Catalytic hydrogenation of straight vegetable oil using NiMo/ Al2O3 catalyst for biodiesel production

The attractiveness of biodiesel as an alternative fuel compared to fossil fuels because it has many advantages such as the availability of abundant raw materials, more environmentally friendly, high combustion efficiency, low sulphur content, high cetane number and biodegradability. Making biodiesel from straight vegetable oil (VGO) has been done through the catalytic hydrogenation process. A VGO of callophylum inophyllum oil was treated via degumming and neutralisation to remove all impurities before hydroprocessing. Hydroprocessing was carried out in a 500ml autoclave at 30 – 50 MPa of initial hydrogen pressure, 300 – 400oC of reaction temperature and equipped with stirrer and cooling system. NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst was activated with CS2 mixture at 370oC prior to the reaction. Some physical and chemical properties of the catalytic hydroprocessing product have been investigated in accordance to ASTM standard. The measurement result of product varies according to the operation condition. The result showed that callophyllum inophyllum oil can be used as raw material for biodiesel production over NiMo/Al2O3. Sulfided NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts are preferred due to high diesel yield.

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RAPE SEED OIL TETRAHYDROFURFURYLESTERS

Environment Technology Resources Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference ◽

10.17770/etr2009vol1.1105 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 46

Author(s):

K. Malins ◽

V. Kampars ◽

R. Kampare ◽

T. Rusakova

Keyword(s):

Rapeseed Oil ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Cetane Number ◽

Food Prices ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Cold Filter Plugging Point ◽

Mineral Oils

The transesterification of vegetable oil using various kinds of alcohols is a simple and efficient renewable fuel synthesis technique. Products obtained by modifying natural triglycerides in transesterification reaction substitute fossil fuels and mineral oils. Currently the most significant is the biodiesel, a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters, which is obtained in a reaction with methanol, which in turn is obtained from fossil raw materials. In biodiesel production it would be more appropriate to use alcohols which can be obtained from renewable local raw materials. Ethanol rouses interest as a possible reagent, however, its production locally is based on the use of grain and therefore competes with food production so it would implicitly cause increase in food prices. Another raw material option is alcohols that can be obtained from furfurole. Furfurole is obtained in dehydration process from pentose sugars which can be extracted from crop straw, husk and other residues of agricultural production. From furfurole the tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA), a raw material for biodiesel, can be produced. By transesterifying rapeseed oil with THFA it would be possible to obtain completely renewable biodiesel with properties very close to diesel [2-4]. With the purpose of developing the synthesis of such fuel, in this work a three-stage synthesis of rapeseed oil tetrahydrofurfurylesters (ROTHFE) in sulphuric acid presence has been performed, achieving product with purity over 98%. The most important qualitative factors of ROTHFE have been determined - cold filter plugging point, cetane number, water content, Iodine value, phosphorus content, density, viscosity and oxidative stability.

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Ethanol-Based Biodiesel from Waste Vegetable Oil

ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering ◽

10.22146/ajche.50130 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 7 (1 & 2) ◽

pp. 83

Author(s):

Mary Grace M. Oliveros ◽

Amiliza B. Baiting ◽

Menchie G. Lumain ◽

Maria Theresa I. Cabaraban

Keyword(s):

Vegetable Oil ◽

Fast Food ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Material Balance ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Exhaust Emission ◽

Waste Vegetable Oil ◽

Power Testing ◽

Technological Analysis

Waste vegetable oil, mainly coming from frying residues, can be used as raw material to obtain a diesel fuel (biodiesel). Biodiesel, a nontoxic, biodegradable, diesel-like fuel, is an important energy alternative capable of decreasing environmental problems caused by the consumption of fossil fuels. The utilization of waste vegetable oils as raw material in biodiesel production was studied. Research was undertaken to establish the availability of used vegetable oil to supply a biodiesel process. It is intended that this work forms an academic study combined with an environmental and technological analysis of the merits of biodiesel as a sustainable fuel. Laboratory experimentation investigated the possibility of using waste vegetable oil from the local fast food chains, and potassium hydroxide as catalyst for the transesterification process. The cleaned waste vegetable oil undergoes transesterification for 4 hours, after which, the biodiesel is separated from the glycerin by gravity. Washing is necessary to remove residual catalyst or soap. Overall material balance for the process gives: 1 kg Waste Vegetable oil + 0.18 kg EtOH + 0.01 kg KOH → 0.74 kg Biodiesel + 0.44 kg Glycerin The biodiesel, in pure form (B100) and in 50% proportion (B50) with petroleum diesel, was run in an essentially unmodified Toyota 2C diesel engine. Smoke density (opacity) and CO exhaust emission both decreased with B50. However, Nox increased with B50. Fuel consumption during engine power testing is significantly greater using the biodiesel, but is also significantly reduced with B50.

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Extraction, Charaterization and Preparation of Soap from Legenaria siceraria Seed Oil

International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry ◽

10.9734/irjpac/2020/v21i1430242 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Williams Nashuka Kaigama ◽

Abu Emmanuel Benjamin ◽

Ibrahim Usman ◽

Thankgod Daniel

Keyword(s):

Vegetable Oil ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Foam Height ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Acid Value ◽

Raw Material ◽

Lagenaria Siceraria ◽

Saponification Value ◽

Physico Chemical

Due to the high demand for vegetable oil by soap industries, the quest for alternative raw material is on the increase. In this study, vegetable oil was extracted from the underutilise seeds of Lagenaria siceraria using n-hexane; The Physico-chemical properties of the oil were analysed: iodine value 65 Ig/100 g, acid value 2.50 mg/KOH/g, saponification value 256 mgKOH/g, pH 6.20, specific gravity 0.902, the refractive index of 1.47 and oil yield 52%. The properties of the oil were compared with oil extracted from other sources. The properties of the oil suggest it can use for both commercial and industrial purposes. The extracted oil was then used to prepared soap and its properties were compared with the properties of soaps prepared from other oils. The physicochemical parameters of the prepared soaps which include foam height, hardness, pH and cleansing power were evaluated. The soap made from Lagenaria siceraria seeds oil has foam height of 2.0 cm lower than palm kernel oil (2.1 cm) and higher than soya beans (0.55 cm). Soap made from Lagenaria siceraria seed oil has an appreciable degree of hardness and good cleansing power compared to soaps prepared from other oils. The pH of all the soaps prepared is within the standard of the regulating agency in Nigeria. From the result obtained, it shows the underutilised Lagenaria siceraria seed oil can use as an alternative raw material in the commercial production of soap.

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Scope of biodiesel from oils of woody plants: a review

Clean Energy ◽

10.1093/ce/zkaa006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 89-106

Author(s):

Baskar Thangaraj ◽

Pravin Raj Solomon

Keyword(s):

Woody Plants ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Edible Oils ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Primary Methods ◽

Environmental Consequences

Abstract Non-edible oils obtained from chosen non-conventional woody plants are considered as potential raw materials for biodiesel production. These plants mostly grow in wastelands. Structural characteristics of these oils as raw material are very much in tune with the properties of biodiesel such as long-chain hydrocarbon, having an adequate level of unsaturation with branched chain. Four primary methods are being followed to make biodiesel from vegetable oil. They are direct use through blending, microemulsion, thermal cracking (pyrolysis) and transesterification. Non-edible oil would eliminate the issue of food vs fuel. The biodiesel manufactured from oils of woody plants may partially reduce the demand for liquid-fuel energy and addresses the environmental consequences of using fossil fuels. Oil from a total of 17 species of woody plants (Angiosperms) belonging to 14 families are considered in this paper. The habit, habitat and geographical distribution of each species are also presented. The physico-chemical properties of their oil, with special reference to the fatty-acid profile that ultimately decides the characteristics of the biodiesel prepared from them, are reviewed.

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Production and Characterization of Biodiesel Derived from a Novel Source Koelreuteria paniculata Seed Oil

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13040791 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 791 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Inam Ullah Khan ◽

Zhenhua Yan ◽

Jun Chen

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Edible Plant ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Koelreuteria Paniculata ◽

The Cost

Biodiesel is a clean and renewable fuel, which is considered as the best alternative to diesel fuel, but the feedstock contributes more than 70% of the cost. The most important constituent essential for biodiesel development is to explore cheap feedstock with high oil content. In this work, we found novel non-edible plant seeds of Koelreuteria paniculata (KP) with high oil contents of 28–30 wt.% and low free fatty acid contents (0.91%), which can serve as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. KP seed oil can convert into biodiesel/fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by base-catalyzed transesterification with the highest biodiesel production of 95.2% after an optimization process. We obtained the optimal transesterification conditions, i.e., oil/methanol ratio (6:1), catalyst concentration (0.32), reaction temperature (65 °C), stirring rate (700 rpm), and reaction time (80 min). The physico-chemical properties and composition of the FAME were investigated and compared with mineral diesel. The synthesized esters were confirmed and characterized by the application of NMR (1H and 13C), FTIR, and GC-MS. The biofuel produced from KP seed oil satisfies the conditions verbalized by ASTM D6751 and EN14214 standards. Accordingly, KP source oil can be presented as a novel raw material for biofuel fabrication.

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Biodiesel Production from Waste Vegetable Oils over MgO/Al2O3 Catalyst

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.492.350 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 492 ◽

pp. 350-355

Author(s):

T. Sithole ◽

K. Jalama ◽

R. Meijboom

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Vegetable Oil ◽

External Surface ◽

Catalyst Support ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Incipient Wetness Impregnation ◽

Impregnation Method ◽

Waste Vegetable Oil ◽

Small Pore ◽

Al2o3 Catalyst

MgO/Al2O3 catalysts with 10 and 20 wt.% MgO loadings have been prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method. A low-surface area alumina with small pore sizes was used as catalyst support to stabilise most of the MgO particles on the external surface area of the support. The prepared catalysts were subsequently tested in the conversion of a waste vegetable oil to biodiesel. The waste vegetable oil conversion was found to increase with the increase in reaction temperature, reaction time and MgO loading in the catalyst.

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Estimation of properties of mixed waste cooking oil for production of biodiesel

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v7i4.5.21155 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4.5) ◽

pp. 552

Author(s):

B. S. V. S. R. Krishna ◽

Shivaraj B.K

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Plant Oil ◽

Material Source ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Mixed Waste

The major drawback of production of biodiesel in large scale is the cost of raw materials. Raw material source of biodiesel is mostly plant oil (Jatropha, Pongamia, Mahua, Neem, Cotton seed oil etc.) which requires large land area to grow. One of the best methods to reduce the production cost of biodiesel is to employ low quality feedstock, for instance waste cooking oil (WCO). This also solves the disposal problem of WCO. This is socioeconomic and environment friendly, it does not compete with edible oil resources. This study represents the biodiesel production from mixed waste cooking oil. Waste cooking oil collected from different hotels around Manipal, Udupi district of Karnataka State, and India. Collected WCO from various sources (from palm oil and sunflower oil users) have different physical and chemical properties. These WCO has mixed in different ratios ie. 50:50, 75:25 and 25:75 to reduce free fatty acid content of WCO without any chemical pre-treatment. Physio-chemical properties of mixed WCO has been carried out.

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Universal Kinetic Model to Simulate Two-Step Biodiesel Production from Vegetable Oil

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13112994 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 2994

Author(s):

A. Alcantara ◽

F. J. Lopez-Gimenez ◽

M. P. Dorado

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Vegetable Oil ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Homogeneous Catalyst ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Concentration Variation ◽

Proposed Model ◽

Kinetics Of

To date, to simulate biodiesel production, kinetic models from different authors have been provided, each one usually applied to the use of a specific vegetable oil and experimental conditions. Models, which may include esterification, besides transesterification simulation, were validated with their own experimental conditions and raw material. Moreover, information about the intermediate reaction steps, besides catalyst concentration variation, is either rare or nonexistent. Here, in this work, a universal mathematical model comprising the chemical kinetics of a two-step (esterification and transesterification) vegetable oil-based biodiesel reaction is proposed. The proposed model is universal, as it may simulate any vegetable oil biodiesel reaction from the literature. For this purpose, a mathematical model using the software MATLAB has been designed. Using the mathematical model, the estimation of mass variation with time, of both reactants and products, as well as glyceride conversion and homogeneous catalyst concentration variation (instead of only alcohol/catalyst solution) are allowed. Moreover, analysis of the influence of some important variables affecting the reaction kinetics of biodiesel production (e.g., catalyst concentration), along with comparison and model validation with data from different authors may be carried out. In addition, Supplementary material with a collection of 290 rate constants, derived from 55 different experiments using different vegetable oils and conditions is provided.

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Assessment of Physicochemical and Fatty Acids Composition of Crude Seed Oil Extract of Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss. for its potential in Biodiesel Production

Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.4314/njb.v37i2.13 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 134-143

Author(s):

M.S Chomini ◽

V.I Joshua ◽

A.R John ◽

M.P Ishaya

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Azadirachta Indica ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Cetane Number ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Fatty Acids Composition ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Oil Extract

This study investigates the physico-chemical and fatty acids composition of crude seed oil extracts of Azadirachta indica . The main objective was to evaluate some biodiesel characteristics of the crude seed oil extract of Azadirachta indica. The procedures of the Association of Official and Analytical Chemist (AOAC) were used for assessment of some physical, biochemical, and fatty acids constituents of the test seed oil extract. The physical properties assayed for indicate that the oil is liquid at room temperature, non-drying, with specific gravity, with flash and melting points of 0.910±0.08 g/cm3, 80±2.10°C and 76±1.60°C respectively. The chemical properties included 66.77±2.55 g/100g (iodine value), 1.465±0.07 (refractive index@ 30°C), 212.96±1.16 mgKOH/g (saponification value), 0.39±0.16 meq/Kg (peroxide value), 4.24±0.12 mgKOH/g (acid value), 2.20±0.12 mm2/s (viscosity value), 56.91±2.19 (cetane number), 39.21±1.11 MJ/kg (calorific value) and 2.13±0.05% w/w (free fatty acids). Fatty acids composition of the crude seed oil of A. indica obtained were linoleic, hexadecanoic, octadecanoic and alpha linolenic acids, with retention time and % composition of 18.2 min and 10.8±0.50%, 22.2 min and 30.01±1.79%, 18.2 min and 59.10±2.22%, and 20.2 min and 0.09±0.02% respectively. The crude seed oil extract clearly presents a potential as a biodiesel substrate for incorporation as a proximate blend in auto-engines. This therefore would necessitate intensive afforestation efforts of the plant species for sustainable utilization. Keywords: Azadirachta indica, Biodiesel, physico-chemical, fatty acids, crude seed oil, extracts

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The effects of breed and feeding regime on the chemical composition of pig back fat as a potential raw material for biodiesel production

Journal of Agricultural Sciences Belgrade ◽

10.2298/jas1402141p ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 141-150

Author(s):

Mladen Popovac ◽

Dragan Radojkovic ◽

Milica Petrovic ◽

Marija Gogic ◽

Dragan Stanojevic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Cetane Number ◽

Fat Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Fat Tissue ◽

The Impact

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of the back fat tissue of mangalitsa pig and meaty pig breeds and their crosses, and the pigs that were fed with feed that was enriched or unenriched with oil, from the aspect of the production of biodiesel, where the starting material for the fuel would be the fat tissue of pigs. By examining the impact of breed and oil content in feed, it was found that chemical parameters (fat, water, protein, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids) show statistically significant variation under the influence of these factors. The highest fat content (89.39%), which is essential for conversion of fat into biodiesel, was found in back adipose tissue of mangalitsa breed, while the lowest fat content (86.10%) was found in the back fat tissue of meaty breeds and their crosses. Favorable ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids (37.92% : 62.07%), on which some physical properties of the fuel depend, was found in the back fat tissue of pigs that were fed with feed enriched with oil, and the largest proportion of saturated fatty acids, i.e. the most unfavorable fatty acid composition (40.90% : 59.09%) was found in the back fat tissues of pigs that were fed with feed unenriched with oil. The lowest content of saturated fatty acids and water (7.44%), as the key factors that determine the cetane number of the fuel and the fuel production process, indicates that the most suitable raw material for the production of biodiesel is the fat tissue of pigs that were fed with food that contained a certain amount of oil.

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