Non-Contact, Continuous, Synchronized, Cosine Error-Free Thickness Profile Measurement by Surface Metrology Tool Path Planning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangyu Guo ◽  
Chabum Lee
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Tool Path ◽  
Surface Metrology ◽  
Profile Measurement ◽  
Thin Wall ◽  
Thickness Profile ◽  
Thin Walls ◽  
Displacement Sensors ◽  
Surface Profiles ◽  
Rotational Direction

Abstract This paper represents the development of a synchronous thickness profile measurement system that measures double-sided thin pipe wall surfaces in a non-contact, continuous, cosine error-free and fast manner (NCCCE-Fast double-side thickness profiles measurement). A pair of capacitive type sensors (CS) placed on the rotary and linear axes scan the inner and outer surfaces of the thin wall. Surface metrology tool path is developed to align the displacement sensors always normal to the double-sided surfaces simultaneously. Because the rotary axis’s rotational error can badly affect thin wall thickness profile measurement accuracy, such error is initially characterized by a reversal method and was compensated for along the rotational direction while measuring the sample. Two measurement target samples (round/oval metal pipe-type thin walls) are prepared. Not only inner/outer surface profiles but also thin wall thickness profiles are obtained. Based on the output data, the circularity and ovality can be calculated, and those results are compared with those obtained by a contact type micrometer at every 6 degrees interval. As a result, the developed thin wall thickness profilometer can provide high precision results, continuous and fast thickness profile scanning and data are acquired for visualization.

scholarly journals Cosine Error-Free Metrology Tool Path Planning for Thickness Profile Measurements

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangyu Guo ◽  
ChaBum Lee
Keyword(s):  
Path Planning ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Tool Path ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Profile Measurement ◽  
Thin Wall ◽  
Tool Path Planning ◽  
Thickness Profile ◽  
Thin Walls ◽  
Displacement Sensors

Abstract This paper presents a novel thickness profile measuring system that measures double-sided thin pipe wall surfaces in a non-contact, continuous, cosine error-free, and fast manner. The surface metrology tool path was developed to align the displacement sensors always normal to the double-sided surfaces to remove cosine error. A pair of capacitive-type sensors that were placed on the rotary and linear axes simultaneously scans the inner and outer surfaces of thin walls. Because the rotational error of the rotary axis can severely affect the accuracy in thickness profile measurement, such error was initially characterized by a reversal method. It was compensated for along the rotational direction while measuring the measurement target. Two measurement targets (circular and elliptical metal pipe-type thin walls) were prepared to validate the developed measurement method and system. Not only inner and outer surface profiles but also thin-wall thickness profiles were measured simultaneously. Based on the output data, the circularity and wall thickness variation were calculated. The thickness profile results showed a good agreement with those obtained by a contact-type micrometer (1-µm resolution) at every 6-deg interval. The uncertainty budget for this measuring system with metrology tool path planning was estimated at approximately 1.4 µm.

scholarly journals Ce-Bearing FeSi Alloy Inoculation of Electrically Melted, Low Sulphur Grey Cast Irons for Thin Wall Castings

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1122
Author(s):  
Irina Varvara Balkan ◽  
Iulian Riposan
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Cooling Curve ◽  
Thin Wall ◽  
Cast Irons ◽  
Iron Castings ◽  
Grey Cast ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Thermal Cooling ◽  
Fesi Alloy

Electrically melted and over-heated (>1500 °C) grey cast iron at less than 0.04%S, as commonly used, solidifies large amounts of carbides and/or undercooled graphite, especially in thin wall castings; this is necessary to achieve a stronger inoculation. The efficiency of Ce-bearing FeSi alloy is tested for lower ladle addition rates (0.15 and 0.25 wt.%), compared to the base and conventional inoculated iron (Ba,Ca-bearing FeSi alloy). The present work explores chill and associated structures in hypoeutectic grey iron (3.6–3.8%CE, 0.02%S, (%Mn) × (%S) = 0.013–0.016, Alres < 0.002%), in wedge castings W1, W2 and W3 (ASTM A 367, furan resin sand mould), at a lower cooling modulus (1.1–3.5 mm) that is typically used to control the quality of thin wall iron castings. Relatively clear and total chill well correlated with the standard thermal (cooling curve) analysis parameters and structural characteristics in wedge castings, at different wall thickness, displayed as the carbides/graphite ratio and presence of undercooled graphite morphologies. The difference in effects of the two inoculants addition is seen as the ability to decrease the amount of carbides and undercooled graphite, with Ce-bearing FeSi alloy outperforming the conventional inoculant, especially as the wall thickness decreased. It appears that Ce-bearing FeSi alloy could be a solution for low sulphur, electric melt, thin wall iron castings production.

Extending FMC Based Ultrasonic Imaging Practices to Smaller Wall Thickness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Pörtzgen ◽  
Ola Bachke Solem
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Ultrasonic Inspection ◽  
Ultrasonic Imaging ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Front Wall ◽  
Thin Wall ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Girth Welds

Abstract During the construction of pipelines for the transportation of oil and gas, the inspection of girth welds is a critical step to ensure the integrity and thereby the safety and durability of the pipeline. In this paper we present an advanced technology ‘IWEX’ for the non-destructive testing of welds based on 2D and 3D ultrasonic imaging. This technology allows for safe, fast, and accurate inspection whereby the results are presented comprehensively. This will be illustrated with results from a recent project. The IWEX technology is based on an ultrasonic inspection concept, whereby ‘fingerprints’ of ultrasonic signals are recorded, also referred to as ‘full matrix capture’ (FMC) data. Then, an image area is defined, consisting out of pixels over an area large enough to cover the inspection volume. With the FMC data, image amplitudes are calculated for each pixel so that the shape of geometry (back wall, front wall, cap, and root) and possible indications are revealed. As opposed to traditional ultrasonic testing strategies, the detection and sizing of indications is therefore less dependent on its orientation. The project concerned the inspection of J and V welds from a 5.56″ diameter carbon steel pipe with an 8.4mm wall thickness. The wall thickness is relatively thin compared to common inspection scopes. Therefore, the inspection set-up was adapted, and procedural changes were proposed. Consequently, additional validation efforts were required to demonstrate compliance with the required inspection standard; DNVGL-ST-F101: 2017. As part of this, welds were scanned with seeded indications and the reported locations were marked for macro slicing under witnessing of an independent representative from DNVGL. The resulting images from the indications in the welds showed great detail with respect to the position, orientation and height of the indications. A quantitative comparison with the results from the macro slices was performed, including a statistical analysis of the height sizing and depth positioning accuracies. From the analysis, it could be observed that the expected improvements with respect to the resolution and sizing accuracy were indeed achieved. Thereby, the procedure has proven to be adequate for the inspection of carbon steel girth welds within the thin wall thickness range (~6mm to ~15mm). The IWEX technology is a member of the upcoming inspection strategy based on imaging of ultrasonic FMC data. This strategy can be considered as the next step in the evolution of inspection strategies after phased array inspection. The IWEX technology has been witnessed and qualified by independent 3rd parties like DNVGL, this makes the IWEX technology unique in its kind and it opens opportunities for further acceptance in the industry and other inspection applications.

scholarly journals Fabrication of nanoceramic hin-wall tubes by magnetic pulsed compaction and thermal sintering

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.V. Ivanov ◽  
S.Y. Ivin ◽  
V.R. Khrustov ◽  
Y.A. Kotov ◽  
A.M. Murzakaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Thin Wall ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Mean Grain Size ◽  
Electrolytic Properties ◽  
Thermal Sintering

Gasproof thin-wall tubes of fine-grained ceramics based on zirconia and gadolinia have been produced by magnetic pulsed compaction and thermal sintering. Data on their structures and electric characteristics are presented. The tubes with a diameter of ~ 15 mm, wall thickness of ~ 0.7 mm, and length up to 80 mm are characterized by an uniform porous-free structure with a mean grain size in the range of 100 - 300 nm. The obtained ceramics possess high electrolytic properties.

Generalized Two-Point Method for Straightness Profile Measurement - Error Propagation and Experimental Results

2014 ◽  
Vol 939 ◽  
pp. 600-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiki Okuyama ◽  
Shingo Asano ◽  
Yuichi Suzuki ◽  
Hiromi Ishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Random Error ◽  
Error Propagation ◽  
Point Method ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Displacement Sensor ◽  
Profile Measurement ◽  
Parasitic Motion ◽  
Displacement Sensors ◽  
Straightness Error ◽  
Error Motion

In the straightness profile measurement of a mechanical workpiece, hardware datums have been the traditional standard. However, when the straightness profile is measured using a scanning displacement sensor set on an X-stage as the hardware datums, output of a displacement sensor includes the signal of straightness profile and the sensor’s parasitic motion, i.e. straightness error motion. Then, error separation techniques of the straightness profile from parasitic motions have been developed. For example, two-point method uses two displacement sensors and separates the sensor’s straightness error motion from the straightness profile. However, the conventional two-point method cannot measure a large-scale workpiece because the large sampling number causes random error amplification. In this article, the influence of the random error of generalized two-point method is shown. As the result of the theoretical analysis and numerical analysis, random error propagation decrease when sampling number increase. Further, experimental results obtained by generalized two-point method with large sampling number are analyzed using Wavelet transform and influence of error of the generalized two-point method is discussed in the space-spatial frequency domain.

Thin-film thickness profile measurement using wavelet transform in wavelength-scanning interferometry

2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Min Hwang ◽  
Sung-Won Yoon ◽  
Jung-Hwan Kim ◽  
Souk Kim ◽  
Heui-Jae Pahk
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Wavelet Transform ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Profile Measurement ◽  
Thin Film Thickness ◽  
Thickness Profile ◽  
Wavelength Scanning

scholarly journals A Slope-Adapted Sample-Tilting Method for Profile Measurement of Microstructures with Steep Surfaces

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Fang ◽  
Bin Xu ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Hairong Tang ◽  
Shiping Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Profile Measurement ◽  
Scanning Method ◽  
Relative Angle ◽  
Profile Deviation ◽  
Surface Profiles

This paper presents a slope-adapted sample-tilting method for the profile measurement of microstructures with steep surfaces. Distinct from the traditional scanning method that has the restriction of a maximum detectable angle, this method corrects the sample-stylus relative angle during the measurement of the steep surface to eliminate the profile deviation and the scanning blind region. The performance of the proposed method was verified by simulations that measured the surface profiles of a trapezoidal microstructure and a spherical microstructure, finding maximum errors of 0.15 μm and 1.71 μm, respectively, compared to 3.63 μm and 7.85 μm using the traditional scanning method. The proposed method enables accurate profile measurement and quality control of microstructures with steep surfaces.

Enhanced Catalytic Activity of Carbon Nanotubes for the Oxidation of Cyclohexane by Filling with Fe, Ni, and FeNi alloy Nanowires

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xixian Yang ◽  
Yuhang Li ◽  
Hao Yu ◽  
Xuchun Gui ◽  
Hongjuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Density Functional Theory Calculations ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
General Strategy ◽  
Thin Walls ◽  
Alloy Nanowires ◽  
Relationship Of

Fe-, Ni-, and alloyed FeNi-filled carbon nanotubes (Fe@CNT, Ni@CNT, and FeNi@CNT) were prepared by a general strategy using a mixture of xylene and dichlorobenzene as carbon source, and ferrocene, nickelocene, and their mixture as catalysts. By tailoring the composition of the carbon precursor, the filling ratio and the wall thickness of metal@CNT could be controlled. For the catalytic oxidation of cyclohexane in liquid phase with molecular oxygen as oxidant, the highest activity was obtained over Fe@CNT synthesized from pure dichlorobenzene. However, Ni filling did not improve the activity of CNTs. The effects of metal filling, wall thickness, and defects on catalytic activity were investigated to determine the structure–activity relationship of the filled CNTs. The enhanced catalytic performance can be attributed to a combined contribution of thin walls of CNTs and confined electron-donating metals, which are favourable to electron transfer on the surfaces of CNTs. The modification of the electronic structure of CNTs upon Fe and Ni fillers insertion was elucidated through density functional theory calculations.

Flexibility Factors and Stress Indices for Piping Components With D/T ≧ 100 Subjected to In-Plane or Out-of-Plane Moment

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Fujimoto ◽  
T. Soh
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Thin Wall ◽  
Finite Element Analyses ◽  
Empirical Formulas ◽  
Stress Evaluation ◽  
Stress Indices ◽  
Piping Systems ◽  
Out Of Plane

The finite element analyses are carried out for the several piping components (D/T ≧ 100) subjected to in-plane or out-of-plane moment. For the stress evaluation of the chemical plant piping systems, ANSI B31.3 is usually applied. But the stress intensification factors and flexibility factors in this code are mainly for a heavy-wall-thickness pipe, so it is necessary to reconsider these factors for a thin-wall-thickness pipe with a large diameter. In our study, several finite element analyses using MSC/NASTRAN program were performed on the pipe bends (elbow or miter bend, 0.01 ≦ h ≦ 0.2) and the unreinforced fabricated tees (50 ≦ D/Tr ≦ 300, 0.5 ≦ d/D ≦ 0.95, 0.25 ≦ Tb/Tr ≦ 0.95), and the empirical formulas for the flexibility factors and the stress indices, due to out-of-plane or in-plane moment, were proposed. Experimental stress analyses for the piping components with D/Tr = 127 were also carried out, and it was confirmed that the results agreed well with the numerical ones.

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