Arc Flash Hazard Analysis in Traction Power Substations

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinh D. Pham ◽  
Robert Jones
Keyword(s):  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Rail Transit ◽  
Arcing Faults ◽  
Insulation Failure ◽  
Arc Flash ◽  
Transit Agencies ◽  
Ionized Air ◽  
Dc Arc

Arc flash hazards can result from accidents or equipment deterioration such as dropping tools, accidental contact with electrical equipment, build up of conductive dust, corrosion, condensation, over-voltage stress, or insulation failure. An arc is produced when electric current passes through ionized air after an initial flash over or short circuit, resulting in a flash that could produce significant heat, with temperature in excess of 35,000°F. The extremely high temperature of an electric arc can cause major burns within ten feet and fatal burns within five feet of an arc flash. Recently enacted guidelines and regulations by OSHA and NFPA 70E regarding arc flash hazards have compelled many rail transit agencies to require that an arc flash hazard analysis be performed. The purpose of this analysis is to determine the potential risk of arc faults at every switchgear and electrical panel board to which a worker may be exposed. To comply with OSHA and NFPA, appropriate work practices and personal protective equipment (PPE) must be utilized to reduce the risks associated with arc flashes. Several methods for calculating the arc-flash hazard have been developed. This paper will examine and discuss the following three methods: a) the Ralph H. Lee’s theoretical model, b) the NFPA 70E equations and tables, and c) the IEEE Std 1584 methods. None of the above methods addresses arcing faults in DC switchgear. To date, there is no written standard for DC arc flash hazard analysis. DC arcing faults and calculation methods are discussed. Sample arc flash hazard analysis from a recent rail transit project is included.

scholarly journals ANALISIS ARC FLASH 6,3 KV PT HOLCIM INDONESIA TBK. BOGOR, JAWA BARAT

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Juliansyah Kennedy Sugiharto ◽  
Syamsir Abduh
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Metal ◽  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
West Java ◽  
Hot Gas ◽  
Energy Incident ◽  
Arc Flash ◽  
Finish Mill

<p><em>Protection system is a safety system on electrical equipment in case of interference. One of the electrical hazards is the arc flash. According to IEEE 1584-2002 arc flash is a blast of heat, hot gas, and liquid metal caused by short circuit interference on the equipment. There are 3 cases of arc flash that occurred in PT Holcim Indonesia Tbk. Bogor, West Java. Th</em><em>e aim of this </em><em>research is to find out the amount of arc flash energy in accordance with IEEE 1584-2002 standard, to know </em><em>how much </em><em>the energy, and also</em><em> to</em><em> classify Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) category for the workers according to NFPA 70E-2009 standard. This study was applied to the 5th mill finishing area at PT Holcim Indonesia Tbk. Bogor, West Java. The results showed on the area of the Finish Mill 5 the value of the energy incident is 16.92 cal/cm<sup>2</sup> on BUS MD-1, 1.39 cal/cm<sup>2</sup> on BUS RM-1, 1.35 cal/cm<sup>2</sup> on BUS FN-2, 2.17 cal/cm<sup>2</sup> on BUS TR-71, 1.41 cal/cm<sup>2</sup> on BUS TR-72, and 1.34 cal/cm<sup>2</sup> on  BUS TR-73.</em><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><em>Sistem proteksi merupakan suatu sistem pengaman pada peralatan listrik jika terjadi gangguan. Salah satu bahaya listrik  adalah  arc flash. Menurut IEEE 1584-2002 arc flash merupakan ledakan panas, gas panas, dan logam cair yang diakibatkan oleh gangguan hubung singkat (short circuit) pada peralatan. Terdapat 3 kasus arc flash  yang terjadi di PT Holcim Indonesia Tbk. Bogor, Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besar energi arc flash yang sesuai dengan standar IEEE 1584-2002, untuk mengetahui besar energi serta mengklasifikasi kategori Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) bagi pekerja sesuai dengan standar NFPA 70E-2009. Studi ini diterapkan  pada area Finish Mill 5 pada PT Holcim Indonesia Tbk. Bogor, Jawa Barat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada area Finish Mill 5 nilai insiden energinya yaitu  16,92 kal/cm<sup>2</sup> pada BUS MD-1, 1,39 kal/cm<sup>2</sup> pada BUS RM-1, 1,35 kal/cm<sup>2</sup> pada BUS FN-2, 2,17 kal/</em><em>cm<sup>2</sup></em><em> pada BUS TR-71, 1,41 kal/cm<sup>2</sup> pada BUS TR-72, dan 1,34 kal/cm<sup>2</sup> pada BUS TR-73.</em></p>

scholarly journals MODIFIKASI COVER MENJADI INFRARED WINDOW MOTOR 362-MD1 UNTUK INSPEKSI THERMOGRAPH

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamdi Hamdi ◽  
Junjung Dwi Laksana Aji
Keyword(s):  
Human Error ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Carbon Powder ◽  
Complete Inspection ◽  
Rotating Equipment ◽  
Arc Flash ◽  
Security Device ◽  
Infrared Window

ABSTRACTThermograph is recognized as one of the best methods for identifying problems with low, medium and high voltage electrical equipment. Thermograph is used as a qualitative and quantitative tool. Qualitative visual shaped images on Thermograph and quantitative infrared cameras in the form of temperature range. In the inspection Thermograph should open the cover of the motor so the danger that arises in Arc Flash Explosion, the danger of rotating equipment and the danger of flying carbon powder. Arc Flash Explosion events generally occur in high equipment because of defective tools or human error. Arc Flash Explosion will not occur without a trigger, with changes in pressure and temperature can cause a short circuit. Arc Flash Explosion occurs when an undesired electrical current flows through the air due to the accumulation of carbon powder, thus heating the air and causing an explosion. When the inspector is not equipped with a personal protective equipment located near Arc Flash. As a result inspector injury and even death. So it is necessary to develop a device for Thermograph inspection security that can separate two environments with different pressures and temperatures. The danger of rotating equipment and the danger of carbon powder flying. IR Window is a security device for Thermograph inspection. Because with the pair IR Window can provide assurance from the Arc Flash Explosion, the danger of rotating equipment and carbon powder hazards that fly because it does not open the motor cover. Thus, Thermograph inspectors can safely complete inspection without process interruption, faster, reduce the number of workers and more completed inspection so as to reduce the risk of equipment failure through routine monitoring techniques and prediction techniques.Keywords: Thermograph, IR Window (InfraRed Window), Arc Flash ExplosionABSTRAKThermograph sebagai salah satu metode terbaik untuk mengidentifikasi masalah pada peralatan listrik tegangan rendah, menengah dan tinggi. Thermograph digunakan sebagai alat inspeksi kualitatif secara visual berbentuk gambar pada kamera infrared Thermograph dan kuantitatif berbentuk range suhu. Dalam inspeksi Thermograph harus membuka cover motor sehingga bahaya yang ditimbulkan yaitu Arc Flash Explosion, bahaya benda yang berputar dan bahaya serbuk karbon yang berterbangan. Peristiwa Arc Flash Explosion pada umumnya terjadi pada peralatan tegangan tinggi karena alat rusak ataupun kesalahan manusia. Arc Flash Explosion tidak akan terjadi tanpa adanya pemicu, dengan perubahan tekanan dan suhu dapat menyebabkan hubung singkat. Arc Flash Explosion terjadi ketika arus listrik yang tidak diinginkan mengalir melalui udara karena adanya akumulasi serbuk karbon, sehingga memanaskan udara dan menyebabkan ledakan. Ketika inspektor tidak dilengkapi dengan alat pelindung diri berada di dekat Arc Flash. Akibatnya inspektor mengalami cedera bahkan kematian. Sehingga perlu mengembangkan perangkat untuk keamanan inspeksi Thermograph yang dapat memisahkan dua lingkungan dengan tekanan dan suhu yang berbeda. Bahaya benda yang berputar dan bahaya serat karbon yang berterbangan. IR Window adalah perangkat keamanan untuk inspeksi Thermograph. Karena dengan di pasangnya IR Window dapat memberikan jaminan dari Arc Flash Explosion, bahaya benda berputar dan bahaya serbuk karbon yang berterbangan karena tidak membuka cover motor. Dengan demikian, inspektor Thermograph dapat menyelesaikan inspeksi dengan aman tanpa gangguan proses, lebih cepat, mengurangi jumlah pekerja dan lebih banyak inspeksi selesai sehingga dapat mengurangi risiko kegagalan peralatan melalui teknik pemantauan rutin dan teknik prediksi.Kata kunci: Thermograph, IR Window (InfraRed Window), Arc Flash Explosio

scholarly journals Core Stress Analysis of Amorphous Alloy Transformer for Rail Transit under Different Working Conditions

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Jianwei Shao ◽  
Cuidong Xu ◽  
Ka Wai Eric Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Amorphous Alloy ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Iron Core ◽  
Rail Transit ◽  
Transit System ◽  
The Core ◽  
Distribution Transformers

The rail transit system is a large electric vehicle system that is strongly dependent on the energy technologies of the power system. The use of new energy-saving amorphous alloy transformers can not only reduce the loss of rail transit power, but also help alleviate the power shortage situation and electromagnetic emissions. The application of the transformer in the field of rail transit is limited by the problem that amorphous alloy is prone to debris. this paper studied the stress conditions of amorphous alloy transformer cores under different working conditions and determined that the location where the core is prone to fragmentation, which is the key problem of smoothly integrating amorphous alloy distribution transformers on rail transit power supply systems. In this study, we investigate the changes in the electromagnetic field and stress of the amorphous alloy transformer core under different operating conditions. The finite element model of an amorphous alloy transformer is established and verified. The simulation results of the magnetic field and stress of the core under different working conditions are given. The no-load current and no-load loss are simulated and compared with the actual experimental data to verify practicability of amorphous alloy transformers. The biggest influence on the iron core is the overload state and the maximum value is higher than the core stress during short circuit. The core strain caused by the side-phase short circuit is larger than the middle-phase short circuit.

scholarly journals Development of a Method and Algorithm for Inhibiting an Automatic Transfer Switch of the Circuit Breaker for a Sustained Short-Circuit

2020 ◽  
Vol 220 ◽  
pp. 01011
Author(s):  
Igor Nikolaevich Fomin ◽  
Roman Pavlovich Belikov ◽  
Tatyana Anatolyevna Kudinova ◽  
Nailya Kamilevna Miftakhova
Keyword(s):  
Short Circuit ◽  
Circuit Breaker ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Ring Network ◽  
Circuit Breakers ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Short Circuit Currents

Circuit breakers with automatic transfer switches (ATS) are designed in such a way that when the voltage disappears during a short-circuit (SC) in the ring network line, the ATS device is triggered. At the same time, its switch is turned on at short-circuit, then it is turned off with acceleration. Even a shortterm switching on of the automatic transfer switch for a sustained short-circuit leads to emergency situations [1,2]. The electrical equipment of the ring network spare line is exposed to high emergency short-circuit currents, and the consumers powered by the spare transformer are turned off. It is possible to minimize and eliminate the damages caused by the above mentioned cases by inhibiting the switching on of the circuitbreaker of the automatic transfer switch.

Protective Devices Maintenance and the Potential Impact on Arc Flash Energy

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis K. Neitzel
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Electrical Safety ◽  
Protective Devices ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Arc Flash ◽  
Safety Considerations ◽  
Insight Into

This paper provides insight into the electrical safety considerations, specifically as it relates to maintenance of electrical overcurrent protective devices, and the potential impact on the arc flash energy for shipboard electrical equipment and systems application. It provides valuable information for the electricians, technicians, and engineers who operate and maintain the electrical equipment.

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