Modelling Techniques for Underwater Noise Generated by Tidal Turbines in Shallow Waters

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Lloyd ◽  
Stephen R. Turnock ◽  
Victor F. Humphrey
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Data ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Underwater Noise ◽  
Noise Sources ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Tidal Turbines ◽  
Inflow Turbulence ◽  
Modelling Techniques ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Device Noise

The modelling of underwater noise sources and their potential impact on the marine environment is considered, focusing on tidal turbines in shallow water. The requirement for device noise prediction as part of environmental impact assessment is outlined and the limited amount of measurement data and modelling research identified. Following the identification of potential noise sources, the dominant flow-generated sources are modelled using empirical techniques. The predicted sound pressure level due to inflow turbulence for a typical turbine is estimated to give third-octave-bandwidth pressure levels of 119 dB re 1 μPa at 20 metres from the turbine at individual frequencies. This preliminary estimate reveals that this noise source alone is not expected to cause permanent or temporary threshold shift in the marine animals studied.

scholarly journals New considerations regarding underwater noise in Black Sea

2018 ◽  
Vol XIX (1) ◽  
pp. 381-392
Author(s):  
Pricop M
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Coherence Function ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Underwater Noise ◽  
Noise Sources ◽  
Acoustic Signature

The development and standardization of measurement techniques for underwater noise sources are important to both military and civil fields regarding the reduction of sound emitted by commercial and military ships. This paper presents new analysis of the acoustic signature of a small vessel during a voyage in the Black Sea. The measurements were made when the ship was moored in shallow waters. The measuring system had 3 hydrophones that were positioned at different depths. Using the coherence function, it was determined the correlation between the recordings. The results were analysed to determine the acoustic signature of the ship. Thermal variations of sea water and effects of sound reflection from the bottom of the sea were taken into account. Conclusions have been made regarding the utility of this type of analysis and the levels of underwater noise in the shallow waters of the Black Sea.

scholarly journals Tracking Underwater Noise Sources with the Use of a Passive Method

2013 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 1090-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Gloza ◽  
K. Buszman ◽  
R. Józwiak
Keyword(s):  
Underwater Noise ◽  
Noise Sources ◽  
Passive Method

scholarly journals Passive acoustic methods for tracking the 3D movements of small cetaceans around marine structures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Gillespie ◽  
Laura Palmer ◽  
Jamie Macaulay ◽  
Carol Sparling ◽  
Gordon Hastie
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tidal Energy ◽  
Time Of Arrival ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Tidal Turbines ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tidal Turbine ◽  
Passive Acoustic

AbstractA wide range of anthropogenic structures exist in the marine environment with the extent of these set to increase as the global offshore renewable energy industry grows. Many of these pose acute risks to marine wildlife; for example, tidal energy generators have the potential to injure or kill seals and small cetaceans through collisions with moving turbine parts. Information on fine scale behaviour of animals close to operational turbines is required to understand the likely impact of these new technologies. There are inherent challenges associated with measuring the underwater movements of marine animals which have, so far, limited data collection. Here, we describe the development and application of a system for monitoring the three-dimensional movements of cetaceans in the immediate vicinity of a subsea structure. The system comprises twelve hydrophones and software for the detection and localisation of vocal marine mammals. We present data demonstrating the systems practical performance during a deployment on an operational tidal turbine between October 2017 and October 2019. Three-dimensional locations of cetaceans were derived from the passive acoustic data using time of arrival differences on each hydrophone. Localisation accuracy was assessed with an artificial sound source at known locations and a refined method of error estimation is presented. Calibration trials show that the system can accurately localise sounds to 2m accuracy within 20m of the turbine but that localisations become highly inaccurate at distances greater than 35m. The system is currently being used to provide data on rates of encounters between cetaceans and the turbine and to provide high resolution tracking data for animals close to the turbine. These data can be used to inform stakeholders and regulators on the likely impact of tidal turbines on cetaceans.

scholarly journals Potential Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development—The State of the Science

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 879
Author(s):  
Andrea E. Copping ◽  
Lenaïg G. Hemery ◽  
Dorian M. Overhus ◽  
Lysel Garavelli ◽  
Mikaela C. Freeman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Underwater Noise ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Mooring Lines ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Marine Renewable Energy

Marine renewable energy (MRE) harnesses energy from the ocean and provides a low-carbon sustainable energy source for national grids and remote uses. The international MRE industry is in the early stages of development, focused largely on tidal and riverine turbines, and wave energy converters (WECs), to harness energy from tides, rivers, and waves, respectively. Although MRE supports climate change mitigation, there are concerns that MRE devices and systems could affect portions of the marine and river environments. The greatest concern for tidal and river turbines is the potential for animals to be injured or killed by collision with rotating blades. Other risks associated with MRE device operation include the potential for turbines and WECs to cause disruption from underwater noise emissions, generation of electromagnetic fields, changes in benthic and pelagic habitats, changes in oceanographic processes, and entanglement of large marine animals. The accumulated knowledge of interactions of MRE devices with animals and habitats to date is summarized here, along with a discussion of preferred management methods for encouraging MRE development in an environmentally responsible manner. As there are few devices in the water, understanding is gained largely from examining one to three MRE devices. This information indicates that there will be no significant effects on marine animals and habitats due to underwater noise from MRE devices or emissions of electromagnetic fields from cables, nor changes in benthic and pelagic habitats, or oceanographic systems. Ongoing research to understand potential collision risk of animals with turbine blades still shows significant uncertainty. There has been no significant field research undertaken on entanglement of large animals with mooring lines and cables associated with MRE devices.

scholarly journals A Review of Modeling Approaches for Understanding and Monitoring the Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Kate E. Buenau ◽  
Lysel Garavelli ◽  
Lenaïg G. Hemery ◽  
Gabriel García Medina
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Ocean Current ◽  
Receptor Interaction ◽  
Underwater Noise ◽  
Collision Risk ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Species Response ◽  
Monitoring Protocols

Understanding the environmental effects of marine energy (ME) devices is fundamental for their sustainable development and efficient regulation. However, measuring effects is difficult given the limited number of operational devices currently deployed. Numerical modeling is a powerful tool for estimating environmental effects and quantifying risks. It is most effective when informed by empirical data and coordinated with the development and implementation of monitoring protocols. We reviewed modeling techniques and information needs for six environmental stressor–receptor interactions related to ME: changes in oceanographic systems, underwater noise, electromagnetic fields (EMFs), changes in habitat, collision risk, and displacement of marine animals. This review considers the effects of tidal, wave, and ocean current energy converters. We summarized the availability and maturity of models for each stressor–receptor interaction and provide examples involving ME devices when available and analogous examples otherwise. Models for oceanographic systems and underwater noise were widely available and sometimes applied to ME, but need validation in real-world settings. Many methods are available for modeling habitat change and displacement of marine animals, but few examples related to ME exist. Models of collision risk and species response to EMFs are still in stages of theory development and need more observational data, particularly about species behavior near devices, to be effective. We conclude by synthesizing model status, commonalities between models, and overlapping monitoring needs that can be exploited to develop a coordinated and efficient set of protocols for predicting and monitoring the environmental effects of ME.

Underwater noise and Arctic marine mammals: review and policy recommendations

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Halliday ◽  
Matthew K. Pine ◽  
Stephen J. Insley
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Auditory Masking ◽  
Underwater Noise ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Ambient Sound

Underwater noise is an important issue globally. Underwater noise can cause auditory masking, behavioural disturbance, hearing damage, and even death for marine animals. While underwater noise levels have been increasing in nonpolar regions, noise levels are thought to be much lower in the Arctic where the presence of sea ice limits anthropogenic activities. However, climate change is causing sea ice to decrease, which is allowing for increased access for noisy anthropogenic activities. Underwater noise may have more severe impacts in the Arctic compared with nonpolar regions due to a combination of lower ambient sound levels and increased sensitivity of Arctic marine animals to underwater noise. Here, we review ambient sound levels in the Arctic, as well as the reactions of Arctic and sub-Arctic marine mammals to underwater noise. We then relate what is known about underwater noise in the Arctic to policies and management solutions for underwater noise and discuss whether Arctic-specific policies are necessary.

Methods of complex reduction of underwater noise of a marine object

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
В.А. Пятакович ◽  
В.Ф. Рычкова ◽  
А.С. Шмаков
Keyword(s):  
Noise Reduction ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Underwater Noise ◽  
Noise Sources ◽  
The Cost

В процессе проектирования к кораблю предъявляется целый ряд требований, удовлетворение которых обеспечивает необходимый уровень его эффективности. Основной целью разработки и обоснования оперативно-тактического задания на проектируемый корабль является определение круга задач, которые должен решать проектируемый корабль, т.е. определение его назначения и выработка на этой основе требований, определяющих как основное, так и дополнительное назначение корабля, и его тактико-технические элементы. В работе представлены проблемные вопросы комплексного применения средств обесшумливания являющиеся достаточно сложными и требующими взаимного согласования эффективности используемых средств исходя из интенсивности источников шума их частотных и фазовых характеристик, оптимизации масс и габаритов, а также стоимости акустической защиты. Представлена классификация методов и средств снижения уровней подводного шума, создаваемого корабельным оборудованием, рассмотрены основные средства снижения подводного шума корабля, обусловленные установкой механизмов и оборудования на виброизолирующую амортизацию и пути снижения модулированного шума корабельных механизмов. During the design process, a number of requirements are imposed on the ship, the satisfaction of which ensures the necessary level of its efficiency. The main purpose of the development and justification of the operational and tactical task for the projected ship is to determine the range of tasks that the projected ship should solve, i.e., determining its purpose and developing on this basis the requirements defining both the main and additional purpose of the ship, and its tactical and technical elements. The paper presents problematic issues of complex application of noise reduction means that are quite complex and require mutual coordination of the effectiveness of the means used based on the intensity of noise sources, their frequency and phase characteristics, optimization of masses and dimensions, as well as the cost of acoustic protection. The classification of methods and means of reducing the levels of underwater noise generated by shipboard equipment is presented, the main means are considered.

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