Cross Validation of the 20-m Shuttle Run Test for Children and Adolescents with Mental Retardation

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Fernhall ◽  
A. Lynn Millar ◽  
Kenneth H. Pitetti ◽  
Terri Hensen ◽  
Mathew D. Vukovsch
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Specific Formula ◽  
Run Test ◽  
Accuracy Of Prediction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Treadmill Protocol ◽  
Shuttle Run

We cross validated the 20-m shuttle run test of aerobic capacity in children and adolescents with mild and moderate mental retardation (MR) using the population specific formula of Fernhall et al. (1998). Nine boys and 8 girls (age = 13.7 yr) completed a maximal treadmill protocol (measured V̇O2peak) and a 20-m shuttle run (predicted V̇O2peak). The measured peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak) was 39.4 ml kg-1 min-1. The relationship between measured and predicted V̇O2peak was r = .86 with an SEE of 6.2 ml kg-1 min-1. Multiple regression and Bland-Altman analyses showed that there was little bias, but the Bland-Altman analysis indicated highly variable limits of agreement (Bland & Altman 1986). Thus, the traditional approach (regression analysis) to concurrent validity revealed that the 20-m shuttle run is a valid indicator of V̇O2peak in these participants. The accuracy of prediction (Bland & Altman, 1986), however, was lower than expected in a population without MR.

Leg Strength Is Related to Endurance Run Performance in Children and Adolescents with Mental Retardation

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Fernhall ◽  
Kenneth H. Pitetti
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Moderate Mental Retardation ◽  
Leg Strength ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shuttle Run

This study evaluated the relationship between leg strength and endurance run performance, independent of aerobic capacity (V̇O2peak), body size, and gender, in children and adolescents with mild or moderate mental retardation. Twenty-six individuals (15 boys and 11 girls) volunteered and underwent tests of V̇O2peak, isokinetic leg strength, and endurance run performance (600-yard ran/walk and 20-m shuttle run). Results showed that leg strength was significantly related to both types of run performance; however, when controlling for V̇O2peak, body size, and gender, leg strength was a more significant contributor to the 600-yard run/walk than to 20-m shuttle run performance. Gender did not influence these relationships. These data suggest that leg strength has a significant influence on endurance run performance in children and adolescents with mild or moderate mental retardation.

Validation of Several Methods of Estimating Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Young Men

1998 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 575-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars McNaughton ◽  
Phil Hall ◽  
Dean Cooley
Keyword(s):  
Young Men ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Accurate Predictor ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Run Test ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Treadmill Protocol ◽  
Shuttle Run

The purpose of this study was to identify the most accurate predictor of VO2max from a variety of running tests. 32 young adult male undergraduates of (mean ± SE) age 20.14 ± 0.34 yr., height 179.4 ± 1.8 cm, weight 73.7±2.8 kg, and VO2max 57.89 ± 1.1 ml · kg−1 · min.−1 were randomly tested on four different predictive VO2max running tests to assess their actual VO2max, based on a continuous, progressive treadmill protocol and obtained via gas analysis. The four tests consisted of a treadmill jogging test, 1.5 mile run, Cooper's 12-min. run, and the 20-m progressive shuttle-run test. An analysis of variance applied to means indicated significance. Post hoc analysis between the means with correction by Scheffé showed significant difference between the predictive submaximal treadmill jogging test and the 12-min. run but no other difieren .es. The strength of the relationship between predictive tests and VO2max varied, wit1 the 12-min run having the highest correlation of .87, followed by the 1.5 mile rur .87, 20-m progressive shuttle run .82, and the treadmill jogging test .50. The 12-min. run had the highest correlation of all tests with VO2max in young men, with active to trained levels of fitness. The 1.5 mile and 20-m shuttle run also provided accurate predictions of VO2max and so should be used for an accurate prediction of young men's VO2max.

Comparing Two Regression Formulas That Predict V̇O2peak Using the 20-M Shuttle Run for Children and Adolescents

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth H. Pitetti ◽  
Bo Fernhall ◽  
Steve Figoni
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Mild Mental Retardation ◽  
Bruce Protocol ◽  
Run Test ◽  
Shuttle Run

Two regression equations were developed to predict cardiovascular fitness (CVF) based on the 20-m shuttle run test (20-MST) for nondisabled youth and for youth with mild mental retardation (MR). The purpose of this study was to compare the validity of both regression formulas to predict CVF in nondisabled, healthy youths (ages 8 to 15 yrs; 38 females and 13 males). Participants performed two modified Bruce protocol treadmill (TM) tests and two 20-MSTs on separate days. CVF (V̇O2peak, ml • kg−1 • min−1) was measured during the TM tests and computed for the 20-MST using both regression equations. Results indicate that test-retest correlations for the 20-MST (# of laps; r = 0.89) and TM test (V̇O2peak, ml • kg−1 • min−1; r = 0.86) were high. Predicted V̇O2peak values were moderately significant (nondisabled youth: r = 0.55, p < .01; youth with MR: r = 0.66, p < .01) when compared with TM V̇O2peak. Correlation between the two regression equations was significant (r = 0.78, p < .01).

Cross Validation of the 20-Meter Shuttle Run Test for Adolescents with Down Syndrome

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriam Guerra ◽  
Kenneth H. Pitetti ◽  
Bo Fernhall
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Regression Formula ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Run Test ◽  
Treadmill Protocol ◽  
Shuttle Run

The purpose of this study was to determine if the regression formula developed for the 20-m shuttle run test (20 MST) for children and adolescents with mild mental retardation (MR), used to predict cardiovascular fitness (V̇O2peak), is valid for adolescents with Down syndrome (DS). Twenty-six adolescents (mean age = 15.3 ± 2.7 yr) with DS (15 males, 11 females) completed a maximal treadmill protocol (measured V̇O2peak) and a 20 MST (predicted V̇O2peak). There was a significant difference (p < .01) between the means of the measured (25.5 ± 5.2 ml·kg-1-·min-1) and the predicted (33.5 ± 3.9 ml·kg-1·min-1) V̇O2peak, respectively. In addition, there was a low relationship between measured and predicted values (r = .54). The results of this study indicate that the regression formula developed for children and adolescents with MR to predict V̇O2peak was not valid in this sample of adolescents with DS.

Effects of School-Based Cardiovascular-Fitness Training in Children with Mental Retardation

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarik Ozmen ◽  
Necmiye Un Yildirim ◽  
Bekir Yuktasir ◽  
Michael W. Beets
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Peak Heart Rate ◽  
School Based ◽  
Fitness Training ◽  
Run Test ◽  
And Control ◽  
Shuttle Run

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a school-based cardiovascular-fitness-training program in children with mental retardation (MR). Thirty boys (8−15 years old) with mild to moderate mental retardation were randomly divided into 2 groups—experimental (EX) and control (CN). The EX group underwent 10 weeks of training 3 times/week for a duration of 1 hr/session at 60-80% peak heart rate. At Week 10, significant increases in 20-m shuttle-run-test (20-MST) laps were observed for the EX group. No improvements were found in percent body fat. No changes were observed for the CN. The school-based training program might prove useful in improving the cardiovascular fitness of children with MR.

scholarly journals PREDICTIVE EQUATIONS OF MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION BY SHUTTLE RUN TEST IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco José de Menezes Júnior ◽  
Íncare Correa de Jesus ◽  
Neiva Leite
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Pubertal Stage ◽  
Predictive Equations ◽  
Sample Number ◽  
Body Adiposity ◽  
Sample Characteristics ◽  
Run Test ◽  
Shuttle Run

ABSTRACT Objective: To systematically review the literature as for the level of evidence of predictive equations of VO2peak through the 20-meter shuttle run test (20m-SRT) in children and adolescents. Data sources: Searches were conducted independently by two researchers, according to the procedures adopted by PRISMA, in the electronic databases MEDLINE via PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, LILACS and SciELO, for articles published until September 2017 in English and Portuguese. The inclusion criteria were: original studies, abstract available, using predictive equations of VO2peak through 20m-SRT, conducted with adolescents and/or children, non-athletes, and mentioning correlation analysis between predicted and measured VO2peak. The level of evidence of equations was based on the risk of bias of the studies using the following criteria: sample number, sample characteristics, and statistical analysis. Data synthesis: Eighteen studies were selected, in which fifteen equations were found and analyzed. The studies had been conducted with samples composed of subjects of both sexes, aged 8 to 19 years. Equations of Léger and Matsuzaka had their level of evidence classified as high, and estimation ranged between r=0.54-0.90 and r=0.65-0.90. Equations by Ruiz, Barnett and Matsuzaka had their level of evidence classified as moderate, and estimation ranged between r=0.75-0.96, r=0.66-0.84 and r=0.66-0.89, respectively. Conclusions: Matsuzaka’s equation presented satisfactory parameters for estimates of VO2peak in children and adolescents. Although not explored in equations, body adiposity and pubertal stage are significantly associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Body Compositions of Taekwondo Practitioners Aged 14-16 and Their Aerobic Endurance

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 3438-3440
Author(s):  
Duygu Sevinç Yilmaz ◽  
Burakhan Aydemir
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Run Test ◽  
Body Compositions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shuttle Run

Background: Taekwondo (TKD) is a combat sport practiced by millions of children, young people and adults around the world.1 It is an Olympic sports branch with many complex features and constant interaction between two opponents in the competitions, where attack-contact techniques are applied quickly, attacking techniques are strong2,3 but also have good flexibility. Aim: This study has been carried out to identify the relationship between body composition of taekwondo practitioners aged 14-16 who regularly practice taekwondo, and their aerobic endurance. Methods: A total of 33 registered taekwondo practitioners (17 male, 16 female) participated to this study on a voluntary basis. The age, height, weight, and body mass index of all the athletes who took part in the study are 14.96±0.80 years, 162.59±11.59 cm, 50.97±7.51 kg and 19.14±2.39 kg/m² respectively. The group who participated to the study practice taekwondo two days a week, for 2 hours each, for a period of 1.5 years. The aerobic endurance of taekwondo athletes was measured by 20-meter-long Shuttle Run Test. In order to measure the body composition values of the athletes, measurements of skinfold thickness (biceps, triceps, subscapula, subrailiac) were carried out. In calculating the body density, the formula of Durning-Womersley was used; and in calculating the body fat percentage, the formula of Siri was employed. Data was evaluated by SPSS 22.0. The normality distribution of the data obtained at the end of the study was evaluated by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and it was observed that the data was in line with normal distribution. Following the normalcy assessment, the relationship between body compositions and aerobic endurances was determined by Pearson Correlation analysis. Results: It is possible to say that the body composition values of taekwondo practitioners aged 14-16 have positive and negative impact on their aerobic endurance. It is observed that as the values 20-meter Shuttle Run test increases, fat percentage of athletes decreases. Conclusion: It is concluded that the findings obtained from the research results support the literature, and that body composition and aerobic capacity are important as performance criteria in many studies. It is thought that it may be beneficial for the athletes to perform aerobic endurance exercises during the annual training periods to perform the necessary practices to optimize their body composition and improve their aerobic capacity. Keywords: Taekwondo, Body Composition, Aerobic Endurance

scholarly journals Is Self-Reported Physical Fitness Useful for Estimating Fitness Levels in Children and Adolescents? A Reliability and Validity Study

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augusto César Ferreira De Moraes ◽  
Regina Célia Vilanova-Campelo ◽  
Francisco Leonardo Torres-Leal ◽  
Heráclito Barbosa Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Criterion Validity ◽  
Portuguese Version ◽  
Pediatric Populations ◽  
Run Test ◽  
Shuttle Run

Background and objective: The assessment of physical fitness has become a necessary issue in epidemiological studies, since a reduction in fitness is directly associated with early mortality. Therefore, the development of simple, accurate, and inexpensive methods is necessary to measure physical fitness. This study aimed to determine the reliability and validity of the criteria and constructs of the International Fitness Scale (IFIS), Portuguese version, in Brazilian pediatric populations. Methods: A total of 190 children aged 3–10 years and 110 adolescents aged 11–17 years were enrolled in an observational study of reliability and validity. For reliability, the participants completed a questionnaire twice (with an interval of 15 days). To test the criterion validity, we analyzed the agreement between the questionnaire and physical tests (20-m shuttle run test, handgrip strength, standing long jump tests, 4 × 10-m shuttle run test, and back-saver sit and reach test), and the construct validity was estimated by agreement between the questionnaire and high blood pressure. The reliability was analyzed by kappa coefficients. The agreement between the testing and retesting of the questionnaire was evaluated by kappa coefficients. We applied a 2 × 2 table to estimate the specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of the questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the children was 6.7 years (n = 190), and for the adolescents it was 14.6 years (n = 110). The questionnaire reliability showed an almost perfect score (κ ≥ 0.93 in children and κ ≥ 0.88 in adolescents). The questionnaire showed moderate criterion validity (κ ≥ 0.40 in children and adolescents) as well as moderate construct validity (κ ≥ 0.40) in the components of general conditioning, cardiorespiratory capacity, muscular strength, and speed/agility in children and in the components of cardiorespiratory capacity, muscle strength, and speed/agility in adolescents. The questionnaire was a sensitive method for measuring physical fitness. Conclusions: The Portuguese version of the IFIS is a reliable and valid method for measuring physical fitness in pediatric populations.

Cardiovascular Fitness and Body Composition of Youth with and without Mental Retardation

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth H. Pitetti ◽  
Daniel A. Yarmer ◽  
Bo Fernhall
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Late Adolescents ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Run Test

The purpose of this study was to compare the aerobic fitness and body mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents (8-18 yr) with and without mild mental retardation (MR). Sample size of participants with MR but without Down syndrome was 169 males and 99 females. Sample size of participants without MR was 289 males and 317 females. Analysis was made by gender and age: children (8-10 yr); early adolescents (11-14 yr); and late adolescents (15-18 yr). The 20-m shuttle run test (20 MST) was used to assess field test performance and predicted aerobic fitness. For all age groups, females and males without MR ran significantly more laps and had a significantly higher predicted aerobic fitness (V̇O2peak: ml $$ kg-1 $$ min-1) than their peers with MR. Additionally, participants with MR tended to have higher BMI than their peers without MR. The results of this study indicate that children and adolescents with MR have lower exercise capacity, lower aerobic fitness, and higher BMIs than their peers without MR.

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