Cardiovascular Fitness and Body Composition of Youth with and without Mental Retardation

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth H. Pitetti ◽  
Daniel A. Yarmer ◽  
Bo Fernhall
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Late Adolescents ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Run Test

The purpose of this study was to compare the aerobic fitness and body mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents (8-18 yr) with and without mild mental retardation (MR). Sample size of participants with MR but without Down syndrome was 169 males and 99 females. Sample size of participants without MR was 289 males and 317 females. Analysis was made by gender and age: children (8-10 yr); early adolescents (11-14 yr); and late adolescents (15-18 yr). The 20-m shuttle run test (20 MST) was used to assess field test performance and predicted aerobic fitness. For all age groups, females and males without MR ran significantly more laps and had a significantly higher predicted aerobic fitness (V̇O2peak: ml $$ kg-1 $$ min-1) than their peers with MR. Additionally, participants with MR tended to have higher BMI than their peers without MR. The results of this study indicate that children and adolescents with MR have lower exercise capacity, lower aerobic fitness, and higher BMIs than their peers without MR.

Lower Body Strength of Children and Adolescents with and Without Mild Mental Retardation: A Comparison

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth H. Pitetti ◽  
Daniel A. Yarmer
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Isometric Strength ◽  
Late Adolescents ◽  
Social Concern ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Gender And Age

The purpose of this study was to compare children and adolescents (ages 8-18 yr) with and without mental retardation (MR) on isometric strength of knee flexion, knee extension, and combined leg and back strength. Sample size of participants with mild MR, but without Down syndrome, was 158 males and 111 females. Sample size of peers without MR was 223 males and 226 females. Analysis was made by gender and age: children (8-10 yr), early adolescents (11-14 yr), and late adolescents (15-18 yr). For all age groups, males and females without MR were significantly stronger than their same-gender peers with MR for all isometric strength measurements. For individuals with MR, the trend toward leveling off or decreasing in leg and back strength is a serious health and social concern.

Comparing Two Regression Formulas That Predict V̇O2peak Using the 20-M Shuttle Run for Children and Adolescents

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth H. Pitetti ◽  
Bo Fernhall ◽  
Steve Figoni
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Mild Mental Retardation ◽  
Bruce Protocol ◽  
Run Test ◽  
Shuttle Run

Two regression equations were developed to predict cardiovascular fitness (CVF) based on the 20-m shuttle run test (20-MST) for nondisabled youth and for youth with mild mental retardation (MR). The purpose of this study was to compare the validity of both regression formulas to predict CVF in nondisabled, healthy youths (ages 8 to 15 yrs; 38 females and 13 males). Participants performed two modified Bruce protocol treadmill (TM) tests and two 20-MSTs on separate days. CVF (V̇O2peak, ml • kg−1 • min−1) was measured during the TM tests and computed for the 20-MST using both regression equations. Results indicate that test-retest correlations for the 20-MST (# of laps; r = 0.89) and TM test (V̇O2peak, ml • kg−1 • min−1; r = 0.86) were high. Predicted V̇O2peak values were moderately significant (nondisabled youth: r = 0.55, p < .01; youth with MR: r = 0.66, p < .01) when compared with TM V̇O2peak. Correlation between the two regression equations was significant (r = 0.78, p < .01).

Effects of School-Based Cardiovascular-Fitness Training in Children with Mental Retardation

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarik Ozmen ◽  
Necmiye Un Yildirim ◽  
Bekir Yuktasir ◽  
Michael W. Beets
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Peak Heart Rate ◽  
School Based ◽  
Fitness Training ◽  
Run Test ◽  
And Control ◽  
Shuttle Run

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a school-based cardiovascular-fitness-training program in children with mental retardation (MR). Thirty boys (8−15 years old) with mild to moderate mental retardation were randomly divided into 2 groups—experimental (EX) and control (CN). The EX group underwent 10 weeks of training 3 times/week for a duration of 1 hr/session at 60-80% peak heart rate. At Week 10, significant increases in 20-m shuttle-run-test (20-MST) laps were observed for the EX group. No improvements were found in percent body fat. No changes were observed for the CN. The school-based training program might prove useful in improving the cardiovascular fitness of children with MR.

scholarly journals Development of multistage 10-m shuttle run test for VO2max estimation in healthy adults

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Validation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Validation Test ◽  
Uniform Distributions ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Run Test ◽  
Shuttle Run ◽  
Spatial Limitation

Background and objective: The disadvantage of the traditional 20-m multistage shuttle run test (MST) is that it requires a long space for measurements and does not include various age groups to develop the test. Therefore, we developed a new MST to improve the spatial limitation by reducing the measurement to a 10-m distance and to resolve the bias via uniform distributions of gender and age. Material and methods: Study subjects included 120 healthy adults (60 males and 60 females) aged 20 to 50 years. All subjects performed a graded maximal exercise test (GXT) and a 10-m MST at five-day intervals. We developed a regression model using 70% of the subject's data and performed a cross-validation test using 30% of the data. Results: The male regression model's coefficient of determination (R2) was 58.8%, and the standard error of estimation (SEE) was 4.17 mL/kg/min. The female regression model's R2 was 69.2%, and the SEE was 3.39 mL/kg/min. The 10-m MST showed a high correlation with GXT on the VO2max (males: 0.816; females: 0.821). In the cross-validation test for the developed regression models, the male's SEE was 4.38 mL/kg/min, and the female's SEE was 4.56 mL/kg/min. Conclusion: Thus, the 10-m MST is an accurate and valid method for estimating the VO2max. Therefore, the 10-m MST developed by us can be used when the existing 20-m MST cannot be used due to spatial limitations and can be applied to both men and women in their 20s and 50s.

scholarly journals Differences in Cardiorespiratory Fitness between Chinese and Japanese Children and Adolescents

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (13) ◽  
pp. 2316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofang Yang ◽  
Xiaojian Yin ◽  
Liu Ji ◽  
Ge Song ◽  
Huipan Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Japanese Children ◽  
Lms Method ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Run Test ◽  
Chinese Girls

Background: This study aimed to compare the difference in cardiorespiratory fitness between Chinese and Japanese children and adolescents. Methods: Participants comprised 9025 children and adolescents aged 7–18 years from China and Japan. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was measured by performance in the 20 m shuttle run test (20mSRT) and estimated maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Differences in CRF between countries were evaluated by t-tests. Centile curves for the 20mSRT and VO2max values were constructed for Chinese and Japanese children and adolescents, respectively, using the Lambda Mu and Sigma (LMS) method. Results: (1) For most of the age groups, the 20mSRT and VO2max performances among Chinese participants were lower than among Japanese participants. (2) Japanese children had the most apparent gains in P10, P50, and P90 VO2max values in primary school; however, they gradually decreased in middle school. For Chinese girls, the P10, P50, and P90 VO2max values decreased gradually with age. (3) The VO2max value among Japanese children increased; however, it decreased or remained flat among Chinese children in primary school. Conclusions: CRF among Chinese participants was lower than among Japanese participants while the VO2max value showed different trends in primary school. Effective measures should be taken to improve CRF among children and adolescents.

Cross Validation of the 20-m Shuttle Run Test for Children and Adolescents with Mental Retardation

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Fernhall ◽  
A. Lynn Millar ◽  
Kenneth H. Pitetti ◽  
Terri Hensen ◽  
Mathew D. Vukovsch
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Specific Formula ◽  
Run Test ◽  
Accuracy Of Prediction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Treadmill Protocol ◽  
Shuttle Run

We cross validated the 20-m shuttle run test of aerobic capacity in children and adolescents with mild and moderate mental retardation (MR) using the population specific formula of Fernhall et al. (1998). Nine boys and 8 girls (age = 13.7 yr) completed a maximal treadmill protocol (measured V̇O2peak) and a 20-m shuttle run (predicted V̇O2peak). The measured peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak) was 39.4 ml kg-1 min-1. The relationship between measured and predicted V̇O2peak was r = .86 with an SEE of 6.2 ml kg-1 min-1. Multiple regression and Bland-Altman analyses showed that there was little bias, but the Bland-Altman analysis indicated highly variable limits of agreement (Bland & Altman 1986). Thus, the traditional approach (regression analysis) to concurrent validity revealed that the 20-m shuttle run is a valid indicator of V̇O2peak in these participants. The accuracy of prediction (Bland & Altman, 1986), however, was lower than expected in a population without MR.

A Step Test for Evaluating the Aerobic Fitness of Children and Adolescents with Mental Retardation

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth H. Pitetti ◽  
Bo Fernhall ◽  
Nancy Stubbs ◽  
Louis V. Stadler
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Valid Test

The purpose of this study was to determine if a step test could be feasible, reliable, and valid for youths with educable (EMR) or trainable (TMR) mental retardation. Thirteen males and 11 females (age M = 14.7 ± 2.7 yr) with EMR or TMR participated in this study. Three step tests were employed using one platform height and stepping frequencies of 13, 15, and 17 ascents/min for 3 min. Recovery HR was used to estimate VO2peak. Though significant, correlations between the recovery HR and VO2peak for the 15 (r = −0.48) and 17 (r = −0.46) ascents/min were not high enough to be considered valid indicators of VO2peak. The large standard errors of the estimate and total errors suggested systematic errors of prediction. Furthermore, the measured VO2peak was significantly different from the estimated values at all step rates (p < .05). The step-test was relatively feasible, but was not a valid test of VO2peak in this population.

Commentary on the Assessment and Interpretation of Pediatric Aerobic Fitness—The Year That Was 2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Testing ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Run Test ◽  
Shuttle Run

Three papers, which between them contribute to the current debate on the assessment and interpretation of pediatric aerobic fitness, were selected for commentary. The first paper (Children. 2017; 4:6; doi:10.3390/children4010006) highlights the merits of clinical exercise testing and advocates the advancement of pediatric exercise testing through a rationale founded on demonstrated prognostic value of data obtained. It notes the lack of well-accepted definitions of exercise outcome variables in children and promotes the case for data harmonization across laboratories. The second paper (J Appl Physiol. 2017; 122: 997–1002) argues persuasively that the acceptance of peak oxygen uptake (peak ) at the termination of an exercise test to voluntary exhaustion as a surrogate for a “true” maximal value (ie, ) is no longer tolerable. The authors present a compelling case for the adoption of a follow-up verification test to unambiguously validate the achievement of . The third paper (Br J Sports Med. 2017; 1–10, doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097982) compiles large, previously published datasets to provide a review of temporal trends in 20-m shuttle run test scores. The authors assert that temporal trends in 20-m shuttle run test performance provide meaningful insight into trends in population health. The commentary stresses the importance of scientific rigor in pediatric exercise testing, emphasizes the use of precise definitions when describing health-related variables, and cautions against the misuse of exercise outcome measures in recommendations relating to or impacting on young people’s health and well-being.

Reliability of Field Based Cardiovascular Fitness Running Tests for Individuals with Mental Retardation

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Baumgartner ◽  
Michael Horvat
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Moderate Mental Retardation ◽  
Rank Ordering ◽  
Cardiovascular Endurance ◽  
Secondary Purpose ◽  
Run Test ◽  
Individuals With Mental Retardation

The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine the reliability of cardiovascular running tests for individuals with mild and moderate mental retardation. A secondary purpose was to determine whether cardiovascular running tests had some degree of validity in that running times for these tests tended to be in excess of 6 minutes. Data for eight groups were analyzed. Times for the distance runs ranged from 51 to 914 seconds while reliability ranged from .25 to .94, depending on the group. Based on the findings for the groups and distances used in this study, the following conclusions seem justified: (a) Distance run tests of 300 to 880 yds may be reasonably reliable for rank ordering subjects in terms of scores on these tests; (b) distance run tests of 300 or 600 yds are not valid measures of cardiovascular endurance for individuals with mental retardation; and (c) a distance run test of 880 yds may be valid as a measure of cardiovascular endurance.

scholarly journals Review of criterion-referenced standards for cardiorespiratory fitness: what percentage of 1 142 026 international children and youth are apparently healthy?

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (15) ◽  
pp. 953-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin J Lang ◽  
Mark S Tremblay ◽  
Francisco B Ortega ◽  
Jonatan R Ruiz ◽  
Grant R Tomkinson
Keyword(s):  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Youth At Risk ◽  
Criterion Referenced ◽  
Run Test ◽  
Pseudo Data

PurposeTo identify criterion-referenced standards for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF); to estimate the percentage of children and youth that met each standard; and to discuss strategies to help improve the utility of criterion-referenced standards for population health research.MethodsA search of four databases was undertaken to identify papers that reported criterion-referenced CRF standards for children and youth generated using the receiver operating characteristic curve technique. A pseudo-dataset representing the 20-m shuttle run test performance of 1 142 026 children and youth aged 9–17 years from 50 countries was generated using Monte Carlo simulation. Pseudo-data were used to estimate the international percentage of children and youth that met published criterion-referenced standards for CRF.ResultsTen studies reported criterion-referenced standards for healthy CRF in children and youth. The mean percentage (±95% CI) of children and youth that met the standards varied substantially across age groups from 36%±13% to 95%±4% among girls, and from 51%±7% to 96%±16% among boys. There was an age gradient across all criterion-referenced standards where younger children were more likely to meet the standards compared with older children, regardless of sex. Within age groups, mean percentages were more precise (smaller CI) for younger girls and older boys.ConclusionThere are several CRF criterion-referenced standards for children and youth producing widely varying results. This study encourages using the interim international criterion-referenced standards of 35 and 42 mL/kg/min for girls and boys, respectively, to identify children and youth at risk of poor health—raising a clinical red flag.

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