Derived Cetane Number As Chemical Potential Indicator for Near-Limit Combustion Behaviors in Gas Turbine Applications

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Hee Won ◽  
Dalton Carpenter ◽  
Stuart Nates ◽  
Frederick L. Dryer
Keyword(s):  
Functional Group ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Chemical Functional Group ◽  
Reflected Shock ◽  
Combustion Behaviors

The objective of this paper is to elucidate the recently observed strong correlation between derived cetane number (DCN) and lean blow out (LBO) characteristics for both petroleum-derived and alternative jet fuels, as well as their blends. In order to evaluate the variability of fuel physical and chemical properties for petroleum-derived jet fuels, the fuel property database appearing in the DSIC-PQIS 2013 report are rigorously analyzed and compared against fuel-specific data for 17 petroleum-derived and alternative jet fuels and their blends obtained previously in our works. The global combustion characteristics of each fuel for fuel/air mixture were characterized experimentally by determining their combustion property targets (CPTs) — the hydrogen to carbon molar ratio (H/C ratio), the derived cetane number (DCN), the average molecular weight (MW), and surrogate fuel mixtures and threshold sooting index (TSI). Surrogate mixtures of known hydrocarbon species were blended to match the CPTs of target real fuel. The known chemical functional group distributions of the surrogate mixtures for each fuel or fuel blend were then used to predict well-known fundamental combustion behaviors — reflected shock ignition delay times and laminar flame speeds — through quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) regression analyses developed from a validation base of single component, binary and ternary mixture database. The results show that the DCN is capable of representing ignition propensity and flame propagating characteristics for both petroleum-derived and alternative jet fuels as well as their mixtures with high fidelity. Finally, the chemical functional group distributions of the real fuels themselves were directly measured using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra results. QSPR predictions based upon the experimental NMR functional group measurements are shown to provide a rapid, small sample, characterization tool for predicting the above global combustion behaviors of petroleum derived and alternative jet fuel candidates as well as their blends. Through combustor as well as stirred reactor experiments, fuel DCN has been identified as having major influence on LBO in devices that are sensitive to fuel chemical properties.

Synthesis and Ring Cyclization - Expansion - Contraction Reactions of Some New 2,2-Disubstituted Indan-1,3-diones and Related Compounds

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig J. Roxburgh ◽  
Lee Banting
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Hydrogenation ◽  
Pyridine Ring ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Ring Expansion ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Side Reactions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ring Expansion Reaction ◽  
Related Compounds

We have found that the hydrochloride of 2-phenyl-2-[2-(2-piperidyl)ethyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindan-1,3-dione 1 possesses marked analgesic activity (100% inhibition referenced to codeine) and report, as part of an extensive synthetic program, the synthesis of 38 new and structurally related compounds. Selective catalytic hydrogenation of the pyridine ring of 2-phenyl-2-[2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl]-indan-1,3-dione 2 yields the nine-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycle 6 by a novel ring cyclization–expansion reaction. The structural and functional group parameters required for this novel ring-expansion reaction have been extensively and thoroughly investigated through the synthesis of a series of structurally related compounds; principally by modification, substitution, and replacement of the various functionality contained within 2. In addition, we report the synthesis of a series of new 2-methyl-2-(ω-N-phthalimidoalkyl)-indan-1,3-diones 41, 45, and 53, two of which, like the parent 2-phenyl substituted indan-1,3-dione 2, also undergo a novel ring cyclization–expansion reaction to yield eight- and nine-membered nitrogen-containing rings. However, in these cases, further transannular reactions occur to produce the new 5,5- and 5,6-ring-fused nitrogen-containing heterocycles 44, 48 and 51, 52. Hydrazinolysis of the third, 2-methyl-2-(4-N-phthalimidobutyl)-indan-1,3-dione yields the new azepine-containing ring structure 56 by direct cyclization. Furthermore, some interesting and unexpected chemical properties of the final compounds, which include selective and non-selective pyridine-ring hydrogenations and a few unexpected side reactions, are described.

Characterization of Fuel Composition and Altitude Impact on Gaseous and Particle Emissions From a Turbojet Engine

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tak W. Chan ◽  
Pervez Canteenwalla ◽  
Wajid A. Chishty
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Particle Emissions ◽  
Turbojet Engine

The effects of altitude and fuel composition on gaseous and particle emissions from a turbojet engine were investigated as part of the National Jet Fuels Combustion Program (NJFCP) effort. Two conventional petroleum based jet fuels (a “nominal” and a “worst-case” jet fuel) and two test fuels with unique characteristics were selected for this study. The “worst-case” conventional jet fuel with high flash point and viscosity resulted in reduced combustion efficiency supported by the reduced CO2 emissions and corresponding increased CO and THC emissions. In addition, increased particle number (PN), particle mass (PM), and black carbon (BC) emissions were observed. Operating the engine on a bimodal fuel, composed of heavily branched C12 and C16 iso-paraffinic hydrocarbons with an extremely low cetane number did not significantly impact the engine performance or gaseous emissions but significantly reduced PN, PM, and BC emissions when compared to other fuels. The higher aromatic content and lower hydrogen content in the C-5 fuel were observed to increase PN, PM, and BC emissions. It is also evident that the type of aromatic hydrocarbons has a large impact on BC emissions. Reduction in combustion efficiency resulted in reduced CO2 emissions and increased CO and THC emissions from this engine with increasing altitudes. PN emissions were moderately influenced by altitude but PM and BC emissions were significantly reduced with increasing altitude. The reduced BC emissions with increasing altitude could be a result of reduced combustion temperature which lowered the rate of pyrolysis for BC formation, which is supported by the NOx reduction trend.

scholarly journals The Tribological and Chemical Properties of Ni-W Alloy Electrodeposition

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-149
Author(s):  
Mofeed A. Jaleel ◽  
Eilaf Z. Gurji
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Resistance ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Deposition Condition ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Alloy Electrodeposition ◽  
Citrate Bath ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The Electrodeposition process has been used to substrate Ni-W alloy on low carbon steel by using ammonical citrate bath. The influence of deposition condition by variation of current density (0.04-0.2 A/cm2) and solution temperature (60-70 °C), on the mechanical and chemical properties such as (microhardness, wear resistance, residual stress and chemical resistance) was studied. Results show that the current efficiency has the major influence on the tungsten content in the alloys which reflected to the properties of the deposits.

Relation between Cetane Number and the Ignition Delay of Jet Fuels

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paxton W. Wiersema ◽  
Keunsoo Kim ◽  
Tonghun Lee ◽  
Eric Mayhew ◽  
Jacob Temme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Jet Fuels

scholarly journals Validation of MALDI-MS imaging data of selected membrane lipids in murine brain with and without laser postionization by quantitative nano-HPLC-MS using laser microdissection

2020 ◽  
Vol 412 (25) ◽  
pp. 6875-6886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian B. Eiersbrock ◽  
Julian M. Orthen ◽  
Jens Soltwisch
Keyword(s):  
Signal Intensity ◽  
Laser Microdissection ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Response Factors ◽  
Lipid Species ◽  
Intensity Response

Abstract MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) is a widely used technique to map the spatial distribution of molecules in sectioned tissue. The technique is based on the systematic generation and analysis of ions from small sample volumes, each representing a single pixel of the investigated sample surface. Subsequently, mass spectrometric images for any recorded ion species can be generated by displaying the signal intensity at the coordinate of origin for each of these pixels. Although easily equalized, these recorded signal intensities, however, are not necessarily a good measure for the underlying amount of analyte and care has to be taken in the interpretation of MALDI-MSI data. Physical and chemical properties that define the analyte molecules’ adjacencies in the tissue largely influence the local extraction and ionization efficiencies, possibly leading to strong variations in signal intensity response. Here, we inspect the validity of signal intensity distributions recorded from murine cerebellum as a measure for the underlying molar distributions. Based on segmentation derived from MALDI-MSI measurements, laser microdissection (LMD) was used to cut out regions of interest with a homogenous signal intensity. The molar concentration of six exemplary selected membrane lipids from different lipid classes in these tissue regions was determined using quantitative nano-HPLC-ESI-MS. Comparison of molar concentrations and signal intensity revealed strong deviations between underlying concentration and the distribution suggested by MSI data. Determined signal intensity response factors strongly depend on tissue type and lipid species.

scholarly journals Variation in Feedstock Wood Chemistry Strongly Influences Biochar Liming Potential

Soil Systems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sossina Gezahegn ◽  
Mohini Sain ◽  
Sean Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Functional Group ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Surface Functional Group ◽  
Wood Chemistry ◽  
Incubation Experiments ◽  
Phenolic Group ◽  
Capacity Data ◽  
Group Concentration

Chars intended for use as soil amendment (“biochars”) vary greatly in their chemical and physical properties. In the present study, 19 Canadian temperate wood feedstocks were charred across a range of pyrolysis temperatures from 300–700 °C. The resulting 95 biochars were tested for their physio-chemical properties and liming capacity. Data indicated increasing base cation concentrations including Ca, Mg, and K (elements that characteristically form liming compounds, i.e., carbonates) as pyrolysis temperature increased. Acidic surface functional groups were analyzed with modified Boehm titration: Carboxylic and lactonic functional group concentrations decreased and phenolic group concentration increased with pyrolysis temperature. Functional group composition also varied greatly with feedstock: In particular, conifer-derived biochars produced at pyrolysis temperatures <500 °C showed much higher carboxylic and lactonic functional group concentrations than did angiosperm-derived biochars. Liming capacity was assessed using soil incubation experiments and was positively related to biochar pH. Both acidic surface functional group concentration and nutrient element concentration influenced biochar pH: we developed a non-linear functional relationship that predicts biochar pH from the ratio of carboxylic to phenolic moieties, and concentrations of Ca and K. Biochar’s liming components that are inherited from feedstock and predictably modified by pyrolysis temperature provide a basis for optimizing the production of biochar with desired pH and liming characteristics.

scholarly journals Catalytic hydrogenation of straight vegetable oil using NiMo/ Al2O3 catalyst for biodiesel production

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 02045
Author(s):  
SD Sumbogo Murti ◽  
J. Prasetyo ◽  
G.W. Murti ◽  
Z. D. Hastuti ◽  
F. M. Yanti
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Catalytic Hydrogenation ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Operation Condition ◽  
Straight Vegetable Oil ◽  
Al2o3 Catalyst

The attractiveness of biodiesel as an alternative fuel compared to fossil fuels because it has many advantages such as the availability of abundant raw materials, more environmentally friendly, high combustion efficiency, low sulphur content, high cetane number and biodegradability. Making biodiesel from straight vegetable oil (VGO) has been done through the catalytic hydrogenation process. A VGO of callophylum inophyllum oil was treated via degumming and neutralisation to remove all impurities before hydroprocessing. Hydroprocessing was carried out in a 500ml autoclave at 30 – 50 MPa of initial hydrogen pressure, 300 – 400oC of reaction temperature and equipped with stirrer and cooling system. NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst was activated with CS2 mixture at 370oC prior to the reaction. Some physical and chemical properties of the catalytic hydroprocessing product have been investigated in accordance to ASTM standard. The measurement result of product varies according to the operation condition. The result showed that callophyllum inophyllum oil can be used as raw material for biodiesel production over NiMo/Al2O3. Sulfided NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts are preferred due to high diesel yield.

Geochemistry Properties of Southern Malaysian Organic Soil

2013 ◽  
Vol 284-287 ◽  
pp. 1340-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix N.L. Ling ◽  
Khairul Anuar Kassim ◽  
Ahmad Tarmizi Abdul Karim ◽  
Kenny Tiong ◽  
C.K. Tan
Keyword(s):  
Functional Group ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Interface Layer ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Sulphate Content

Johore, the southern part of west peninsular Malaysia is found to be rich in peat soil, especially at the Pontian & Batu Pahat district. The physico-chemical properties of the peat soil at the region had been extensively studied by various researches but limited studies were based on the interface layer of peat soil and non organic soil. The behaviour of the interface layer soil is believed to be governed by its organic matter content. Three locations of Batu Pahat, namely Parit Nipah, Parit Sidek & Batu Puteh which are difference in terms of geography setting were chosen in this case study. The main objective of this study is to characterize the geochemistry properties of the organic soil as a guide of its engineering behaviour. The soil specimens were collected using peat auger and undisturbed sampler. The organic contents and types of organic were determined in laboratory based on Loss on Ignition at 440c, carbon content and its molecular functional group. The pH, sulphate content, chloride content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the organic soil were also determined as a guide of its potential stabilization by using chemical stabilizer. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) were utilized to determine the bulk chemical composition of the soil and its functional group, respectively. The findings of this study are expected to give a better overview of organic soil which enable designer to have a better understanding when dealing with this kind of material.

ERRATUM: Derived Cetane Number, Distillation and Ignition Delay Properties of Diesel and Jet Fuels Containing Blended Synthetic Paraffinic Mixtures

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-249
Author(s):  
Sylvester Abanteriba ◽  
Ulas Yildirim ◽  
Renee Webster ◽  
David Evans ◽  
Paul Rawson
Keyword(s):  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Jet Fuels
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