Further Analysis of Warm Prestressing (WPS) Effects: Role of Local Stress and Strain

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiri Novak
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Local Stress ◽  
Fracture Initiation ◽  
Local Approach ◽  
Input Quantity ◽  
Warm Prestressing ◽  
Apparent Fracture Toughness ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
True Fracture ◽  
Microcrack Growth

Effect of WPS in ferritic alloys 15Kh2MFA (CrMoV) and 18MND5 increases with prestress level more rapidly than Chell’s model predicts; this observation had not been understood until now. In this work, experimental data are presented concerning behaviour of steels under simple Load – Unload – Cool – Fracture history. Chell’s model uses as input quantity true fracture toughness and predicts, for simple temperature and loading histories, apparent fracture toughness. A new proposed model based on local approach corrects value of true fracture toughness as an input quantity for Chell’s formulas. Idea of the true fracture toughness increase consists in deactivation of fracture initiation particles during preload. But another interpretation is also possible: Retarding influence of dislocation substructure formed during preload (phase L) on the cleavage microcrack growth at low temperature during loading to fracture (phase F) may cause similar effect. Universal behaviour found in both steels indicates that the second interpretation is more realistic one.

Nondestructive Estimation of Fracture Toughness Using Instrumented Indentation Technique

2008 ◽  
Vol 385-387 ◽  
pp. 893-896
Author(s):  
Kyung Woo Lee ◽  
Hyun Uk Kim ◽  
Sang Wook Park ◽  
Jung Suk Lee ◽  
Kwang Ho Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Damage Mechanics ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Fracture Initiation ◽  
Continuum Damage Mechanics ◽  
Instrumented Indentation ◽  
Initiation Point ◽  
Indentation Technique ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Main Ideas

This study focused on the determination of fracture toughness by instrumented indentation technique. A theoretical model to estimate the fracture toughness of ductile materials is proposed and used to verify those results. Modeling of IIT to evaluate fracture toughness is based on two main ideas; the energy input up to characteristic fracture initiation point during indentation was correlated with material’s resistance to crack initiation and growth, and this characteristic fracture initiation point was determined by concepts of continuum damage mechanics. The estimated fracture toughness values obtained from the indentation technique showed good agreement with those from conventional fracture toughness tests based on CTOD. In addition, we confirmed that the proposed model can be also applied in the brittle material through modification of void volume fraction.

The Effects of Warm Pre-Stressing of a Pre-Cracked Pressurised Thermal Shock Disk Specimen Under a LUCF Loading Cycle

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Teng ◽  
D. W. Beardsmore ◽  
J. K. Sharples ◽  
P. J. Budden
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Thermal Shock ◽  
Local Stress ◽  
Superposition Method ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Loading Cycle ◽  
Finite Element Software ◽  
Disk Specimen ◽  
Apparent Fracture Toughness

A finite element analysis has been performed to investigate the effects of warm prestressing of a pre-cracked PTS-D (Pressurized Thermal Shock Disk) specimen, for comparison with the experimental work conducted by the Belgium SCK-CEN organisation under the European NESC VII project. The specimen was loaded to a maximum loading at −50 °C, unloaded at the same temperature, cooled down to −150 °C, and then re-loaded to fracture at −150 °C. This is a loading cycle known as a LUCF cycle. The temperature-dependant tensile stress-strain data was used in the model and the finite element software ABAQUS was used in the analysis. The finite element results were used to derive the apparent fracture toughness by three different methods: (1) Chell’s displacement superposition method; (2) the local stress matching method; and (3) Wallin’s empirical formula. The apparent fracture toughness values were derived at the deepest point of the semi-elliptical crack for a 5% un-prestressed fracture toughness of 43.96 MPam1/2 at −150 °C. The detailed results were presented in the paper.

Further Predictions of Fracture Experiments of a Pre-Cracked Pressurised Thermal Shock Disk (PTS-D) Specimen Under Warm Prestressing Loading Cycles

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Teng ◽  
J. K. Sharples ◽  
P. J. Budden
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Thermal Shock ◽  
Local Stress ◽  
Superposition Method ◽  
Warm Prestressing ◽  
Disk Specimen ◽  
Pressurized Thermal Shock ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Good Agreement

Finite element analyses have been performed to investigate the effects of warm prestressing (WPS) of a pre-cracked PTS-D (Pressurized Thermal Shock Disk) specimen. Three basic types of WPS loading cycles were used in the analyses: LUCF (Load-Unload-Cool-Fracture) cycle; LCF (Load-Cool-Fracture) cycle; and LCTF (Load-Cool-Transient-Fracture) cycle. The analyses aimed to predict the fracture toughness enhancements due to WPS using different analysis methods and to make comparisons with the experimental work conducted by the Belgium SCK-CEN organisation under the European NESC VII project. The finite element results were used to derive the enhanced fracture toughness by three different engineering methods: (1) Chell’s displacement superposition method; (2) the local stress matching method; and (3) Wallin’s empirical formula. The enhanced fracture toughness was evaluated at the deepest point of the semi-elliptical crack based on three different levels of as-received fracture toughness of 43.96, 65.94, and 86.23 MPam1/2, which correspond to probabilities of failure of 5%, 50% and 95%, respectively. The predicted fracture loads were compared with the experimental fracture loads for the three WPS loadings cycles. The results show good agreement.

Significance of Splits and Pop-Ins Observed During Fracture Toughness Testing of Line Pipe Steel

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henryk G. Pisarski ◽  
Ruth Hammond ◽  
Keith Watt
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Fracture Mechanics ◽  
Fracture Initiation ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Apparent Fracture Toughness ◽  
Line Pipe Steel ◽  
Toughness Testing ◽  
Test Record

The occurrence of pop-in on the test record of fracture toughness tests and appearance of splits on the fracture surface, coupled with failure to meet Charpy toughness requirements, raised doubts about the fracture integrity of a parent pipe to API 5L X65 for low temperature operation. The cause of pop-in was investigated using fractographic and metallographic methods and additional fracture mechanics testing was conducted using different notch orientations. In addition, fitness-for-service was assessed using a fracture mechanics assessment procedure. It is shown that for typical flaw orientations that might be present, the apparent fracture toughness at pop-in is not representative. Nevertheless, it is shown that for the stress levels considered, the pipeline is tolerant to flaws without risk of fracture initiation at low temperature.

An Enhanced Local Approach Model for the Assessment of Brittle Fracture Based on Micromechanical Investigations

2011 ◽  
Vol 465 ◽  
pp. 539-542
Author(s):  
Volker Hardenacke ◽  
Jörg Hohe ◽  
Valérie Friedmann ◽  
Dieter Siegele
Keyword(s):  
Brittle Fracture ◽  
Cleavage Fracture ◽  
Stress Triaxiality ◽  
Local Stress ◽  
Fracture Initiation ◽  
Fracture Probability ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
Ferritic Steels ◽  
Local Approach ◽  
Mechanical Field

The objective of the present study is the development of a micromechanically based probabilistic model for the assessment of the cleavage fracture probability of ferritic steels. Brittle fracture of ferritic steels is a probabilistic process, triggered by the failure of randomly distributed brittle particles. These particles fracture due to plastic deformation of the surrounding matrix, resulting in the nucleation of micro-cracks. Once nucleated, the local stress state controls the possible instability of the defects. In this context, the local stress-triaxiality is assumed to govern the blunting of freshly nucleated micro-defects. The local approach models available in literature account for the above-mentioned correlations only in a simplified manner. Based on Representative Volume Elements (RVE) of the microstructure, accounting for the grain-structure as well as for the brittle particles, the cleavage initiation process was modelled in order to investigate the relevant parameters and their interactions. The RVE’s were loaded according to the local mechanical field quantities determined numerically for a variety of specimen types at the cleavage-origins. Thus, the behaviour of the particles against the micromechanical conditions could be specified, resulting in a better understanding of the processes at cleavage fracture initiation. Based on the results, an enhanced probabilistic cleavage model is proposed.

scholarly journals Probabilistic Assessment of Fracture Toughness of Epoxy Resin EPOLAM 2025 Including the Notch Radii Effect

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1857
Author(s):  
Adrián Álvarez-Vázquez ◽  
Miguel Muñiz-Calvente ◽  
Pelayo Fernández Fernández ◽  
Alfonso Fernández-Canteli ◽  
María Jesús Lamela-Rey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Critical Distance ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Probabilistic Assessment ◽  
Apparent Fracture Toughness ◽  
Experimental Campaign ◽  
Failure Assessment ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Reliable Design

Many design scenarios of components made of polymer materials are concerned with notches as representative constructive details. The failure hazard assessment of these components using models based on the assumption of cracked components leads to over-conservative failure estimations. Among the different alternative approaches proposed that are based on the apparent fracture toughness, KcN is considered. In so doing, the current deterministic underlying concept must be replaced by a probabilistic one to take into account the variability observed in the failure results in order to ensure a reliable design. In this paper, an approach based on the critical distance principle is proposed for the failure assessment of notched EPOLAM 2025 CT samples with each different notch radii (ρ) including a probabilistic assessment of the failure prediction. First, each apparent fracture toughness is transformed into the equivalent fracture toughness for ρ=0 based on the critical distances theory. Then, once all results are normalized to the same basic conditions, a Weibull cumulative distribution function is fitted, allowing the probability of failure to be predicted for different notch radii. In this way, the total number of the specimens tested in the experimental campaign is reduced, whereas the reliability of the material characterization improves. Finally, the applicability of the proposed methodology is illustrated by an example using the own experimental campaign performed on EPOLAM 2025 CT specimens with different notch radii (ρ).

Fracture Toughness Testing and its Implications to Engineering Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Energy Pipelines

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Limon ◽  
Peter Martin ◽  
Mike Barnum ◽  
Robert Pilarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Fracture Mechanics ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Fracture Mode ◽  
Fracture Process ◽  
Fracture Behavior ◽  
Fracture Initiation ◽  
Fracture Toughness Testing ◽  
Final Fracture ◽  
Toughness Testing

The fracture process of energy pipelines can be described in terms of fracture initiation, stable fracture propagation and final fracture or fracture arrest. Each of these stages, and the final fracture mode (leak or rupture), are directly impacted by the tendency towards brittle or ductile behavior that line pipe steels have the capacity to exhibit. Vintage and modern low carbon steels, such as those used to manufacture energy pipelines, exhibit a temperature-dependent transition from ductile-to-brittle behavior that affects the fracture behavior. There are numerous definitions of fracture toughness in common usage, depending on the stage of the fracture process and the behavior or fracture mode being evaluated. The most commonly used definitions in engineering fracture analysis of pipelines with cracks or long-seam weld defects are related to fracture initiation, stable propagation or final fracture. When choosing fracture toughness test data for use in engineering Fracture Mechanics-based assessments of energy pipelines, it is important to identify the stage of the fracture process and the expected fracture behavior in order to appropriately select test data that represent equivalent conditions. A mismatch between the physical fracture event being modeled and the chosen experimental fracture toughness data can result in unreliable predictions or overly conservative results. This paper presents a description of the physical fracture process, behavior and failure modes that pipelines commonly exhibit as they relate to fracture toughness testing, and their implications when evaluating cracks and cracks-like features in pipelines. Because pipeline operators, and practitioners of engineering Fracture Mechanics analyses, are often faced with the challenge of only having Charpy fracture toughness available, this paper also presents a review of the various correlations of Charpy toughness data to fracture toughness data expressed in terms of KIC or JIC. Considerations with the selection of an appropriate correlation for determining the failure pressure of pipelines in the presence of cracks and long-seam weld anomalies will be discussed.

Finite Element Modeling of Microcrack Growth in Cortical Bone

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Mischinski ◽  
Ani Ural
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Line Strength ◽  
Crack Deflection ◽  
Cement Line ◽  
Fracture Properties ◽  
Cement Lines ◽  
Microcrack Growth

Bone is similar to fiber-reinforced composite materials made up of distinct phases such as osteons (fiber), interstitial bone (matrix), and cement lines (matrix-fiber interface). Microstructural features including osteons and cement lines are considered to play an important role in determining the crack growth behavior in cortical bone. The aim of this study is to elucidate possible mechanisms that affect crack penetration into osteons or deflection into cement lines using fracture mechanics-based finite element modeling. Cohesive finite element simulations were performed on two-dimensional models of a single osteon surrounded by a cement line interface and interstitial bone to determine whether the crack propagated into osteons or deflected into cement lines. The simulations investigated the effect of (i) crack orientation with respect to the loading, (ii) fracture toughness and strength of the cement line, (iii) crack length, and (iv) elastic modulus and fracture properties of the osteon with respect to the interstitial bone. The results of the finite element simulations showed that low cement line strength facilitated crack deflection irrespective of the fracture toughness of the cement line. However, low cement line fracture toughness did not guarantee crack deflection if the cement line had high strength. Long cracks required lower cement line strength and fracture toughness to be deflected into cement lines compared with short cracks. The orientation of the crack affected the crack growth trajectory. Changing the fracture properties of the osteon influenced the crack propagation path whereas varying the elastic modulus of the osteon had almost no effect on crack trajectory. The findings of this study present a computational mechanics approach for evaluating microscale fracture mechanisms in bone and provide additional insight into the role of bone microstructure in controlling the microcrack growth trajectory.

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