CO2SAFE-ARREST: A Full-Scale Burst Test Research Program for Carbon Dioxide Pipelines — Part 3: Dispersion Modelling

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajit Godbole ◽  
Xiong Liu ◽  
Guillaume Michal ◽  
Cheng Lu ◽  
Clara Huéscar Medina
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Transient Nature ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The ‘CO2SafeArrest’ Joint Industry Project (JIP) was set up with the twin aims of: (1) investigating the fracture propagation and arrest characteristics of steel pipelines carrying anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2), and (2) investigating the dispersion of CO2 following its release into the atmosphere. The project involves two full-scale burst tests of 24-inch, X65 buried line pipes filled with a mixture of CO2 and nitrogen (N2). An overview of the CO2SafeArrest JIP and details of the fracture propagation and arrest investigation appear elsewhere in two companion papers. This paper presents the experimental investigation and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the dispersion of CO2 following its explosive release into the atmosphere over the terrain at the test site in the first test. The setting up of the experiment and the CFD model is described in detail, including the representation of terrain topography and weather (wind) conditions, and the condition at the ‘inlet to the dispersion domain’. The modelling was carried out prior to the actual event, and simulated the dispersion of the CO2 cloud for different wind speeds and directions. This analysis confirmed that the sensor layout set up to obtain spot measurements CO2 concentration over the terrain at the site was adequate. The predicted and experimental values of CO2 concentration at the nominated locations over the duration of the dispersion were found to be in good agreement. Results of this study are expected to be used in developing a generalized model for the dispersion of CO2 and for estimating the ‘consequence distance’ for such events. It is noted that this distance is necessarily a function of time due to the highly transient nature of the event.

Understand distribution of carbon dioxide to interpret crop growth data: Australian grains free-air carbon dioxide enrichment experiment

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahabubur Mollah ◽  
Debra Partington ◽  
Genn Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Enrichment ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Performance Goal ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important greenhouse gas, predicted to increase globally from currently 386 to 550 μmol mol–1 by 2050 and cause significant stimulation to plant growth. Consequently, in 2007 and 2008, Australian grains free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (AGFACE) facilities were established at Horsham (36°45′07″S lat., 142°06′52″E long., 127 m elevation) and Walpeup (35°07′20″S lat., 142°00′18″E long., 103 m elevation) in Victoria, Australia to investigate the effects of elevated CO2, water supply and nitrogen fertiliser on crop growth. Understanding the distribution patterns of CO2 inside AGFACE rings is crucial for the interpretation of the crop growth data. In the AGFACE system, the engineering performance goal was set as having at least 80% of the ring area with a CO2 concentration [CO2] at or above 90% of the target concentration at the ring-centre for 80% of the time. The [CO2] was highly variable near the ring-edge where CO2 is emitted and declined non-linearly with the distance downwind and wind speeds. Larger rings maintained the target [CO2] of 550 μmol mol–1 at the ring-centres better than the smaller rings. The spatial variation of [CO2] depended on ring size and the gap between fumigation and canopy heights but not on wind speeds. The variations in the inner 80% of the rings were found to be higher in smaller rings, implying that the larger rings had more areas of relatively uniform [CO2] to conduct experiments.

scholarly journals Unveiling Carbon Dioxide and Ethanol Diffusion in Carbonated Water-Ethanol Mixtures by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1711
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ahmed Khaireh ◽  
Marie Angot ◽  
Clara Cilindre ◽  
Gérard Liger-Belair ◽  
David A. Bonhommeau
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Hydrodynamic Radius ◽  
Md Simulations ◽  
Molecular Models ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Apparent Disagreement

The diffusion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and ethanol (EtOH) is a fundamental transport process behind the formation and growth of CO2 bubbles in sparkling beverages and the release of organoleptic compounds at the liquid free surface. In the present study, CO2 and EtOH diffusion coefficients are computed from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and compared with experimental values derived from the Stokes-Einstein (SE) relation on the basis of viscometry experiments and hydrodynamic radii deduced from former nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. These diffusion coefficients steadily increase with temperature and decrease as the concentration of ethanol rises. The agreement between theory and experiment is suitable for CO2. Theoretical EtOH diffusion coefficients tend to overestimate slightly experimental values, although the agreement can be improved by changing the hydrodynamic radius used to evaluate experimental diffusion coefficients. This apparent disagreement should not rely on limitations of the MD simulations nor on the approximations made to evaluate theoretical diffusion coefficients. Improvement of the molecular models, as well as additional NMR measurements on sparkling beverages at several temperatures and ethanol concentrations, would help solve this issue.

Plasma Decomposition of Carbon Dioxide: Simulations and Experiments

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamau Wright ◽  
Robert Galvez
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Plasma Discharges ◽  
Electrical Parameters ◽  
Plasma System ◽  
Process Gas ◽  
Plasma Decomposition ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Co2 Decomposition ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Simulations and experiments are conducted to model, simulate, test and demonstrate the effect of plasma discharges on decomposition of carbon dioxide (CO2). A pin-to-plane discharge is employed in gas samples containing CO2. A high voltage plasma system is used which was previously shown to be able to decrease CO2 concentration in gas samples. The discharge is modeled and described, including monitoring electrical parameters such as current and voltage. The present study investigated plasma decomposition of carbon dioxide experimentally, and through simulation. A plasma micro-discharge was utilized to better understand plasma-CO2 interactions. Enhancements are suggested to help increase the efficiency and yield of the plasma-CO2 decomposition process. Gas samples are analyzed over time using a CO2 meter.

scholarly journals Six years of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> observations at Mt. Fuji recorded with a battery-powered measurement system

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 667-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shohei Nomura ◽  
Hitoshi Mukai ◽  
Yukio Terao ◽  
Toshinobu Machida ◽  
Yukihiro Nojiri
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Charging System ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Stability And Accuracy ◽  
Working Standards

Abstract. We developed a battery-powered carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement system for monitoring at the summit of Mt. Fuji (3776 m a.s.l.), which experiences very low temperatures (below −20 °C) and severe environmental conditions without access to gridded electricity for 10 months (from September to June). Our measurement system used 100 batteries to run the measurement unit during these months. These batteries were charged during the 2-month summer season when gridded electricity was available, using a specially designed automatic battery-charging system. We installed this system in summer 2009 at the Mt. Fuji weather station; observations of atmospheric CO2 concentration were taken through December 2015. Measurements were never interrupted by a lack of battery power except for two cases in which lightning damaged a control board. Thus we obtained CO2 data during about 94 % of the 6-year period. Analytical performances (stability and accuracy) were better than 0.1 ppm, as tested by checking working standards and comparisons with flask sampling.Observational results showed that CO2 mole fractions at Mt. Fuji demonstrated clear seasonal variation. The trend and the variability of the CO2 growth rate observed at Mt. Fuji were very similar to those of the Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO). Seasonally, the concentration at Mt. Fuji was 2–10 ppm lower in summer and 2–12 ppm higher in winter than those at MLO. The lower concentrations at Mt. Fuji in summer are mainly attributed to episodes of air mass transport from Siberia or China, where CO2 is taken up by the terrestrial biosphere. On the other hand, the relatively higher concentrations in winter seem to reflect the high percentage of air masses originating from China or Southeast Asia during this period, which carry increased anthropogenic carbon dioxide. These results show that Mt. Fuji is not very influenced by local sources but rather by the sources and sinks over a very large region.Thus we conclude that, as this system could provide stable measurement data with relatively easy operation for 6 years at Mt. Fuji, it could be a useful monitoring technique for remote background sites elsewhere.

scholarly journals Determination of Dissolved CO2 Concentration in Culture Media: Evaluation of pH Value and Mathematical Data

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1373
Author(s):  
Amir Izzuddin Adnan ◽  
Mei Yin Ong ◽  
Saifuddin Nomanbhay ◽  
Pau Loke Show
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Co2 Solubility ◽  
Greenhouse Gasses ◽  
Dipotassium Phosphate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Carbon dioxide is the most influential gas in greenhouse gasses and its amount in the atmosphere reached 412 µmol/mol in August 2020, which increased rapidly, by 48%, from preindustrial levels. A brand-new chemical industry, namely organic chemistry and catalysis science, must be developed with carbon dioxide (CO2) as the source of carbon. Nowadays, many techniques are available for controlling and removing carbon dioxide in different chemical processes. Since the utilization of CO2 as feedstock for a chemical commodity is of relevance today, this study will focus on how to increase CO2 solubility in culture media used for growing microbes. In this work, the CO2 solubility in a different medium was investigated. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and monoethanolamine (MEA) were added to the culture media (3.0 g/L dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4), 0.2 g/L magnesium chloride (MgCl2), 0.2 g/L calcium chloride (CaCl2), and 1.0 g/L sodium chloride (NaCl)) for growing microbes in order to observe the difference in CO2 solubility. Factors of temperature and pressure were also studied. The determination of CO2 concentration in the solution was measured by gas analyzer. The result obtained from optimization revealed a maximum CO2 concentration of 19.029 mol/L in the culture media with MEA, at a pressure of 136.728 kPa, operating at 20.483 °C.

scholarly journals Full-Scale Fracture Propagation Experiments: A Recent Application and Future Use for the Pipeline Industry

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Michael Johnson ◽  
Peter S. Cumber ◽  
Norval Horner ◽  
Lorne Carlson ◽  
Robert Eiber
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
High Strength Steels ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Experimental Facility ◽  
The Usa

A full scale fracture propagation test facility has been developed to validate the design, in terms of the ability of the material to avert a propagating fracture, of a major new pipeline to transport gas 1800 miles from British Columbia in Canada to Chicago in the USA. The pipeline, being built by Alliance Pipeline Ltd, will transport rich natural gas, i.e. gas with a higher than normal proportion of heavier hydrocarbons, at a maximum operating pressure of 12,000 kPa. This gas mixture and pressure combination imposes a more severe requirement on the pipe steel toughness than the traditional operating conditions of North American pipelines. As these conditions were outside the validated range of models, two full-scale experiments were conducted to prove the design. This paper will provide details of the construction of the 367m long experimental facility at the BG Technology Spadeadam test site along with the key data obtained from the experiments. Evaluation of this data showed that the test program had validated Alliance’s fracture control design. The decompression data obtained in the experiments will be compared against predictions from a new decompression model developed by BG Technology. The use of the experimental facility and the model to support future developments in the pipeline industry, particularly in relation to the use of high strength steels, will also be discussed.

Correlations of methane and carbon dioxide concentrations from feedlot cattle as a predictor of methane emissions

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Bai ◽  
David W. T. Griffith ◽  
Frances A. Phillips ◽  
Travis Naylor ◽  
Stephanie K. Muir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Animal Diet

Accurate measurements of methane (CH4) emissions from feedlot cattle are required for verifying greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting and mitigation strategies. We investigate a new method for estimating CH4 emissions by examining the correlation between CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations from two beef cattle feedlots in Australia representing southern temperate and northern subtropical locations. Concentrations of CH4 and CO2 were measured at the two feedlots during summer and winter, using open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. There was a strong correlation for the concentrations above background of CH4 and CO2 with concentration ratios of 0.008 to 0.044 ppm/ppm (R2 >0.90). The CH4/CO2 concentration ratio varied with animal diet and ambient temperature. The CH4/CO2 concentration ratio provides an alternative method to estimate CH4 emissions from feedlots when combined with CO2 production derived from metabolisable energy or heat production.

Predation of freshwater fish in environments with elevated carbon dioxide

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Midway ◽  
Caleb T. Hasler ◽  
Tyler Wagner ◽  
Cory D. Suski
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
High Pco2 ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Future Work

Carbon dioxide (CO2) in fresh-water environments is poorly understood, yet in marine environments CO2 can affect fish behaviour, including predator–prey relationships. To examine changes in predator success in elevated CO2, we experimented with predatory Micropterus salmoides and Pimephales promelas prey. We used a two-factor fully crossed experimental design; one factor was 4-day (acclimation) CO2 concentration and the second factor CO2 concentration during 20-min predation experiments. Both factors had three treatment levels, including ambient partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2; 0–1000 μatm), low pCO2 (4000–5000 μatm) and high pCO2 (8000–10000 μatm). Micropterus salmoides was exposed to both factors, whereas P. promelas was not exposed to the acclimation factor. In total, 83 of the 96P. promelas were consumed (n=96 trials) and we saw no discernible effect of CO2 on predator success or time to predation. Failed strikes and time between failed strikes were too infrequent to model. Compared with marine systems, our findings are unique in that we not only saw no changes in prey capture success with increasing CO2, but we also used CO2 treatments that were substantially higher than those in past experiments. Our work demonstrated a pronounced resiliency of freshwater predators to elevated CO2 exposure, and a starting point for future work in this area.

scholarly journals A Fiber-Integrated CRDS Sensor for In-Situ Measurement of Dissolved Carbon Dioxide in Seawater

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 6436
Author(s):  
Mai Hu ◽  
Bing Chen ◽  
Lu Yao ◽  
Chenguang Yang ◽  
Xiang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Equilibrium Condition ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
In Situ Measurement ◽  
Integrated Sensor ◽  
Dissolved Carbon ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Research on carbon dioxide (CO2) geological and biogeochemical cycles in the ocean is important to support the geoscience study. Continuous in-situ measurement of dissolved CO2 is critically needed. However, the time and spatial resolution are being restricted due to the challenges of very high submarine pressure and quite low efficiency in water-gas separation, which, therefore, are emerging the main barriers to deep sea investigation. We develop a fiber-integrated sensor based on cavity ring-down spectroscopy for in-situ CO2 measurement. Furthermore, a fast concentration retrieval model using exponential fit is proposed at non-equilibrium condition. The in-situ dissolved CO2 measurement achieves 10 times faster than conventional methods, where an equilibrium condition is needed. As a proof of principle, near-coast in-situ CO2 measurement was implemented in Sanya City, Haina, China, obtaining an effective dissolved CO2 concentration of ~950 ppm. The experimental results prove the feasibly for fast dissolved gas measurement, which would benefit the ocean investigation with more detailed scientific data.

scholarly journals Carbon Dioxide Level in Neonatal Incubator: A Comparative Study of Two Baby Air Flow Input Methods in Incubator Chamber

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. p65
Author(s):  
R. Vardanjans ◽  
L. Cirule
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Stable Condition ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Level Versus ◽  
Infant Incubator ◽  
Co2 Level ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Preterm neonates often have to spend a long time in incubator which simulates necessary enviromental conditions to maintain patients in stable condition. Authors have found neglected problem with Carbon Dioxide (CO2) concentration in newborn inhaled gas when using “oxygen hood” into infant incubator that has not been studied very closely. Methods in this experiement were carried out as condition monitoring while changing some parameters and positions. Results have shown that CO2 level is letally high in some aspects. Situation is alarming as CO2 level in incubator is not limited by current regulation, as IEC60601-2-19: 2009 +A1:2016. Currently the Incubator manufacturers declare that CO2 maximal concentration should be periodically checked by users, which are hospitals. Some commercially available incubators have the maximum allowed CO2 level 8000 ppm, which is much higher than recommended 2000 ppm CO2 level in indoor working place. There is no limitation of maximal level of CO2 using “oxygen hood”, which are specified in incubator operation manual. This paper goal is to show the correlation of CO2 level versus gas flow into oxygen hood.

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