shelf ice, with dilution percentages of maximum 80% fresh water.

scholarly journals Stratigraphy, stable isotopes and salinity in multi-year sea ice from the rift area, south George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (127) ◽  
pp. 357-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-L. Tison ◽  
E. M. Morris ◽  
R. Souchez ◽  
J. Jouzel
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
The Core ◽  
Brackish Ice ◽  
Ice Production

AbstractResults from a detailed profile in a 5.54 m multi-year sea-ice core from the rift area in the southern part of George VI Ice Shelf are presented. Stratigraphy, stable isotopes and Na content are used to investigate the growth processes of the ice cover and to relate them to melting processes at the bottom of the ice shelf.The thickest multi-year sea ice in the sampling area appears to be second-year sea ice that has survived one melt season. Combined salinity/stable-isotope analyses show large-scale sympathetic fluctuations that can be related to the origin of the parent water. Winter accretion represents half of the core length and mainly consists of frazil ice of normal sea-water origin. However, five major dilution events of sea water, with fresh-water input from the melting base of the ice shelf reaching 20% on two occasions, punctuate this winter accretion. Two of them correspond to platelet-ice production, which is often related to the freezing of ascending supercooled water from the bottom of the ice shelf.Brackish ice occurs between 450 and 530 cm in the core. It is demonstrated that this results from the freezing of brackish water (Jeffries and others, 1989) formed by mixing of normal sea water with melted basal shelf ice, with dilution percentages of maximum 80% fresh water.

Water and Food in Developing Countries in the Next Century

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yudelman
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Weight Of Evidence ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Persian Gulf

The world’s supply of water is fixed. It is estimated that 97% of the world’s water exists in the oceans, 2.2% exists as ice and snow, mostly in the polar regions, and only about 0.7% of the total supply is the freshwater that sustains mankind, including the global agricultural system. This quantity of freshwater — around 40,500 km3 — which is the difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration, is continuously replenished by nature’s hydrological cycle. Most climatologists and hydrologists agree that there is no natural process short of climate change, especially global warming, that can increase the world’s rainfall and so the supply of freshwater. The greater the warming, the larger the expected increase in precipitation. One “simple level of analysis” suggests that global warming of 30° C could well lead to a 10% increase in evaporation and an average increase in precipitation of 10%. The biggest increases would be at high latitudes, smaller increases would occur close to the equator (Gleick, 1992). The weight of evidence suggests that this is unlikely to happen within the next several decades (Rosenzweig, 1994). It is an open question, though, as to what might happen in the second half of the next century. There are some manmade processes that can increase the supply of fresh water. One of the most important of these is the conversion of saline water from the ocean into fresh water by removing salt through desalinization or by filtration. Thus far, however, the processes that have been developed are highly energy intensive and costly; the plants presently in operation are mostly in the oil-rich, water-poor nations of the Persian Gulf. It is estimated that there are more than 11,000 desalting plants operating worldwide, but together they produce less than 0.2% of the world’s total fresh water (Postel, 1991). The costs of desalting sea water range currently from about $0.80 to $1.60 m-3, and costs of treating brackish water are about $0.30 m -3, well above the costs of fresh water used for irrigation (Wolf, 1996).

scholarly journals Investigation into Groundwater Resources in Southern Part of the Red River’s Delta Plain, Vietnam by the Use of Isotopic Techniques

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Van Lam ◽  
Van Hoan ◽  
Duc Nhan
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
High Rate ◽  
14C Dating ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Delta Plain ◽  
Pleistocene Aquifer

Groundwater in the Red River’s delta plain, North Vietnam, was found in Holocene, Pleistocene, Neogene and Triassic aquifers in fresh, brackish and saline types with a total dissolved solids (TDS) content ranging from less than 1 g L−1 to higher than 3 g L−1. Saline water exists inHolocene aquifer, but fresh and brackish water exist in Pleistocene, Neogene and Triassic aquifers. This study aims at the investigation into genesis and processes controlling quality of water resources in the region. For this isotopic, combined with geochemical techniques were applied. The techniques include: (i) measurement of water’s isotopic compositions (δ2H, δ18O) in water; (ii) determination of water’s age by the 3H- and 14C-dating method, and (iii) chemical analyses for main cations and anions in water. Results obtained revealed that saline water in Holocene aquifer was affected by seawater intrusion, fresh water in deeper aquifers originated from meteoric water but with old ages, up to 10,000–14,000 yr. The recharge area of fresh water is from the northwest highland at an altitude of 140–160m above sea level. The recharge water flows northwesterly towards southeasterly to the seacoast at a rate of 2.5m y−1. Chemistry of water resources in the study region is controlled by ferric, sulfate and nitrate reduction with organic matters as well as dissolution of inorganic carbonate minerals present in the sediment deposits. Results of isotopic signatures in water from Neogene, Triassic and Pleistocene aquifers suggested the three aquifers are connected to each other due to the existence of faults and fissures in Mesozoic basement across the delta region in combination with high rate of groundwater mining. Moreover, the high rate of freshwater abstraction from Pleistocene aquifer currently causes sea water to flow backwards to production well field located in the center of the region.

Optimum Solar Humidification–Dehumidification Desalination for Microgrids and Remote Area Communities

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid M. Abd El-Aziz ◽  
Karim Hamza ◽  
Mohamed El-Morsi ◽  
Ashraf O. Nassef ◽  
Sayed M. Metwalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Solar Air Heater ◽  
Solar Powered

This paper presents the optimization of a solar-powered humidification–dehumidification (HDH) desalination system for remote areas where it is assumed that only minimal external electric power (for operating control systems and auxiliaries) is available. This work builds on a previous system by disconnecting the condenser from the saline water cycle and by introducing a solar air heater (SAH) to further augment the humidification performance. In addition, improved thermal simulation models for the condenser and the humidifier are used to obtain more accurate productivity estimations. The heuristic gradient projection (HGP) optimization procedure is also refactored to reduce the number of function evaluations, to reach the minimum unit cost of produced fresh water, compared to genetic algorithms (GAs). A case study which assumes a desalination plant on the Red Sea near the city of Hurghada, Egypt, is presented. The optimum systems are shown to significantly reduce the unit cost of fresh water production below the reported minimum ($1.3/m3 compared to $3/m3), while keeping specific energy consumption within the reported range, 120–550 kWh/m3, for solar HDH systems.

scholarly journals Salt tolerance's toll: prolonged exposure to saline water inflicts damage to the blood cells of dice snakes (<i>Natrix tessellata</i>)

Web Ecology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanya Koleva ◽  
Yurii Kornilev ◽  
Ivan Telenchev ◽  
Simeon Lukanov ◽  
Berna Hristova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Mitochondrial Activity

Abstract. Dice snakes (Natrix tessellata, Laurenti, 1768) inhabit oligohaline and brackish waters along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, where they often forage at sea. Under these conditions, this species should tolerate highly variable blood plasma sodium concentrations for extended time periods, but the effect of high sodium concentrations to blood cell morphology and physiology is largely unknown. In this experiment, we placed adult dice snakes in waters with different salinity for 84 h, representing the three typical saline concentrations in which dice snakes live and forage: 0.2 ‰ NaCl, fresh water, 16 ‰ NaCl, Black Sea water and 36 ‰ NaCl, World Ocean water. We collected blood through cardiocentesis after exposure to each treatment and used Giemsa's solution for staining the formed elements. We registered numerous nuclear abnormalities (nuclear buds, lobes and blebs) in the blood cells of all investigated specimens. In the snakes placed in the waters with high saline concentration (16 and 36 ‰ NaCl) we found numerous cells with ruptured membranes. These snakes also showed increased mitochondrial activity compared to those in fresh water (1.85 and 2.53 times higher, respectively). Our data suggest that even though dice snakes show a remarkable tolerance to waters with increased salinity, prolonged exposure to it induces significant physiological stress in N. tessellata, which poses a clear limit for their ability to stay in the sea for a long time.

Optimum Solar-Powered HDH Desalination System for Semi-Isolated Communities

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid M. Abd El-Aziz ◽  
Karim Hamza ◽  
Mohamed El Morsi ◽  
Ashraf O. Nassef ◽  
Sayed M. Metwalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Internal Heat ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Isolated Communities ◽  
Solar Powered

For semi-isolated communities, fresh water may be scarce; however, brackish water or seawater can be easily accessed. This provides a drive to develop optimum-cost desalination system for such communities. This paper presents the optimization of a water-heated solar-powered humidification-dehumidification (HDH) desalination system with variable saline water flow rate. The design variables include the sizing of solar collector, storage tank and its internal heat exchanger, humidifier and dehumidifier. A program was developed to predict performance based on selected weather data file and optimize the system for minimum unit cost of produced fresh water. System cost is predicted via different first-order estimators. A tailored optimization technique is used and compared to a genetic algorithm procedure in the design optimization for local climate and market. A case study develops an optimum desalination plant for the Red Sea near the city of Hurgada and compared to previously developed system.

APPLICATION OF DEEP ELECTRICAL SOUNDINGS FOR GROUNDWATER EXPLORATION IN HAWAII

Geophysics ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 584-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adel A. R. Zohdy ◽  
Dallas B. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Groundwater Exploration ◽  
Northwestern Part ◽  
True Resistivity ◽  
Vesicular Basalt ◽  
Freshwater Aquifers ◽  
The Town

Forty‐five resistivity soundings, using Schlumberger and equatorial dipole electrode configurations, were made on the islands of Oahu and Hawaii to determine the applicability of direct current resistivity methods for locating freshwater aquifers in the State of Hawaii. The soundings were made on the northwestern part of the island of Oahu near the town of Waialua and on the island of Hawaii on the “saddle” area near Pohakuloa and Humuula. Interpretation of 32 sounding curves obtained on the island of Oahu indicates that it is possible to correlate five stratigraphic units underlain by a vesicular basalt basement and that the determination of the approximate depth to the fresh‐water‐saline‐water interface within the basalt is feasible. Two of these Schlumberger soundings with electrode spacings [Formula: see text] reaching 6000 ft yielded sounding curves of the maximum and minimum types whose terminal branches asymptotically approach a resistivity of about 30 ohm‐m, which is believed to be the true resistivity of basalt saturated with sea water. Near the town of Waialua the aquifer is a coral zone as well as parts of the weathered vesicular basalt basement. On the island of Hawaii, near Pohakuloa, an exploratory well drilled in basalt to a depth of 1001 ft (prior to the resistivity survey) proved to be dry. Interpretation of thirteen deep soundings made with Schlumberger and equatorial arrays suggests that the minimum depth to a conductive layer, which may represent basalt saturated with fresh water, is about 2700 ft below land surface. The groundwater appears to be dike impounded.

Disc-electrophoretic identification of prolactin in the cichlid teleosts Tilapia and Cichlasoma and densitometric measurement of its concentration in Tilapia pituitaries during salinity transfer experiments

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 687-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Craig Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Lake Magadi ◽  
Prolactin Content ◽  
Pituitary Prolactin

The prolactin band was identified after disc electrophoresis of pituitaries from Tilapia mossambica and Cichlasoma labiatum. Electrophoresis coupled with a densitometric procedure was validated as a means of measuring the prolactin content of Tilapia pituitaries during salinity transfer experiments. Transfer of T. mossambica from seawater or 33% sea water to fresh water was followed by a sharp decline in both plasma sodium and pituitary prolactin levels. One week after transfer, there was a recovery of sodium levels to normal, although pituitary prolactin concentrations had not yet reached the level found in fully acclimated freshwater fish. Pituitary prolactin levels in T. grahami were reduced by more than 50% on the day after transfer from Lake Magadi (alkaline–saline) water to fresh water. No such depletion of pituitary prolactin followed a transfer from 100% seawater or from fresh water to 33% seawater, indicating that this response is specifically linked to the secretion of prolactin for osmoregulation in fresh water. The molecular weight of Tilapia prolactin was estimated at 17 000 by means of electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate.

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