MODIFIKASI COVER MENJADI INFRARED WINDOW MOTOR 362-MD1 UNTUK INSPEKSI THERMOGRAPH

ABSTRACTThermograph is recognized as one of the best methods for identifying problems with low, medium and high voltage electrical equipment. Thermograph is used as a qualitative and quantitative tool. Qualitative visual shaped images on Thermograph and quantitative infrared cameras in the form of temperature range. In the inspection Thermograph should open the cover of the motor so the danger that arises in Arc Flash Explosion, the danger of rotating equipment and the danger of flying carbon powder. Arc Flash Explosion events generally occur in high equipment because of defective tools or human error. Arc Flash Explosion will not occur without a trigger, with changes in pressure and temperature can cause a short circuit. Arc Flash Explosion occurs when an undesired electrical current flows through the air due to the accumulation of carbon powder, thus heating the air and causing an explosion. When the inspector is not equipped with a personal protective equipment located near Arc Flash. As a result inspector injury and even death. So it is necessary to develop a device for Thermograph inspection security that can separate two environments with different pressures and temperatures. The danger of rotating equipment and the danger of carbon powder flying. IR Window is a security device for Thermograph inspection. Because with the pair IR Window can provide assurance from the Arc Flash Explosion, the danger of rotating equipment and carbon powder hazards that fly because it does not open the motor cover. Thus, Thermograph inspectors can safely complete inspection without process interruption, faster, reduce the number of workers and more completed inspection so as to reduce the risk of equipment failure through routine monitoring techniques and prediction techniques.Keywords: Thermograph, IR Window (InfraRed Window), Arc Flash ExplosionABSTRAKThermograph sebagai salah satu metode terbaik untuk mengidentifikasi masalah pada peralatan listrik tegangan rendah, menengah dan tinggi. Thermograph digunakan sebagai alat inspeksi kualitatif secara visual berbentuk gambar pada kamera infrared Thermograph dan kuantitatif berbentuk range suhu. Dalam inspeksi Thermograph harus membuka cover motor sehingga bahaya yang ditimbulkan yaitu Arc Flash Explosion, bahaya benda yang berputar dan bahaya serbuk karbon yang berterbangan. Peristiwa Arc Flash Explosion pada umumnya terjadi pada peralatan tegangan tinggi karena alat rusak ataupun kesalahan manusia. Arc Flash Explosion tidak akan terjadi tanpa adanya pemicu, dengan perubahan tekanan dan suhu dapat menyebabkan hubung singkat. Arc Flash Explosion terjadi ketika arus listrik yang tidak diinginkan mengalir melalui udara karena adanya akumulasi serbuk karbon, sehingga memanaskan udara dan menyebabkan ledakan. Ketika inspektor tidak dilengkapi dengan alat pelindung diri berada di dekat Arc Flash. Akibatnya inspektor mengalami cedera bahkan kematian. Sehingga perlu mengembangkan perangkat untuk keamanan inspeksi Thermograph yang dapat memisahkan dua lingkungan dengan tekanan dan suhu yang berbeda. Bahaya benda yang berputar dan bahaya serat karbon yang berterbangan. IR Window adalah perangkat keamanan untuk inspeksi Thermograph. Karena dengan di pasangnya IR Window dapat memberikan jaminan dari Arc Flash Explosion, bahaya benda berputar dan bahaya serbuk karbon yang berterbangan karena tidak membuka cover motor. Dengan demikian, inspektor Thermograph dapat menyelesaikan inspeksi dengan aman tanpa gangguan proses, lebih cepat, mengurangi jumlah pekerja dan lebih banyak inspeksi selesai sehingga dapat mengurangi risiko kegagalan peralatan melalui teknik pemantauan rutin dan teknik prediksi.Kata kunci: Thermograph, IR Window (InfraRed Window), Arc Flash Explosio

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Arc Flash Hazard Analysis in Traction Power Substations

2009 Joint Rail Conference ◽

10.1115/jrc2009-63038 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Kinh D. Pham ◽

Robert Jones

Keyword(s):

Hazard Analysis ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Electrical Equipment ◽

Rail Transit ◽

Arcing Faults ◽

Insulation Failure ◽

Arc Flash ◽

Transit Agencies ◽

Ionized Air ◽

Dc Arc

Arc flash hazards can result from accidents or equipment deterioration such as dropping tools, accidental contact with electrical equipment, build up of conductive dust, corrosion, condensation, over-voltage stress, or insulation failure. An arc is produced when electric current passes through ionized air after an initial flash over or short circuit, resulting in a flash that could produce significant heat, with temperature in excess of 35,000°F. The extremely high temperature of an electric arc can cause major burns within ten feet and fatal burns within five feet of an arc flash. Recently enacted guidelines and regulations by OSHA and NFPA 70E regarding arc flash hazards have compelled many rail transit agencies to require that an arc flash hazard analysis be performed. The purpose of this analysis is to determine the potential risk of arc faults at every switchgear and electrical panel board to which a worker may be exposed. To comply with OSHA and NFPA, appropriate work practices and personal protective equipment (PPE) must be utilized to reduce the risks associated with arc flashes. Several methods for calculating the arc-flash hazard have been developed. This paper will examine and discuss the following three methods: a) the Ralph H. Lee’s theoretical model, b) the NFPA 70E equations and tables, and c) the IEEE Std 1584 methods. None of the above methods addresses arcing faults in DC switchgear. To date, there is no written standard for DC arc flash hazard analysis. DC arcing faults and calculation methods are discussed. Sample arc flash hazard analysis from a recent rail transit project is included.

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ANALISIS ARC FLASH 6,3 KV PT HOLCIM INDONESIA TBK. BOGOR, JAWA BARAT

JETri Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Elektro ◽

10.25105/jetri.v16i1.2939 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 29

Author(s):

Juliansyah Kennedy Sugiharto ◽

Syamsir Abduh

Keyword(s):

Liquid Metal ◽

Personal Protective Equipment ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Electrical Equipment ◽

Protective Equipment ◽

West Java ◽

Hot Gas ◽

Energy Incident ◽

Arc Flash ◽

Finish Mill

Protection system is a safety system on electrical equipment in case of interference. One of the electrical hazards is the arc flash. According to IEEE 1584-2002 arc flash is a blast of heat, hot gas, and liquid metal caused by short circuit interference on the equipment. There are 3 cases of arc flash that occurred in PT Holcim Indonesia Tbk. Bogor, West Java. The aim of this research is to find out the amount of arc flash energy in accordance with IEEE 1584-2002 standard, to know how much the energy, and also to classify Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) category for the workers according to NFPA 70E-2009 standard. This study was applied to the 5th mill finishing area at PT Holcim Indonesia Tbk. Bogor, West Java. The results showed on the area of the Finish Mill 5 the value of the energy incident is 16.92 cal/cm2 on BUS MD-1, 1.39 cal/cm2 on BUS RM-1, 1.35 cal/cm2 on BUS FN-2, 2.17 cal/cm2 on BUS TR-71, 1.41 cal/cm2 on BUS TR-72, and 1.34 cal/cm2 on BUS TR-73. Sistem proteksi merupakan suatu sistem pengaman pada peralatan listrik jika terjadi gangguan. Salah satu bahaya listrik adalah arc flash. Menurut IEEE 1584-2002 arc flash merupakan ledakan panas, gas panas, dan logam cair yang diakibatkan oleh gangguan hubung singkat (short circuit) pada peralatan. Terdapat 3 kasus arc flash yang terjadi di PT Holcim Indonesia Tbk. Bogor, Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besar energi arc flash yang sesuai dengan standar IEEE 1584-2002, untuk mengetahui besar energi serta mengklasifikasi kategori Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) bagi pekerja sesuai dengan standar NFPA 70E-2009. Studi ini diterapkan pada area Finish Mill 5 pada PT Holcim Indonesia Tbk. Bogor, Jawa Barat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada area Finish Mill 5 nilai insiden energinya yaitu 16,92 kal/cm2 pada BUS MD-1, 1,39 kal/cm2 pada BUS RM-1, 1,35 kal/cm2 pada BUS FN-2, 2,17 kal/cm2 pada BUS TR-71, 1,41 kal/cm2 pada BUS TR-72, dan 1,34 kal/cm2 pada BUS TR-73.

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Development of a Method and Algorithm for Inhibiting an Automatic Transfer Switch of the Circuit Breaker for a Sustained Short-Circuit

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202022001011 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 220 ◽

pp. 01011

Author(s):

Igor Nikolaevich Fomin ◽

Roman Pavlovich Belikov ◽

Tatyana Anatolyevna Kudinova ◽

Nailya Kamilevna Miftakhova

Keyword(s):

Short Circuit ◽

Circuit Breaker ◽

Electrical Equipment ◽

Ring Network ◽

Circuit Breakers ◽

Emergency Situations ◽

Short Circuit Currents

Circuit breakers with automatic transfer switches (ATS) are designed in such a way that when the voltage disappears during a short-circuit (SC) in the ring network line, the ATS device is triggered. At the same time, its switch is turned on at short-circuit, then it is turned off with acceleration. Even a shortterm switching on of the automatic transfer switch for a sustained short-circuit leads to emergency situations [1,2]. The electrical equipment of the ring network spare line is exposed to high emergency short-circuit currents, and the consumers powered by the spare transformer are turned off. It is possible to minimize and eliminate the damages caused by the above mentioned cases by inhibiting the switching on of the circuitbreaker of the automatic transfer switch.

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Optimization of the InGaP Top Junction of Triple Junction Solar Cell for Spatial Application

Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems ◽

10.29292/jics.v14i1.62 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Victor De Rezende Cunha ◽

Daniel Neves Micha ◽

Rudy Massami Sakamoto Kawabata ◽

Luciana Dornelas Pinto ◽

Mauricio Pamplona Pires ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Cell ◽

Conversion Efficiency ◽

Current Density ◽

Triple Junction ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Active Material ◽

Multiple Quantum Well ◽

Electrical Current ◽

Multiple Quantum ◽

Junction Solar Cell

Electrical current mismatching is a well-known limitation of triple junction solar cells that lowers the final conversion efficiency. Several solutions have been proposed to face this issue, including the insertion of a multiple quantum well structure as the intermediate junction’s active material. With a better matching in the current among the junctions, the total current increases, thus modifying the working conditions of the overall device. In this way, the InGaP top junction needs to be optimized to such new condition. In this work, numerical simulations were carried out aiming the enlargement of the electrical current density of an InGaP pn junction to achieve the proper current matching in triple junction solar cell for spatial applications. The optimized structure has been grown in a GaAs substrate and characterized as a single junction solar cell. Although the measured short circuit current density and conversion efficiency are still well below the theoretically predicted values, processing improvement should lead to adequate cell performance.

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Protective Devices Maintenance and the Potential Impact on Arc Flash Energy

10.5957/smc-2012-p15 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Dennis K. Neitzel

Keyword(s):

Electrical Equipment ◽

Electrical Safety ◽

Protective Devices ◽

Potential Impact ◽

Arc Flash ◽

Safety Considerations ◽

Insight Into

This paper provides insight into the electrical safety considerations, specifically as it relates to maintenance of electrical overcurrent protective devices, and the potential impact on the arc flash energy for shipboard electrical equipment and systems application. It provides valuable information for the electricians, technicians, and engineers who operate and maintain the electrical equipment.

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The Effect of Hazardous Locations on Electrical Equipment Short-Circuit Ratings: Copyright Material IEEE, Paper No. PCIC-2018-50

2018 IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference (PCIC) ◽

10.1109/pcic31437.2018.9080435 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Rehanul Hasan ◽

Rick Mendler ◽

Behzad Nejad

Keyword(s):

Short Circuit ◽

Electrical Equipment ◽

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Thyristor Arc Eliminator for Protection of Low Voltage Electrical Equipment

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12142749 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (14) ◽

pp. 2749 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Karol Nowak ◽

Jerzy Janiszewski ◽

Grzegorz Dombek

Keyword(s):

Lower Cost ◽

Low Voltage ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Electrical Equipment ◽

Power Network ◽

System Operation ◽

Test Circuit ◽

Wide Range ◽

Short Circuit Currents ◽

Electrical Apparatus

The paper presents the layout of two opposing thyristors working as an Arc Eliminator (AE). The presented solution makes it possible to protect an electrical apparatus against the effects of an arcing fault. An Arc Eliminator is assumed to be a device cooperating with the protected apparatus. Thyristors were used because of their speed of operation and a relatively lower cost compared to other semiconductors with the same current-carrying capacity. The proposed solution, as one of the few currently available, makes it possible to eliminate the fault arc—both at short-circuit currents and current values to which overcurrent protections do not react. A test circuit was designed and made to study the effectiveness of the thyristor arc eliminator. A series of tests was carried out with variable impedance in the arc branch, including the influence of circuit inductance on arc time. It was found that the thyristor arc eliminator effectively protects devices powered from a low voltage power network against the effects of a fault or arc fault. The correctness of system operation for a wide range of impedance changes in the circuit feeding the arc location was demonstrated.

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Power Conversion and Its Efficiency in Thermoelectric Materials

Entropy ◽

10.3390/e22080803 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (8) ◽

pp. 803 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Armin Feldhoff

Keyword(s):

Thermoelectric Material ◽

Electric Charge ◽

Power Factor ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Power Conversion ◽

Electrical Power ◽

Electrical Current ◽

Open Circuit ◽

Pump Mode ◽

Current Curve

The basic principles of thermoelectrics rely on the coupling of entropy and electric charge. However, the long-standing dispute of energetics versus entropy has long paralysed the field. Herein, it is shown that treating entropy and electric charge in a symmetric manner enables a simple transport equation to be obtained and the power conversion and its efficiency to be deduced for a single thermoelectric material apart from a device. The material’s performance in both generator mode (thermo-electric) and entropy pump mode (electro-thermal) are discussed on a single voltage-electrical current curve, which is presented in a generalized manner by relating it to the electrically open-circuit voltage and the electrically closed-circuited electrical current. The electrical and thermal power in entropy pump mode are related to the maximum electrical power in generator mode, which depends on the material’s power factor. Particular working points on the material’s voltage-electrical current curve are deduced, namely, the electrical open circuit, electrical short circuit, maximum electrical power, maximum power conversion efficiency, and entropy conductivity inversion. Optimizing a thermoelectric material for different working points is discussed with respect to its figure-of-merit z T and power factor. The importance of the results to state-of-the-art and emerging materials is emphasized.

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Methods for arc-flash detection in electrical equipment

2010 Record of Conference Papers Industry Applications Society 57th Annual Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC) ◽

10.1109/pcic.2010.5666877 ◽

2010 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

G Roscoe ◽

M E Valdes ◽

R Luna

Keyword(s):

Electrical Equipment ◽

Arc Flash

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Design of High-Rise Building’s Monitoring System for Electric Fire Base on CAN Bus

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.734.104 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 734 ◽

pp. 104-108

Author(s):

Shi Wei Sun ◽

Xin Tong Liu ◽

Wei Liu ◽

Qi Yang

Keyword(s):

Monitoring System ◽

Leakage Current ◽

Power Distribution ◽

Can Bus ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Electrical Equipment ◽

Current Signal ◽

Fire Monitoring ◽

High Rise ◽

Electric Power Distribution

This paper accomplished a system of high-rise building’s fire monitoring system based on CAN bus. It is applied in avoiding the harm of leakage current , over current and short circuit, and protecting electric power distribution circuits and electrical equipment, thus to prevent the occurrence of electrical fire. The monitoring system can detect phase current signal and the leakage current signal, and can display real-time and alarm. It also can proceed network service and complete the distributed remote control and fault diagnosis. Practice shows that the system the characteristics of high precision, safe and reliable, low rate of false positives, easy operation and maintenance, etc .It can satisfy the demand of large high-rise building electrical fire.

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