Towards Environmental Risk Acceptance Criteria

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre C. Sames ◽  
Rainer Hamann
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Maritime Industry ◽  
Formal Safety Assessment ◽  
Societal Risk ◽  
Risk Acceptance

Risk evaluation criteria related to safety of human life have been available in the maritime industry for some time. However, only recently these criteria became formally accepted by including the CAF and ALARP-boundaries into the Formal Safety Assessment guidelines of the IMO. Risk evaluation criteria related to the protection of the environment are not yet agreed. A proposal for a cost effectiveness criterion related to accidental oil spills called CATS was suggested by the project SAFEDOR. However, a societal risk acceptance of environmental damages from shipping is not yet proposed. And, to effectively apply a cost-effectiveness criterion related to environmental protection, societal risk acceptance and the associated ALARP area need to be defined. To contribute to the ongoing discussion on environmental risk evaluation criteria, this paper presents a societal risk acceptance criterion related to oil spills of tankers which can be used within risk-based ship design and approval as well as for rule-making. The presented work adds to SAFEDOR’s contribution to risk evaluation criteria for the maritime transport in providing an ALARP area for risk assessment of oil transport by tankers. The paper first presents the current state of oil transportation by tankers and continues with providing suggestions how the ALARP boundaries may be derived in this context.

An Application of FSA Methodology to the Safety of Bulk Chemical Tankers

2011 ◽  
Vol 219-220 ◽  
pp. 937-940
Author(s):  
Bin Yu ◽  
Yong Xing Jin ◽  
Bin Zheng ◽  
Xiao Dong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Maritime Industry ◽  
Acceptance Criterion ◽  
Formal Safety Assessment ◽  
Societal Risk ◽  
Bulk Chemical ◽  
Risk Acceptance

Based on detailed analysis of the risk of bulk chemical tanker transportation, a societal risk acceptance criterion is established. The criterion takes advantage of formal safety assessment (FSA) methodology, which is widely used to analyze risk in maritime industry. In the end of this paper, the negligible range, the ALARP range and the intolerable range of bulk chemical tanker in China are estimated in the criterion.

scholarly journals Environmental risk evaluation criteria

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harilaos N. Psaraftis
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Criteria

scholarly journals Methodology for identification, analysis and evaluation of risks in the maritime industry. Study case: Container Maritime Transport

2020 ◽  
Vol XXIII (2) ◽  
pp. 118-134
Author(s):  
Florin Nicolae
Keyword(s):  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Generic Model ◽  
Maritime Industry ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Industry Study ◽  
Formal Safety Assessment ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Study Case ◽  
Identification Analysis

The paper proposes a methodology for identifying, analyzing, and evaluating risks for the maritime industry, presented systematically. In the research, the methodology we applied to container ship, for a generic model of the fully cellular containership type and three modes of operation. The conceptual framework of the research was organized into three stages, which are detailed in the paper. Risk analysis and evaluation took into account the provisions of the IMO (Revised Guidelines for Formal Safety Assessment - FSA for use in the IMO rulemaking process). The major / priority risk factors were grouped into 12 risk scenarios, and the consequences of their materialization were related to 4 types of risk (the risk for human life, risk for the environment, risk for cargo, risk for the ship. The authors consider that the proposed research can be used by adapting it to identify, analyze, and evaluate the risks for the other types of ships.

Application of Formal Safety Assessment to Navigational Risk Evaluation of Yangtze River

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Zhang ◽  
Xinping Yan ◽  
Zaili Yang ◽  
Jin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
National Development ◽  
Evaluation Methodology ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Formal Safety Assessment ◽  
The World ◽  
Made In

Formal safety assessment (FSA), as a structured and systematic risk evaluation methodology, has been gradually and broadly used in the shipping industry nowadays around the world. Concerns have been raised to navigational safety of Yangtze River, known as China’s largest and the world busiest inland waterway. With the national development of the Middle and Western parts of China, the throughput and the passing ships in Yangtze River have been rapidly increasing during the past few decades. Meanwhile, accidents such as collisions, groundings, overturns, oil-spills and fires occur repeatedly, causing serious consequences. In view of this, attempts made in this paper are to evaluate the navigational risk of Yangtze River using the FSA concept and a Bayesian Network (BN) technique, so as to enhance the navigational safety in Yangtze River.

Challenges and Developments in Navigational Risk Assessment With Large Uncertainty

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinping Yan ◽  
Jinfen Zhang ◽  
Di Zhang ◽  
Carlos Guedes Soares
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Rule Base ◽  
Event Tree ◽  
Event Tree Analysis ◽  
General Application ◽  
The Past ◽  
Formal Safety Assessment ◽  
Belief Rule Base

Concerns have been raised to navigational safety worldwide because of the increasing throughput and the passing ships during the past decades while maritime accidents such as collisions, groundings, overturns, oil-spills and fires have occurred, causing serious consequences. Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) has been acknowledged to be a framework widely used in maritime risk assessment. Under this framework, this paper discusses certain existing challenges when an effective safety assessment is carried out under a variety of uncertainties. Some theories and methodologies are proposed to overcome the present challenges, e.g., Fault/Event Tree Analysis (FTA/ETA), Evidential Reasoning (ER), Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) and Belief Rule Base (BRB). Subsequently, three typical case studies that have been carried out in the Yangtze River are introduced to illustrate the general application of those approaches. These examples aim to demonstrate how advanced methodologies can facilitate navigational risk assessment under high uncertainties.

scholarly journals Quantitative environmental risk assessments in the context of marine spatial management: current approaches and some perspectives

2014 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 1022-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Stelzenmüller ◽  
H. O. Fock ◽  
A. Gimpel ◽  
H. Rambo ◽  
R. Diekmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Bayesian Belief Network ◽  
Risk Identification ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Belief Network ◽  
Spatial Management

Abstract Marine spatial planning (MSP) requires spatially explicit environmental risk assessment (ERA) frameworks with quantitative or probabilistic measures of risk, enabling an evaluation of spatial management scenarios. ERAs comprise the steps of risk identification, risk analysis, and risk evaluation. A review of ERAs in in the context of spatial management revealed a synonymous use of the concepts of risk, vulnerability and impact, a need to account for uncertainty and a lack of a clear link between risk analysis and risk evaluation. In a case study, we addressed some of the identified gaps and predicted the risk of changing the current state of benthic disturbance by bottom trawling due to future MSP measures in the German EEZ of the North Sea. We used a quantitative, dynamic, and spatially explicit approach where we combined a Bayesian belief network with GIS to showcase the steps of risk characterization, risk analysis, and risk evaluation. We distinguished 10 benthic communities and 6 international fishing fleets. The risk analysis produced spatially explicit estimates of benthic disturbance, which was computed as a ratio between relative local mortality by benthic trawling and the recovery potential after a trawl event. Results showed great differences in spatial patterns of benthic disturbance when accounting for different environmental impacts of the respective fleets. To illustrate a risk evaluation process, we simulated a spatial shift of the international effort of two beam trawl fleets, which are affected the most by future offshore wind development. The Bayesian belief network (BN) model was able to predict the proportion of the area where benthic disturbance likely increases. In conclusion, MSP processes should embed ERA frameworks which allow for the integration of multiple risk assessments and the quantification of related risks as well as uncertainties at a common spatial scale.

A Base Study to Investigate MASH Conservativeness of Occupant Risk Evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Schulz ◽  
Chiara Silvestri Dobrovolny ◽  
Stefan Hurlebaus ◽  
Harika Reddy Prodduturu ◽  
Dusty R. Arrington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Oblique Impact ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Crash Test ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Vehicle Interior ◽  
Space Model ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The manual for assessing safety hardware (MASH) defines crash tests to assess the impact performance of highway safety features in frontal and oblique impact events. Within MASH, the risk of injury to the occupant is assessed based on a “flail-space” model that estimates the average deceleration that an unrestrained occupant would experience when contacting the vehicle interior in a MASH crash test and uses the parameter as a surrogate for injury risk. MASH occupant risk criteria, however, are considered conservative in their nature, due to the fact that they are based on unrestrained occupant accelerations. Therefore, there is potential for increasing the maximum limits dictated in MASH for occupant risk evaluation. A frontal full-scale vehicle impact was performed with inclusion of an instrumented anthropomorphic test device (ATD). The scope of this study was to investigate the performance of the flail space model (FSM) in a full-scale crash test compared to the instrumented ATD recorded forces which can more accurately predict the occupant response during a collision event. Additionally, a finite element (FE) model was developed and calibrated against the full-scale crash test. The calibrated model can be used to perform parametric simulations with different testing conditions. Results obtained through this research will be considered for better correlation between vehicle accelerations and occupant injury. This becomes extremely important for designing and evaluating barrier systems that must fit within geometrical site constraints, which do not provide adequate length to redirect test vehicles according to MASH conservative evaluation criteria.

Life and Death

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry M. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Population Control ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
The Cost

A “systems study of mankind” should incorporate analyses of the cost/effectiveness of life and human factors analyses of death. Various methods have been adopted for placing a dollar value on human life. Human factors studies can attempt to prevent loss of life in vehicular accidents, incorporate the number of lives saved as a criterion of the benefits of improvements in defense systems, examine the nature of behavior governed by deterrence, and investigate some of the complexities of population control. Systematic investigation might also be conducted into the parameters of death. An ecological projection suggests that a nuclear war may occur to counteract the disequilibrium of nature resulting from technology, including the population explosion.

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