Failure Assessment Curves (FACs) in Japanese FFS Code, HPIS Z101 Level 2

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinji Konosu
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Ferritic Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Parameter Method ◽  
Ferritic Steels ◽  
Failure Assessment ◽  
Interaction Factors ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Two Parameter

The High Pressure Institute of Japan has prescribed the Japanese FFS code, HPIS Z101 Level 1, which can evaluate a crack-like flaw without an extensive knowledge of fracture mechanics. Level 2 is currently being studied and will also be prescribed. In HPIS Z101 Level 2, a two-parameter method (FAD: Failure Assessment Diagram) will be adopted. This paper reveals that FACs dependent on the type of materials should be specified. Kr-Lr relations calculated from experimentally obtained Ramberg-Osgood constants of several steels are compared with the FACs of BS7910 Level 2A & API 579 Level 2, R6 Option 1 and ASME N494-3. It is found that the FAC of ferritic steel in ASME N494-3 is pertinent to carbon steels with a marked yield point plateau while the FAC of BS7910 Level 2A & API 579Level 2 is suitable for ferritic steels other than carbon steels such as 0.5Mo, 2.25Cr-1Mo and 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V steels. Further, cut-off values dependent on the strength of the material and the plasticity interaction factors for the FAC of carbon steels are proposed.

New Seismic Design Criteria of Piping Systems in High-Pressure Gas Facilities

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Inaba ◽  
Masatoshi Ikeda ◽  
Nobuyuki Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Seismic Performance ◽  
Seismic Design ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Design Criteria ◽  
Ground Displacement ◽  
Piping Systems ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Deformation Tests ◽  
Level 2

After the Great Hyogoken-nanbu Earthquake (1995), the Seismic Design Code for High-Pressure Gas Facilities of Japan was amended. This amended code requires two-step seismic assessments, that is, the evaluation of the Level 1 Required Seismic Performance for Level 1 earthquakes and that of the Level 2 Required Seismic Performance for Level 2 earthquakes. Seismic design of piping systems is newly included within the scope of the code. For Level 2 earthquakes, possible ground displacement due to liquefaction is taken into account. The evaluation method of the Level 1 Required Seismic Performance is specified in the amended code and that of the Level 2 Required Seismic Performance is proposed in the guideline. The evaluation of the former is based on elastic design and that of the latter on elastoplastic design. The propriety of the design criteria of piping systems with respect to ground displacement was confirmed by large deformation tests. In this paper, seismic design criteria of piping systems in the amended code and the evaluation method of the Level 2 Required Seismic Performance proposed in the guideline are introduced, and the results of the large deformation tests are reported.

Proposed Modifications to API 579 Part 3 Brittle Fracture Screening Procedures

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian R. Macejko ◽  
Seetha Ramudu Kummari ◽  
Phillip E. Prueter
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Mechanics ◽  
Brittle Fracture ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Acceptance Criteria ◽  
Evaluation Procedures ◽  
Failure Assessment ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Screening Procedures ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

Abstract Significant inconsistencies and inadequacies exist in the current brittle fracture screening procedures in the 2016 edition of API 579-1/ASME FFS-1, Fitness-For-Service (API 579). Results from an evaluation completed using the current published guidance could prove unsafe in some instances. The ASME/API Joint Committee on Fitness-For-Service (FFS) recently initiated a project to rewrite API 579 Part 3, Assessment of Existing Equipment for Brittle Fracture. The intent of the project is to establish new Level 1 and Level 2 evaluation procedures and acceptance criteria developed using state-of-the-art fracture mechanics consistent with the Part 9 Failure Assessment Diagram (FAD) approach, currently employed in Level 3 FFS evaluations. This paper will provide a comprehensive summary of deficiencies and concerns with current published methods for evaluating susceptibility of pressure equipment to potential brittle fracture failures. Additionally, the paper will provide an overview of the methodology employed in the recently proposed procedure modifications for Part 3 of API 579 to mitigate the current deficiencies.

Development of Seismic Design Code for High Pressure Gas Facilities in Japan

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heki Shibata ◽  
Kohei Suzuki ◽  
Masatoshi Ikeda
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Seismic Performance ◽  
Seismic Design ◽  
Design Code ◽  
Ground Failure ◽  
Gas Leakage ◽  
Design Practices ◽  
Seismic Design Code ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

The Seismic Design Code for High Pressure Gas Facilities was established in 1982 in advance of those in other industrial fields, the only exception being that for nuclear power plants. In 1995, Hyogoken Nanbu earthquake caused approximately 6000 deaths and more than $1 billion (US) loss of property in the Kobe area, Japan. This unexpected disaster underlined the idea that industrial facilities should pay special consideration to damages including ground failure due to the liquefaction. Strong ground motions caused serious damage to urban structures in the area. Thus, the Seismic Design Code of the High Pressure Gas Facilities were improved to include two-step design assessments, that is, for Level 1 earthquakes (operating basis earthquake: a probable strong earthquake during the service life of the facilities), and Level 2 earthquakes (safety shutdown earthquake: a possible strongest earthquake with extremely low probability of occurrence). For Level 2 earthquakes, ground failure by possible liquefaction will be taken into account. For a Level 1 earthquake, the required seismic performance is that the system must remain safe without critical damage after the earthquake, including no gas leakage. For a Level 2 earthquake, the required seismic performance is that the system must remain safe without gas leakage. This means a certain non-elastic deformation without gas leakage may be allowed. The High Pressure Gas Safety Institute of Japan set up the Seismic Safety Promotion Committee to modify their code, in advance of other industries, and has continued to investigate more effective seismic design practices for more than 5 years. The final version of the guidelines has established design practices for the both Level 1 and Level 2 earthquakes. In this paper, the activities of the committee, their new design concepts and scope of applications are explained.

Developments of Seismic Design Code for High Pressure Gas Facilities in Japan

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heki Shibata ◽  
Kohei Suzuki ◽  
Masatoshi Ikeda
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Seismic Design ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Design Code ◽  
Seismic Safety ◽  
Ground Failure ◽  
Gas Leakage ◽  
Seismic Design Code ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

The Seismic Design Code for High Pressure Gas Facilities was established in advance of other industrial fields in 1982. Only exception was that for nuclear power plants. In 1995, Hyogoken Nanbu earthquake brought approximately 6,000 deaths and more than 100,000 M$ loss or property in Kobe area, Japan. This unexpected serious event enforced us that industrial facilities should pay to special considerations of their damages including ground failure due to the liquefaction. Their strong ground motions brought serious damages to urban structures in the area. Thus, the Seismic Design Code of the High Pressure Gas Facilities were improved to include 2 step design assessments, that is, Level 1 earthquake (operating basisearthquake, the probable strong earthquake in the service life of the facilities), and Level 2 earthquake (safety shutdownearthquake, the possible strongest earthquake with extremely low probability of occurrence). For Level 2 earthquake, the ground failure by possible liquefaction shall be taken into account. In regard to Level 1 earthquake, the system must be remained safety without critical damage after the earthquake, in addition to no leakage of “gas”. In regard to Level 2 earthquake, the required seismic performance is that peventing systems must be remained without gas leakage, and stable. It means a certain non-elastic deformation without gas leakage may be allowed. The High Pressure Gas Safety Institute of Japan has set up the Seismic Safety Promotion Committee to modify their code in advance of other industries, and continue to investigate more reasonable seismic design practice for more than 5 years. Andthe final version of the guideline has been established for the design practices both in Level 1 and Level 2 earthquakes. This paper explains the activities of the committee, their new design concepts and scope of applications.

A New Seismic Design Criteria of Piping Systems in High Pressure Gas Facilities

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Inaba ◽  
Masatoshi Ikeda ◽  
Nobuyuki Shimizu ◽  
Tetsuya Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Seismic Performance ◽  
Seismic Design ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Design Criteria ◽  
Ground Displacement ◽  
Piping Systems ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Deformation Tests ◽  
Level 2

After the Great Hyogoken-nanbu Earthquake, “Seismic Design Code for High Pressure Gas Facilities of Japan” was amended. This amended code requires two step seismic assessments, that is, evaluation of Level 1 Required Seismic Performance for Level 1 Earthquake and that of Level 2 Required Seismic Performance for Level 2 Earthquake. Seismic design of piping systems is newly involved in the scope of the code. For Level 2 Earthquake, possible ground displacement due to liquefaction is taken into account. When ground displacement occurs, foundations of structures settle, laterally move or incline as a conseqence, and a piping system supported by independent foundation structures suffers from relative displacements between supporting points, which may exceed several tens of centimeters. The evaluation method of Level 1 Required Seismic Performance is specified in the amended code and that of Level 2 Required Seismic Performance is proposed in the guideline. The former evaluation is based on elastic design and the latter on elasto-plastic design. The propriety of design criteria of piping systems against ground displacement was confirmed by large deformation tests. This paper introduces seismic design criteria of piping systems in the amended code and the evaluation method of Level 2 Required Seismic Performance proposed in the guideline, and also reports the results on the large deformation tests.

scholarly journals Analysis of Requirements and the Feasible Limit for Error Reduction in Two-Parameter Magnetic Determination of Steels’ Hardness

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-244
Author(s):  
S. G. Sandomirski
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Physical Quantity ◽  
Error Reduction ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Parameter Determination ◽  
Measured Parameter ◽  
Parameter Method ◽  
True Value ◽  
Two Parameter

All measurements of mechanical properties of materials in the magnetic structural analysis are indirect and relationships between the measured parameters are correlated. An important physical parameter of steel is hardness. An increase in the correlation coefficient R and a reduction in the standard deviation (SD) are achieved when controlling the hardness of steels with two-parameter magnetic methods compared to methods that use a single measured parameter. However, the specific conditions and requirements for application of the two-parameter methods remain unclear. The purpose of this article was to analyze conditions and the achievable error reduction limit for two-parameter indirect determination of steels hardness and to compare those with one-parameter methods.In particular, we considered the mean Square Deviation (SD), σF , of indirect calculation of the physical quantity F using two measured parameters x1 and x2 that are correlated with F. It was found that reduction of σF is most pronounced when x1 and x2 are inversely correlated with the maximum modulus |R| of the correlation coefficient R between them. The most significant reduction in σF occurs at similar values of the SDs σ1 and σ2 between the true value of F and the values calculated based on the results of indirect measurements of F usingeach of the parameters x1 and x2 . The Results of the analysis are confirmed by an example of reduction in SD when determining the hardness of carbon steels by measuring their remanent magnetization and coercive force compared to use any one of these parameters.This result can be applied to measurements in non-destructive testing and in related fields of physics and technology. The Results of the analysis allow us to compare different parameters for indirect two-parameter determination of a physical quantity, to select the optimal parameters, and to evaluate the minimum achievable measurement error of a physical quantity by a two-parameter method before performing the measurements.

Microanalysis of precipitates in a ferritic steel

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 618-619
Author(s):  
J.M. Titchmarsh
Keyword(s):  
Ferritic Steel ◽  
Particle Identification ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Ferritic Steels ◽  
Replica Technique ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Made In

The advances in recent years in the microanalytical capabilities of conventional TEM's fitted with probe forming lenses allow much more detailed investigations to be made of the microstructures of complex alloys, such as ferritic steels, than have been possible previously. In particular, the identification of individual precipitate particles with dimensions of a few tens of nanometers in alloys containing high densities of several chemically and crystallographically different precipitate types is feasible. The aim of the investigation described in this paper was to establish a method which allowed individual particle identification to be made in a few seconds so that large numbers of particles could be examined in a few hours.A Philips EM400 microscope, fitted with the scanning transmission (STEM) objective lens pole-pieces and an EDAX energy dispersive X-ray analyser, was used at 120 kV with a thermal W hairpin filament. The precipitates examined were extracted using a standard C replica technique from specimens of a 2¼Cr-lMo ferritic steel in a quenched and tempered condition.

ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN KOMUNIKASI MATEMATIS DALAM MENYELESAIKAN MASALAH STATISTIKA

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Aunur Rohman
Keyword(s):  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui bagaimana kemampuan komunikasi matematis mahasiswa terhadap pemahaman statistika. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa hasil pekerjaan tes tertulis tentang kemampuan komunikasi matematis dan wawancara terhadap subjek penelitian. Pengumpulan data diperoleh dengan tes dan wawancara. Uji keabsahan data yang digunakan adalah triangulasi. Data penelitan yang terkumpul dianalisis dengan analisis data non statistik yang terdiri dari tiga alur, yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan/verifikasi data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1) Terdapat 5 mahasiswa yang berada pada level 0 (sangat kurang baik); 2) 24 mahasiswa berada pada level 1 (kurang baik); 3) 6 mahasiswa berada pada level 2 (cukup baik); Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memacu individu lain untuk melakukan penelitian yang lebih baik dan mendalam tentang kemampuan komunikasi matematis.

EVALUASI PELATIHAN DI PT. PUPUK KUJANG CIKAMPEK

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lania Muharsih ◽  
Ratih Saraswati
Keyword(s):  
Training Evaluation ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Learning Behavior ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
A Company ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Evaluation Sheet ◽  
Assessment Factor

This study aims to determine the training evaluation at PT. Kujang Fertilizer. PT. Pupuk Kujang is a company engaged in the field of petrochemicals. Evaluation sheet of PT. Fertilizer Kujang is made based on Kirkpatrick's theory which consists of four levels of evaluation, namely reaction, learning, behavior, and results. At level 1, namely reaction, in the evaluation sheet is in accordance with the theory of Kirkpatrick, at level 2 that is learning should be held pretest and posttest but only made scale. At level 3, behavior, according to theory, but on assessment factor number 3, quantity and work productivity should not need to be included because they are included in level 4. At level 4, that is the result, here is still lacking to get a picture of the results of the training that has been carried out because only based on answers from superiors without evidence of any documents.   Keywords: Training Evaluation, Kirkpatrick Theory.    Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui evaluasi training di PT. Pupuk Kujang. PT. Pupuk Kujang merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang petrokimia. Lembar evaluasi PT. Pupuk Kujang dibuat berdasarkan teori Kirkpatrick yang terdiri dari empat level evaluasi, yaitu reaksi, learning, behavior, dan hasil. Pada level 1 yaitu reaksi, di lembar evaluasi tersebut sudah sesuai dengan teori dari Kirkpatrick, pada level 2 yaitu learning seharusnya diadakan pretest dan posttest namun hanya dibuatkan skala. Pada level 3 yaitu behavior, sudah sesuai teori namun pada faktor penilaian nomor 3 kuantitas dan produktivitas kerja semestinya tidak perlu dimasukkan karena sudah termasuk ke dalam level 4. Pada level 4 yaitu hasil, disini masih sangat kurang untuk mendapatkan gambaran hasil dari pelatihan yang sudah dilaksanakan karena hanya berdasarkan dari jawaban atasan tanpa bukti dokumen apapun.   Kata kunci: Evaluasi Pelatihan, Teori Kirkpatrick.

scholarly journals Celebrate Diversity?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Huber ◽  
Philipp Nicolay ◽  
Simone Weber
Keyword(s):  
Eine Hohe ◽  
Soziale Integration ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Soziale Ausgrenzung ◽  
Level 2

ZusammenfassungSchulleistungen und soziale Integration sind im deutschen Schulsystem eng miteinander verbunden. Unklar ist, welche Rolle die Leistungs- und Verhaltensheterogenität für diesen Zusammenhang spielt. Vertreter*innen eines klassischen sozialpsychologischen Zugangs sagen für eine hohe Leistungs- und Verhaltensheterogenität eine Erhöhung des Risikos auf soziale Ausgrenzung (Risikohypothese) voraus, Vertreter*innen eines inklusionspädagogischen Zugangs eine Schutzfunktion (Schutzhypothese). Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, inwieweit die Leistungs- und Verhaltensheterogenität den Zusammenhang zwischen einem Förderbedarf in den Bereichen Lernen/Verhalten und sozialer Integration moderiert und ob die Richtung dieses Modertoreffekt im Sinne der Schutz- oder der Risikohypothese gedeutet werden kann. Hierzu wurden N = 1352 Grundschüler*innen in drei unterschiedlich heterogenen Schulsystemen (jahrgangsgetrennt, 1/2/3/4; teilweise jahrgangsübergreifend, 1–2/3–4; jahrgangsübergreifend, 1–4) in einer Querschnittstudie untersucht. Erhoben wurden, neben der sozialen Integration, Informationen über einen besonderen Förderbedarf in den Bereichen Lernen und Verhalten und Schulleistung. Das Schulsystem ging als unabhängige Variable auf Level 2, der Förderbedarf als unabhängige Variable auf Level 1 und die soziale Integration als abhängige Variable in die mehrebenenanalytische Auswertung ein. Analog zu bisher vorliegenden Befunden wurde ein signifikanter Haupteffekt beider Förderbedarfe auf die soziale Integration gefunden. Ferner zeigten vier von sechs Cross-Level-Effekten für den Förderbedarf Lernen Hinweise auf eine Gültigkeit der Schutzhypothese, kein Cross-Level-Effekt war im Sinne der Risikohypothese interpretierbar. Dieser Befund war nicht auf den Förderbedarf Verhalten übertragbar. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass sich der Zusammenhang zwischen sozialer Integration und Förderbedarf Lernen mit zunehmender Leistungs- und Verhaltensheterogenität abschwächt. Gleichzeitig zeigte sich in den stark heterogenen Lerngruppen ein insgesamt erhöhtes Ausgrenzungsrisiko aller Schüler*innen unabhängig ihres Förderbedarfs. Die Ergebnisse lassen den Schluss zu, dass sich für Schüler*innen mit erhöhtem Förderbedarf Lernen im jahrgangsübergreifenden Lernen eine höhere Chance für eine gute soziale Integration einstellen könnte.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document