Earthquake in Papua New Guinea Results in New Concept for Securing Pipelines in Ridgeline Right-of-Way: The Micropile Contiguous Wall

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Ladenhauf ◽  
Frank Remmert ◽  
Christoph Prager ◽  
Rhyssheffer Birthwright ◽  
Daniel Cushing
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Alpine Region ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Slope Stabilization ◽  
Earthquake Loads ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Safety Considerations ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
Wall System

Abstract On February 25 (UTC), 2018, the project, a combine of wellpads, gathering lines, transport pipelines and its facilities, sustained a Mw7.5 earthquake, and ca. 300 aftershocks, epicentered directly under the key facilities. Around 150 km of high-pressure gas and condensate pipelines were affected. A number of design and construction decisions protected the pipelines, and prevented serious damage. However, the earthquake disturbed several sections of the pipeline Right-of-Way (ROW), which subsequently required intervention and stabilization. The challenges associated with re-occupying the remotely-situated, mountainous and disturbed ROW, and safely installing stabilization structures, led to the development of a new pipeline stabilization concept: the contiguous Micropile-Wall system. The concept, leveraging tools and techniques from the tunneling industry, and practices from the Alpine region, consists of 139.7 mm micro piles, installed in 3 m joints, in rows along either side of the pipeline. Once installed, opposing rows of these micropiles are attached to each other at ground level with steel tendons. This new concept can be installed using light equipment with minimal vibration and ground disturbance. It is designed to sustain significant earthquake loads, does not retain groundwater, and is resistant to corrosion and third-party damage. This concept was developed and selected in order to repair parts of the damaged ROW and ensure pipe integrity. Future deterioration of the adjacent slopes was taken into account, but slope stabilization for several dozens of landslides was not looked into, as this would have been too large an effort considering the remoteness of the terrain, climatic conditions, safety considerations and other constraints.

scholarly journals The Depth Beneath, The Height Above

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Bordoli
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Alpine Region ◽  
Continuous Stream ◽  
Alpine Landscape

The Depth Beneath, The Height Above consists in an exploration of the high alpine region of Robiei, southern Switzerland. Conceived as a sensory piece, the film particularly focuses on the existing relationships between the humans, animals, infrastructural and natural elements that compose Robiei's specific landscape. Through a juxtaposition between the aesthetics and activities that takes place above - the continuous stream of water, the movement of animals, the processes of production of cheese - and respectively below the ground level - the mechanisms, machines and technologies involved in the hydroelectric production, as well as the humans interacting with them -, the film seek to grasp the natureculture and multispecies assemblages through which Robiei and many other contemporary Swiss alpine landscape are being produced.

German Helicopter Ambulance Service

1985 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-255
Author(s):  
Alexander Köhler ◽  
Peter Dürner
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Air Rescue ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Emergency Physicians ◽  
Home Office ◽  
Emergency Control ◽  
Rescue Services ◽  
Rescue Helicopter

The aim of primary air rescue is to assist the ground-level rescue services by bringing emergency physicians and rescue assistants more quickly to the scene of the accident, and, if necessary, to carry but the swiftest possible and most careful transport of emergency patients to the nearest suitable hospital. Furthermore, the rescue helicopter can substitute for the ambulance car in case of unsuitable terrain, or in certain climatic conditions.Limitations of helicopter services include night, certain weather conditions, cost and distance. Helicopters are centered in Air Rescue Centres which have an operational radius of 30-50 km. Expense permits only one helicopter to be stationed in each center, but if the helicopter is not able to fly, a replacement machine must be available immediately. Secondary rescue operations should be taken over by neighboring centers.In 1983, the Federal Republic of Germany had 36 officially recognized helicopter centers concerned with primary air rescue. They are supported by the Federal Home Office (emergency control) (18 centers), the Army (6), the German Air Rescue (5), the ADAC (German Automobile Club) (4), and other organizations (3). The Swiss Air Rescue in Basel, Switzerland covers Germany's area of South Baden, and the French Air Rescue in Strasbourg covers middle Baden.

Pipelines Risk and Integrity Management in Shared Right of Way: Case Study

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Luis Martinez Gonzalez ◽  
Enrique Rodriguez Betancourt ◽  
Roberto Ramirez ◽  
Lorenzo Martinez Gomez ◽  
Arturo Godoy Simon
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Probability Of Failure ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Collateral Damage ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Risk Condition ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Risk Contribution

Some pipeline operators evaluate risk on an individual pipeline basis even if the right of way (ROW) is shared with other pipelines. Determining a ROW strip risk condition may be complex or quite simple, according to the model adopted by the analyst. If the pipelines allocated in a shared ROW belong to different operators it is very likely that they apply different methods to evaluate a risk condition. The relative risk contribution cannot be added to estimate the risk of a ROW strip. In Mexico insurance companies request studies of collective risk in pipelines to decide whether to increase a prime or reduce coverage. This request does not have technical support or engineering guidelines to perform the analysis. In Pemex there are few documented events where a pipeline failure affects parallel pipelines, known as collateral damage. There are some methods to estimate a potential collateral damage as a function of soil damping and separation between pipelines (Ref.2). This scheme applies for gas pipelines and has to be complemented with an ignition scenario probabilistic analysis. In the case of hazardous liquids scenarios of leak and rupture have to be considered, including potential shed routes, product concentration sites and operator response capability. Since risk is assessed with particular and specific attributes of a pipeline the probability of failure cannot be directly added to adjacent pipelines. There are some failure mechanisms common for pipelines sharing the ROW, such as external corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC), with different intensity when considering coating and corrosion protection (CP) efficiency. Internal corrosion depends on other factors such as product features so it does not necessarily repeat with the same magnitude in all pipelines. Pipeline threats can be expected to be the same in this case — with different intensity. For instance, third party activity and weather can threaten all pipelines allocated in the same ROW. These pipelines may present similar symptoms with different magnitude. Cover depth, additional protection and wall thickness play an important role in reducing third party (TP) and weather and outside forces (WOF) threats. The paper provides risk results of a ROW strip based on probability of failure values. Pipelines with biggest risk contribution were identified and integrity management alignment diagrams were obtained to correlate with risk values. A simple algorithm was developed to process risk results in terms on shared ROW buffer dimensions. The study is complemented with the results of a consequence simulation analysis for a gas pipeline

scholarly journals Criteria for climatic applicability of modern window types

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 ◽  
pp. 02039
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Konstantinov ◽  
Aleksei Verkhovsky ◽  
Ivan Aksenov ◽  
Aleksei Krutov
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Sound Insulation ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Temperature Deformations ◽  
Resistance To Heat

Currently, the assignment of the required values of the technical and operational windows characteristics (such as resistance to heat transfer, air permeability, sound insulation, etc.) is carried out based on the technological capabilities of the window industry, and not on the basis of scientifically substantiated requirements for ensuring the microclimate and energy buildings efficiency in the design practice of most countries (as it happens in the case of external walls which are in almost identical operating conditions with windows, for example). One of the most common types of windows in modern construction practice are single windows with insulated glass units and profiles made of PVC and aluminum alloys. They were originally developed for operation in Western Europe where they have proven themselves well over many years of operation. However, their widespread use in the climatic conditions of the Russian Federation and the countries of Eastern Europe showed a number of problems during operation which is expressed in a decrease in the technical and operational characteristics of windows due to temperature deformations of their profile elements. This circumstance testifies to the limited area of application of these structures in terms of climatic conditions. The authors of the work introduce the concept of “climatic applicability of windows” in order to determine the rational application areas of types of windows which would ensure the fulfillment of the specified requirements for the comfort of the microclimate of the premises in any operation period of the building. Based on the results of the analysis of the work of third-party researchers and the authors own works the authors have determined a set of criteria for the climatic applicability of modern types of windows based on winter operating conditions. Promising areas for further research were considered.

scholarly journals Data Analytics on Agrometeorological Parameters for Building A Utility System for Farmer Community

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 3223-3230
Keyword(s):  
Data Analytics ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Utility System ◽  
Effective Yield ◽  
Validation Technique ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
Fold Cross Validation

The day-to-day evolution of the world is throwing many challenges, thereby demanding the humans to be on par with the modern tools and technologies that are on offer. These technologies are contributing to the overall growth across all the domains. One such domain that is highly affected by the modern tools and techniques is Agriculture. Gone are the days, when only a handful methodologies and tools were utilized to understand about agriculture. Although the farmers are sceptical to the modernization, the end result has been encouraging at many a times. With the use of analytics, one can get to know more about the type of soil, crops and fertilizers, amount of water to be utilized depending on the climatic conditions and thereby have an effective yield. In this work, the elementary task of portraying the effect of climatic conditions on the production of different varieties of crops is carried out. Also, the application of Multivariate Linear Regression and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) techniques provides a significance outcome in the prediction of yield with the focus on Ragi and Rice. The work provides an accuracy of 65% with the 3-fold cross validation technique and 68% accuracy with ANN model

scholarly journals Industrial Statistics Revisited: From Footnotes to Meta-Information Management

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-34
Author(s):  
Karl A. Froeschl ◽  
Tetsuo Yamada ◽  
Roman Kudrna
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Customer Requirements ◽  
Economic Framework ◽  
Data Comparability ◽  
Meta Information ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Data Documentation ◽  
Tools And Techniques

UNIDO maintains a long tradition in the compilation of international statistics on industrial production and, particularly, has developed a suite of tools and techniques for improving third-party data, mainly supplied directly or indirectly by National Statistics Offices, toenable and enhance both cross-country and long-term comparability. However, changing IT environments, socio-economic conditions, and customer requirements increasingly challenge established procedures and behaviors. After reviewing (i) the relevance of industrial statistics in general and that of international industrial statistics in particular for the industrial development in the macro economic framework, (ii) the importance of datacomparability on those statistics for accurate and objective analysis with regard to the industrial development, and (iii) UNIDO?s specific efforts in increasing cross-country data comparability, this paper discusses a proposal for an integrated data and data documentation framework aimed at (i) recording all measures taken by UNIDO and (ii) reporting on all residual inconsistencies and deficiencies adversely affecting data comparability and interpretation. The proposal is illustrated by a prototype implementationusing current UNIDO data.

Trends in the Phenology of Climber Roses under Changing Climate Conditions in Mazovia Lowland in Central Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Monder
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Urban Green Spaces

The genetic pool of valuable old ornamental cultivars and their in situ maintenance may be threated by climate change. Meanwhile, the ornamental plants like roses make up an important share of both gardens and urban green spaces, where they are particularly vulnerable to multistress growth conditions. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of changing climatic conditions on growth and flowering of 11 historic climber roses through long-term studies (2000-2017) conducted in Central Europe. The evaluation of plants consisted of assessment of frost damage and the timing of early phenological stages (starting of bud break, leaf unfolding) as well as gathering data on beginning, fullness and end of flowering and its abundance. Frost damage was not recorded in any year only in ‘Mme Plantier’, and did not occur for any cultivar after the winter in the years 2007, 2008, and 2014. Only a little damage to one-year shoots was recorded after the winter in the years 2015-2017. Frost damage to ‘Alberic Barbier’, ‘Albertine’, ‘Chaplin's Pink Climber’, ‘Orange Triumph clg’ and ‘Venusta Pendula’ led to pruning to ground level in every year excluding those listed above. Frost damage of once blooming roses limited their flowering; however, the many-year data-sets showed a trend for decreased frost damage and improved abundance of flowering, and these results can be interpreted as a response to the increase of average air temperature. The timing of bud breaking and leaf development in all climber roses was strictly correlated with average air temperature in the dormancy period. The reactions of climber roses to weather conditions confirmed the influence of climatic changes on ornamental crop plants in Central Europe, introducing the potential possibility for the wider application of climber roses, but without certainty of flowering every year.

Clear sky solar illuminance using visual band irradiance

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
A. Nurick
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Wavelength Range ◽  
Atmospheric Aerosols ◽  
Rayleigh Scattering ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Visible Range ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Sky Conditions

Solar illuminance may be quantified by applying relevant efficacy functions to available full spectrum ground irradiance. Alternatively, illuminance may be determined by applying the Photopic function to ground level irradiance spectra obtained from the terrestrial irradiance spectrum adjusted using relevant atmospheric absorption and scattering coefficients. The Photopic function has finite values in the wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm and is concentrated around a mean wavelength of 555 nm with irradiance at wavelengths close to 555 nm contributing to the major portion of illuminance. Calculation of ground level direct, diffuse and hence global illuminance is simplified as absorption of irradiance in the atmosphere by water vapour and uniformly mixed gases is negligible and may be ignored. It is shown that due to the small variations in the overall irradiance over wavelengths in the visible bandwidth combined with the concentration effect of the Photopic function in this wavelength range illuminance may be calculated, with good accuracy, using constant extinction functions for both direct and diffuse illuminance. Due to the concentration of illuminance by the Photopic function global illuminance data were also correlated with a simplified description of illuminance attenuation through the atmosphere based on the Beer-Lambert-Bouger Law using a single constant effective extinction coefficient which accounts for all extinction processes under clear sky conditions over the visible range of wavelengths. Constants used in extinction functions for solar irradiance due atmospheric aerosols were obtained by fitting experimental data to analytical descriptions of atmospheric extinction while published constants were used for ozone and Rayleigh scattering. The analytical descriptions of global illuminance with solar elevation were compared with experimental data collected at Johannesburg over both summer and winter clear sky conditions. Correlations of measured and calculated global illuminance data for the method based on extinction of various atmospheric components was 4.47 % and 4.49 % for the method based on the Beer-Lambert-Bouger Law, both normalised using the terrestrial illuminance constant. While measurements were made at a specific site in Gauteng, the methods used to correlate the data are general and location independent but local climatic conditions may need to be taken into account to quantify the extinction coefficients for specific areas.

scholarly journals STRUCTURAL SOLUTIONS IMPACT ON THERMAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF HEATING SURFACE AT AN OPEN SPACE

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 883-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dobrosława Kaczorek ◽  
Halina Koczyk
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Heating Surface ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Simulation Research ◽  
Structural Solutions

This paper presents studies on thermal energy efficiency of heating surface at an open space according to structural solutions and climatic conditions. Numerical simulation research was conducted to assess three different types of heating surfaces at an open space over chosen period of time in real weather conditions. Performance parameters such as surface temperature, supply temperature and efficiency of heating surface relative to constructional designs and model of control strategy used were analysed. The number, thickness and type of material layers beneath ground level were modified. The distance between heating pipes and their diameters were kept constant. The carried out analyses show that the used solutions can lead to significant differences in the performance and consequently in the energy efficiency of the heating system for open spaces.

scholarly journals WIND ENERGY IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PENOSTEKL AND KERAMZIT

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-194
Author(s):  
M. N. Kokoev ◽  
V. T. Fedorov ◽  
G. N. Hadgishalapov
Keyword(s):  
Wind Power ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Design Feature ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Frequency Regulation ◽  
Heat Output ◽  
Pass Through

Objectives. Foamglass and expanded clay are absolutely fireproof, reliable and environmentally friendly heat insulators. But in the cost of their production, energy costs reach 40 ... 60%.Method. A part of the thermal energy required for the production of building materials was proposed to be developed by a wind power station (WPP).Result. A heating plant with a Darya turbine capable of operating in severe climatic conditions has been developed. The bearing part of the wind power installation consists of three simple masts, working mainly in compression. The masts are symmetrically placed relative to the center of the wind farm. The design feature is that the vertical shaft with the turbine is suspended at the top of the swivel at the point where the three almost horizontal cables meet. The free ends of the ropes pass through the blocks on the tops of the masts and are secured with anchors at ground level. Therefore, the shaft works mainly in tension and torsion and is well opposed to transverse vibrations. A simple generator without equipment for voltage and frequency regulation operates at WPPs, as for electric heaters of furnaces to which the generator current is supplied, power conditioning is not required. With a decrease in wind speed and a drop in HPP power, the automation supplies more fuel to the burners to maintain the temperature according to the regulations.Conclusion. Thus, the WPP capacity fills a part of the required heat output of the furnaces, and the missing part of the heat output is compensated by burning gas or fuel oil. If the WPP is located near the enterprise, then electricity is supplied to the consumer without transformers. It is cheaper to lay cables of a larger section than to complete a wind farm with two power transformers.

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