Develop a New Approach Measuring the Wheel/Rail Interaction Loads

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuriy Boronenko ◽  
Rustam Rahimov ◽  
Waail Mahmod Lafta
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Railway Track ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Lateral Impact ◽  
Railway Engineering ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Determine and control the impact of rolling stock on the railway track, one of the significant subjects of railway engineering, especially with heavy traffic and innovative freight cars with increased axle loads. Different methods utilized to measure the lateral impact of rolling stock on a railway based on the use of strain gauges installed on the rail differ in the location of strain gauges and the specifics of processing the received signals. The shortage of these methods that the lateral force arising from the wheel/rail interaction determined when the wheel position over the strain gauges sections. Therefore, continuous registration of details in the wheel/rail contact is impossible. Multiple passes of the test rolling stock along the measuring section are required to receive the right results. In this article, a new method developed to continue recording the lateral forces of the wheel/rail interaction by measuring stresses in two sections of the rail on a significant part of the sleeper space. The railway track experiments approved this method’s ability to restore the lateral force of not more than 4% standard deviation along the measuring zone’s length and increased the volume of reliable statistical data obtained, improved the measurement accuracy, and reduced the time and cost.

Edmund Burke and the Ambivalence of Protection for Slaves: Between Humanity and Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 246-268
Author(s):  
Parvathi Menon
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Edmund Burke ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Slave Rebellion ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This article focuses on the period between 1812 and 1834, when the British Empire introduced protection measures to mitigate the suffering of slaves from planter brutality, but also to protect planters from slave rebellion. By examining the impact and influences wielded by Edmund Burke’s Sketch of a Negro Code (1780), this article studies protection as an alliance between the abolitionists and planters who, despite contestations, found in Burke’s Code a means to attain their separate ends. Through the workings of the Office of the Protector, instituted by the imperial authorities in the slave colony of Trinidad, this study examines how it granted slaves the humanity of ‘rights’ against their masters, while also protecting the right to property (in slaves) of the planters. I argue that the paternalistic practice of protection was, as is in the present, at the center of the exploitation of subjugated groups.

Step-exchange strategy for balance control of a walking biped under a lateral impact

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 456-464
Author(s):  
Yeoun-Jae Kim ◽  
Joon-Yong Lee ◽  
Ju-Jang Lee
Keyword(s):  
External Force ◽  
Balance Control ◽  
Biped Robot ◽  
Conservation Equation ◽  
Hill Climbing ◽  
Lateral Impact ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Double Support ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – This paper aims to present a step-exchange strategy for balance control of a walking biped robot when a lateral impact acts suddenly. A step-out strategy has been recently proposed for balance control when an unknown lateral force acts to a biped robot during walking. This step-out strategy causes a robot to absorb the impact kinetic energy and efficiently maintain balance without falling down. Nevertheless, it was found that the previous strategies have drawbacks that the two foots should always be on the ground (double-support mode) after being balanced and the authors think it is difficult to continue walking after being balanced. Unlike the existing balance strategies, the proposed step-exchange strategy is to not only maintain balance but also to lift one leg in the air (single-support mode) after being balanced so that it is easy for a biped robot to keep walking after being balanced. Design/methodology/approach – In the proposed step-exchange strategy, forward Newton–Euler equation, angular momentum and energy conservation equation were derived. Hill-climbing algorithm is utilized for numerically finding a solution. To verify the proposed strategy, a biped robot by Open Dynamics Engine was stimulated, and experiments with a real biped robot (LRH-1) were also conducted. Findings – The proposed step-exchange strategy enables a walking biped robot under a lateral impact to keep balance and to keep a single-support mode after exchanging a leg. It is helpful for a biped robot to continue walking without any stop. It is found that the proposed step-exchange strategy can be applicable for maintaining balance even if a biped robot is moving. Even though this proposal seems immature yet, it is the first attempt to exchange the supporting foot itself. This strategy is very straightforward and intuitive because humans are also likely to exchange their supporting foot onto the opposite side when an unexpected force is acting. Research limitations/implications – The proposed step-exchange strategy described in this paper can be applicable in the situation when the external force is applied in the +Y direction, the left leg is the swing leg and the right leg is the stance leg, or it can also be applicable in the situation when the external force is applied in −Y direction, the right leg is the swing leg and the left leg is the stance leg (Figure 2 for ±Y force direction). If an impact force acts to the side of the swing leg, the other step-exchange strategy is needed. The authors are studying this issue as a future work. Originality/value – The authors have originated the proposed step-exchange strategy for balance control of a walking biped robot under lateral impact. The strategy is genuine and superior in comparison with the state-of-the-art strategy because not only can a biped robot be balanced but it can also easily continue walking by using the step-exchange strategy.

Dynamic Load Augment From Steam Locomotives

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Fairbanks ◽  
Harold Weisinger ◽  
Steven Zuiderveen ◽  
Anand Prabhakaran ◽  
Tanner Buel
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Lateral Loads ◽  
Railroad Track ◽  
Wheel Load ◽  
Railroad Bridges ◽  
Suspension Dynamics ◽  
Design Values ◽  
Railway Engineering ◽  
Truss Bridge ◽  
The Impact

Railroad bridges experience dynamic wheel load augment from rolling stock that cross the bridges, due to nominal bridge and suspension dynamics, as well as anomalies such as wheel flats. The level of dynamic augment is particularly high for steam locomotives due to the hammer blow effect associated with the driven wheels. Tests conducted in the early-mid 20th century had quantified some of these effects, and the resulting findings have been part of the impact formulae presented in the AREMA Railway Engineering Manual. However, there was concern that the impact associated with some of the non-cross counter-balanced, lighter, older locomotives, could be higher than specified by AREMA formulae. This paper describes the methodology and results from a series of tests that evaluated the levels of dynamic augment experienced by railroad track and an exemplar bridge under a set of narrow gauge steam locomotives, and compares the measurements to the design values specified in the AREMA Manual. Vertical and lateral loads on railroad track, and strain levels on multiple critical bridge members were measured under three different classes of light, narrow gauge steam locomotives, over a range of operating speeds and conditions. The tests were conducted on a 120 ft span, through truss bridge, and adjacent track on a tourist railroad. Dynamic augment values measured during the tests were generally lower than the values expected from AREMA formulae. Similarly, the peak lateral loads measured appear to be nominal and lower than the AREMA prescribed values. However, it should be kept in mind that these results are from tests conducted with three relatively light, narrow gauge locomotives, on specific bridge and track, whereas, the AREMA formulae are intended to cover a wider range of conditions. These tests tend to show that the legacy standards are conservative and are applicable to calculating regulatory required bridge loads where steam locomotives are concerned.

scholarly journals Railway Track Stress–Strain Analysis Using High-Precision Accelerometers

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 11908
Author(s):  
Alexandr Avsievich ◽  
Vladimir Avsievich ◽  
Nikita Avsievich ◽  
Dmitry Ovchinnikov ◽  
Anton Ivaschenko
Keyword(s):  
High Precision ◽  
Strain Analysis ◽  
Railway Track ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Track Line

We propose a new approach for railway path diagnostics on the basis of track line stress–strain analysis using the data provided by high-precision accelerometers. This type of sensor provides sufficient accuracy with lower costs, and enables the development of a railway digital twin, according to the concept of the Internet of Things. The installation of sensors on a railway track along its entire length allows real-time monitoring of the states of the technical parameters of the railway track, and using mathematical methods to evaluate its wear on the basis of constantly received data. This paper presents an original 3D model of a railway track line and the results of its analysis using a finite element method. To test the model, we performed an analysis of the normal stresses and deformations in the elements of a railway track by simulating the impact of rolling stock on a section of a railway track with intermediate rail fastenings, ZhBR-65SH. The research results were probated and tested at the testing ground of the Kuibyshev branch of Russian Railways, the Samara track. The proposed approach makes it possible to determine the load of the track, and knowing the movement of the rail, to calculate the structural stress in the elements of the railway track, to constantly monitor the parameters of the slope and rail subsidence.

scholarly journals A novel epidemic model to analyze and control the chaotic behavior of COVID-19 outbreak.

2021 ◽  
Vol 13(62) (2) ◽  
pp. 479-508
Author(s):  
Renu Chugh ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Sudesh Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Epidemic Model ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Chaotic Behavior ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Good Agreement

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been spread all over the world. There are more than 43.14 million COVID-19 confirmed cases and over 1.15 million deaths reported worldwide till October 26, 2020. As the proper treatment/vaccine is not available, most of the countries are relying on various preventive measures to check the spread of epidemic. The aim of this article is to analyze the impact of corona preventive measures on the spread of COVID-19 by employing a novel epidemic model. Moreover, time series and bifurcation analysis techniques have been used to estimate this impact. To prove the validity of our model, we apply our model on highly affected countries such as China, Italy, USA, UK and India. Our findings might be very useful tool for decision holders and policy makers to take the right decisions in a timely way to control the outbreak of COVID-19, knowing the uncertainties about the coronovirus disease. We show a good agreement between the reported data and the estimations given by our model.

scholarly journals STUDY OF TRANSPORTATION PROCESS AS A FACTOR OF RAILWAY TRACK OPERATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
М. А. АРБУЗОВ ◽  
Є. В. АРБУЗОВА
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Force ◽  
Railway Track ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Rail Head ◽  
Rolling Surface ◽  
Transportation Process ◽  
Longitudinal Slope ◽  
Technical Systems ◽  
Regional Branch

Abstract. The transportation process depends on the state of the technical systems involved. Technical systems depend on the organization of the transportation process. The paper considers the influence of operational parameters on the condition of the railway track. To study this problem, the most difficult section of the Slavsko-Lavochne-Beskid-Volovets track was chosen at the Lviv Railway regional branch. The influence of the missed tonnage, radius of the curve, longitudinal slope, speed and increase of the outer rail on the lateral wear of the rail head was investigated. It is established that all factors are influential. But the most influential - the longitudinal slope, in second place - speed, in third place - the radius of the curve. The effect of the slope on the rise was greater than the effect of the slope on the descent 3.3 times. A multiparametric mathematical law is established, which reflects the process of lateral wear of the rail head depending on the operational factors. This function allows you to predict the amount of lateral wear of the rail. Significant deviation of actual wear from the calculated, called excessive wear. From the analysis of data of the regional branch "Lviv Railway" it follows that 40% of the curved sections of the track with excessive wear are located on the section Slavsko-Lavochne-Beskid-Volovets. During the Lavochne-Beskid 1629 km pk9 race on the odd track, the test section of the track was equipped with strain gauges and prognometers, which were installed in the places of the smallest and largest lateral wear. There was an increase of 34% in lateral force in the cars in front of the pusher locomotive. No exceedance was detected. Observations at the Lavochne-Beskid race showed that the rolling stock was moving at a speed of 35 km/h. Thus, the established speed of movement of freight trains makes 60 km / h and during calculations is accepted as the minimum freight. That is, there is an under-realization of speed. Calculations show that this reduces the service life of the rails by 38%. Metal ingots in the shape of a wheel crest and a rolling surface were also found in the track. These ingots, formed from scales and drops of metal, are formed as a result of excessive braking in the pass sections, which is a consequence of the heavy weight of the train and steep descents. The paper develops recommendations for the transportation process in areas of complex plan and profile.

Transformation Through Tenure? The Early Purchasers of Council Houses 1968–1973

1991 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Forrest ◽  
Alan Murie
Keyword(s):  
Research Evidence ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Short Term ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
Right To Buy

ABSTRACTThe sale of council dwellings under the right to buy has been a prominent feature of the privatisation policies of the Thatcher governments. The impact of such changes in the ownership and control of dwellings remains a subject of considerable debate. Whilst there is now substantial evidence on the short term effects of council house sales, the longer term impacts on dwellings and households have largely been a matter for speculation. This paper explores some of the central policy and theoretical issues through new research evidence on dwellings sold by local authorities in the late sixties and early seventies. In particular it focuses on what has happened to households and dwellings since privatisation, the political orientation of those households and on attitudes towards and experiences of state provision. In general it presents a picture of continuity and stability rather than dramatic change and transformation following privatisation.

scholarly journals Image processing of transport objects using neural networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 03036
Author(s):  
Daniil Loktev ◽  
Olga Lokteva
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Image Processing ◽  
Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Back Propagation ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Railway Track ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
And Control

The paper is devoted to the development of an automated system model for monitoring and control of transport objects, based on the processing of images obtained using photo or video detectors, which can be installed on a fixed base near the transport highway for monitoring traffic flows and individual vehicles, and on rolling stock for monitoring transport infrastructure facilities. Image processing occurs by determining the function of blurring the image of an object, algorithms for extracting an image of an object using cascading classifiers and characteristic points, depending on the behavior of the object itself, as well as using a convolutional neural network. Machine learning of the convolutional neural network occurs when using the back propagation method of error. A neural network allows detecting objects of certain classes in the image, determining the parameters of their state and behavior. The proposed model with a movable hardware, which is responsible for obtaining the primary image, was tested on a section of the railway track to identify deviations of the state of the superstructure from the content standards, and a system with stationary photodetectors was tested to determine the parameters of moving vehicles. The obtained results of processing experimental data allowed drawing qualitative conclusions about the possibility of using the proposed algorithms and schemes for monitoring and control of various transport objects.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Cost Evaluation of Noise Control Methods at Urban Railway Turnouts

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Tavares De Freitas ◽  
Sakdirat Kaewunruen
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Analysis ◽  
Cost Evaluation ◽  
Railway Track ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Noise And Vibration ◽  
Impact Noise ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mitigation Methods ◽  
The Impact

The railway industry focus in the past years was to research, find and develop methods to mitigate noise and vibration resulted from wheel/rail contact along track infrastructure. This resulted in a wide range of abatement measures that are available for the professionals of the industry today. However, although there are many options in the market, their practical implementations depend upon general constraints that affect most technological application in the engineering world. The progression of these technologies have facilitated the selection of more adequate methods for each best case scenario, but further studies are ought to be made to proper assess if each one is fit for their purpose. Every method implementation must be analyzed through budget and timeframe limitations, which includes building, maintenance and inspection costs and time allocation, while also aiming to meet different benefits, such as environmental impact control and wear of the whole infrastructure. There are several situations and facilities in a railway project design that need noise and vibration mitigation methods and each design allocates different priorities for each one of them. Traditionally the disturbance caused by railways to the community are generated by wheel/rail contact sound radiation that expresses in different ways, depending on the movement of the rolling stock and track alignment, such as rolling noise, impact noise and curve noise. More specifically, in special trackworks such as turnouts, the main area of this study, there are two noises types that must be evaluated: impact noise and screeching noise. With respect to the second, it is similar to curve squeals and, being such, its mitigation methods are to be assigned as if it was to abate curve squeal in turnouts and crossings. The impact noise on the other hand, emerges from the sound made by the rolling stock moving through joints and discontinuities (i.e. gaps) that composes these special components of a railway track. A life cycle analysis is therefore substantial for this reality and in this case will be applied to Squeal and Impact Noise on Special Trackwork. The evaluation is based on a valid literature review and the total costs were assumed by industry reports to maintain coherency. The period for a life cycle analysis is usually of 50 years, hence it was the value assumed. As for the general parameters, an area with high density of people was considered to estimate the values for a community with very strict limits for noise and vibration.

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