The Effects of Training Volume and Repetition Distance on Session Rating of Perceived Exertion and Internal Load in Swimmers

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 848-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Barroso ◽  
Diego F. Salgueiro ◽  
Everton C. do Carmo ◽  
Fábio Y. Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Relative Intensity ◽  
Critical Speed ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Swimming Training ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Session Duration ◽  
M 10

Purpose:To assess swimmers’ session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) after standardized sets of interval swimming training performed at the same relative intensity but with different total volume and repetition distance.Methods:Thirteen moderately trained swimmers (21.1 ± 1.1 y, 178 ± 6 cm, 74.1 ± 8.3 kg, 100-m freestyle 60.2 ± 2.9 s) performed 4 standardized sets (10 × 100-m, 20 × 100-m, 10 × 200-m, and 5 × 400-m) at the same relative intensity (ie, critical speed), and 1 coach (age 31 y, 7 y coaching experience) rated their efforts. Swimmers’ sRPE was assessed 30 min after the training session. Coach sRPE was collected before each training session. Internal load was calculated by multiplying sRPE by session duration.Results:When bouts with the same repetition distance and different volumes (10 × 100-m vs 20 × 100-m) are compared, sRPE and internal load are higher in 20 × 100-m bouts. When maintaining constant volume, sRPE and internal load (20 × 100-m, 10 × 200-m, and 5 × 400-m) are higher only in 5 × 400-m bouts. The coach’s and swimmers’ sRPE differed in 10 × 200-m and 5 × 400-m.Conclusions:These results indicate that sRPE in swimming is affected not only by intensity but also by volume and repetition distance. In addition, swimmers’ and the coach’s sRPE were different when longer repetition distances were used during training sessions. Therefore, care should be taken when prescribing swimming sessions with longer volume and/or longer repetition distances.

Effectiveness of daily subjective wellness measurements via mobile applications in predicting perceived exertion and training load

2021 ◽  
pp. 175433712110490
Author(s):  
Montgomery Bertschy ◽  
Jeffrey T Howard ◽  
Sakiko Oyama ◽  
Tianou Zhang ◽  
Kelly Cheever
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Application ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Student Athlete ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Time Distance ◽  
And Training

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of presession subjective wellness, measured by a mobile application, in predicting the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and training load for collegiate female soccer players throughout all training sessions of a competitive season. Thirty-three training sessions over 10 weeks involving 23 subjects were analyzed. Before each training session, players self-reported wellness measurements (sleep quality, stress, mood, soreness, fatigue, and sleep duration) through a mobile application questionnaire. Training load (active time, distance, GPS session load, and sprint score) was measured by GPS. RPE was self-reported immediately after training sessions. Generalized estimating equations found that presession wellness scores had a significant effect on postsession RPE. A 1 point increase in the wellness score corresponded with a significant increase in RPE ([Formula: see text] = 0.4[Formula: see text], 95% CI (0.05–0.91), p = 0.029). Wellness component of mood had a significant effect on RPE as noted by a 1 SD increase that corresponded to an increase in RPE ([Formula: see text] = 0.[Formula: see text], 95% CI (0.07–0.30), p = 0.001). Psychosocial component of wellness (mood) played the most influential role in predicting RPE. The results suggest that monitoring student-athlete wellness may be helpful in regulating player internal load, and increasing player mood may also lower internal load.

scholarly journals Usefulness of Linear Mixed-Effects Models to Assess the Relationship between Objective and Subjective Internal Load in Team Sports

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 392
Author(s):  
Alice Iannaccone ◽  
Daniele Conte ◽  
Cristina Cortis ◽  
Andrea Fusco
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Subjective Measures ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Random Slopes ◽  
The Relationship

Internal load can be objectively measured by heart rate-based models, such as Edwards’ summated heart rate zones, or subjectively by session rating of perceived exertion. The relationship between internal loads assessed via heart rate-based models and session rating of perceived exertion is usually studied through simple correlations, although the Linear Mixed Model could represent a more appropriate statistical procedure to deal with intrasubject variability. This study aimed to compare conventional correlations and the Linear Mixed Model to assess the relationships between objective and subjective measures of internal load in team sports. Thirteen male youth beach handball players (15.9 ± 0.3 years) were monitored (14 training sessions; 7 official matches). Correlation coefficients were used to correlate the objective and subjective internal load. The Linear Mixed Model was used to model the relationship between objective and subjective measures of internal load data by considering each player individual response as random effect. Random intercepts were used and then random slopes were added. The likelihood-ratio test was used to compare statistical models. The correlation coefficient for the overall relationship between the objective and subjective internal data was very large (r = 0.74; ρ = 0.78). The Linear Mixed Model using both random slopes and random intercepts better explained (p < 0.001) the relationship between internal load measures. Researchers are encouraged to apply the Linear Mixed Models rather than correlation to analyze internal load relationships in team sports since it allows for the consideration of the individuality of players.

scholarly journals Internal and External Training Load in Under-19 versus Professional Soccer Players during the In-Season Period

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 558
Author(s):  
Sullivan Coppalle ◽  
Guillaume Ravé ◽  
Jason Moran ◽  
Iyed Salhi ◽  
Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
External Training ◽  
Soccer Team

This study aimed to compare the training load of a professional under-19 soccer team (U-19) to that of an elite adult team (EAT), from the same club, during the in-season period. Thirty-nine healthy soccer players were involved (EAT [n = 20]; U-19 [n = 19]) in the study which spanned four weeks. Training load (TL) was monitored as external TL, using a global positioning system (GPS), and internal TL, using a rating of perceived exertion (RPE). TL data were recorded after each training session. During soccer matches, players’ RPEs were recorded. The internal TL was quantified daily by means of the session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) using Borg’s 0–10 scale. For GPS data, the selected running speed intensities (over 0.5 s time intervals) were 12–15.9 km/h; 16–19.9 km/h; 20–24.9 km/h; >25 km/h (sprint). Distances covered between 16 and 19.9 km/h, > 20 km/h and >25 km/h were significantly higher in U-19 compared to EAT over the course of the study (p =0.023, d = 0.243, small; p = 0.016, d = 0.298, small; and p = 0.001, d = 0.564, small, respectively). EAT players performed significantly fewer sprints per week compared to U-19 players (p = 0.002, d = 0.526, small). RPE was significantly higher in U-19 compared to EAT (p =0.001, d = 0.188, trivial). The external and internal measures of TL were significantly higher in the U-19 group compared to the EAT soccer players. In conclusion, the results obtained show that the training load is greater in U19 compared to EAT.

scholarly journals External and Internal Loads in Sports Science: Time to Rethink?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Ide ◽  
Amanda Silvatti ◽  
Craig Staunton ◽  
Moacir Marocolo ◽  
Dustin Oranchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Sports Science ◽  
System Of Units ◽  
Time Distance ◽  
Displacement Speed

The International System of Units (SI) was adopted in 1960 as a universal measuring system to be used for all areas of science. Sports Science papers have shown lots of inaccurate and inappropriate terms for quantification of athletes&rsquo; performance and the psychobiological responses to exercise (e.g., internal load). In biomechanics, external and internal loads are forces acting externally and internally, inducing stress and strain in the biological tissues. Therefore, the current review present simple proposals to correct the inappropriate terms: 1) do not use the term external load when referring to the assessment of exercise time, distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, torque, work, power, impulse, etc.; 2) do not use the term internal load when referring to the assessment of psychobiological stress markers (i.e., session rating of perceived exertion, heart rate, blood lactate, oxygen consumption, etc.); 3) do not use the term impulse when expressing other calculus than integrating force with respect to time, and neither strain, when expressing other phenomena than the body deformation. Instead, the term exercise intensity is universal and can be used to describe all forms of exercise. Finally, duration should precisely be described according to physical quantities (e.g., time, distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, force, torque, work, power, impulse, etc.) and the units accomplish by use of the SI. These simple quantifications can be performed for the exercises, sessions, microcycles, mesocycles and macrocycles of the athletes. Such standardization will provide a consistent and clear communication among sports scientists and all areas of science.

scholarly journals A Novel Approach to Training Monotony and Acute-Chronic Workload Index: A Comparative Study in Soccer

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Afonso ◽  
Fábio Yuzo Nakamura ◽  
Rui Canário-Lemos ◽  
Rafael Peixoto ◽  
Cátia Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Load Management ◽  
Redundant Information ◽  
Monitoring Tool ◽  
Qualitative Information ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Session Duration ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Training Specificity ◽  
Orientation Session

Load is a multifactorial construct, but usually reduced to parameters of volume and intensity. In the last decades, other constructs have been proposed for assessing load, but also relying on relationships between volume and intensity. For example, Foster's Training Monotony has been used in athletes' load management simply by computing mean weekly load divided by its standard deviation, often multiplied by session rate of perceived exertion. Meanwhile, the Acute to Chronic Workload Ratio (ACWR) has been debated by the sport scientists as a useful monitoring metric and related to so-called injury prevention. None of these models includes parameters that are representative of training specificity, namely load orientation. The aim of this study is to present broader conceptual approaches translated by new indices for assessing Intraweek Training Monotony (ITM) and Acute to Chronic Workload Index (ACWI) while incorporating load orientation, session duration and weekly density (frequency normalized) in addition to parameters related to proxies of external and/or internal load. Our ITM and Foster's Training Monotony were similar in terms of average values, but very different for individualized analysis, illustrating how average values may be deceiving. While Foster's model provided clusters of values, ITM provided more scattered, individualized data. ACWI and ACWR provided very distinct qualitative information, and the two models were uncorrelated. Therefore, the models incorporating training load orientation presented in this study provide distinct and not redundant information when compared to previous models. More importantly, ITM and ACWI are metrics that are compatible to each other and might fit to coaches' monitoring targets in the short and medium terms, respectively. Because our models include several parameters, including load orientation, we contend that might provide a more complete monitoring tool. However, we suggest they are used for intraindividual comparisons and not so strongly for interindividual comparisons.

Carbohydrate mouth rinsing improves resistance training session performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 804-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana S Decimoni ◽  
Victor M Curty ◽  
Livia Almeida ◽  
Alexander J Koch ◽  
Jeffrey M Willardson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Mouth Rinsing

We investigated the effect of carbohydrate mouth rinsing on resistance exercise performance. Fifteen recreationally trained women (age 26 ± 4 y; height 1.61.9 ± 5.1 m; weight 59.5 ± 8.2 kg) completed two resistance exercise bouts consisting of three sets of five exercises (half-squat, leg press, bench press, military press, and seated row) to volitional fatigue with a 10 repetition-maximum load. Immediately prior to and during the middle of each exercise bout, subjects mouth rinsed for 10 s with 100 mL of either a 6% maltodextrin solution (CHO) or an artificially flavored solution (PLA) in a randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced fashion. Heart rate and perceived exertion were compared between conditions using a 2 (conditions) × 15 (time points) repeated measures ANOVA. Significant main effects were further analyzed using pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni post hoc tests. Total volume (exercises * sets * repetitions * load) between sessions was compared with a Student’s t-test. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05 level of confidence. The CHO resulted in more repetitions performed during half-squat, bench press, military press, and seated row, for a significantly greater (∼12%) total volume load lifted versus PLA ( p = 0.039, ES: 0.49). Rating of perceived exertion was also significantly lower in the CHO versus PLA ( p = 0.020, ES: 0.28). These data indicate that CHO mouth rinsing can enhance high-volume resistance exercise performance and lower ratings of perceived exertion.

A Prospective Cohort Study of Load and Wellness (Sleep, Fatigue, Soreness, Stress, and Mood) in Elite Junior Australian Football Players

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 829-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J.H. Lathlean ◽  
Paul B. Gastin ◽  
Stuart V. Newstead ◽  
Caroline F. Finch
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Prospective Cohort Study ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Load Ratio ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Australian Football

Purpose:To investigate associations between load (training and competition) and wellness in elite junior Australian Football players across 1 competitive season.Methods:A prospective cohort study was conducted during the 2014 playing season in 562 players from 9 teams. Players recorded their training and match intensities according to the session-rating-of-perceived-exertion (sRPE) method. Based on sRPE player loads, a number of load variables were quantified, including cumulative load and the change in load across different periods of time (including the acute-to-chronic load ratio). Wellness was quantified using a wellness index including sleep, fatigue, soreness, stress, and mood on a Likert scale from 1 to 5.Results:Players spent an average of 85 (21) min in each match and 65 (31) min per training session. Average match loads were 637 (232) arbitrary units, and average training loads were 352 (233) arbitrary units. Over the 24 wk of the 2014 season, overall wellness had a significant linear negative association with 1-wk load (B = −0.152; 95% confidence interval, −0.261 to −0.043;P = .006) and an inverseU-curve relationship with session load (B = −0.078; 95% confidence interval, 0.143 to 0.014;P = .018). Mood, stress, and soreness were all found to have associations with load.Conclusions:This study demonstrates that load (within a session and across the week) is important in managing the wellness of elite junior Australian Football players. Quantifying loads and wellness at this level will help optimize player management and has the potential to reduce the risk of adverse events such as injury.

Monitoring Workload in Elite Female Basketball Players During the In-Season Phase: Weekly Fluctuations and Effect of Playing Time

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 941-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrikas Paulauskas ◽  
Rasa Kreivyte ◽  
Aaron T. Scanlan ◽  
Alexandre Moreira ◽  
Laimonas Siupsinskas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Women's Basketball ◽  
Playing Time ◽  
And Training ◽  
Basketball Teams

Purpose:To assess the weekly fluctuations in workload and differences in workload according to playing time in elite female basketball players.Methods:A total of 29 female basketball players (mean [SD] age 21 [5] y, stature 181 [7] cm, body mass 71 [7] kg, playing experience 12 [5] y) belonging to the 7 women’s basketball teams competing in the first-division Lithuanian Women’s Basketball League were recruited. Individualized training loads (TLs) and game loads (GLs) were assessed using the session rating of perceived exertion after each training session and game during the entire in-season phase (24 wk). Percentage changes in total weekly TL (weekly TL + GL), weekly TL, weekly GL, chronic workload, acute:chronic workload ratio, training monotony, and training strain were calculated. Mixed linear models were used to assess differences for each dependent variable, with playing time (low vs high) used as fixed factor and subject, week, and team as random factors.Results:The highest changes in total weekly TL, weekly TL, and acute:chronic workload ratio were evident in week 13 (47%, 120%, and 49%, respectively). Chronic workload showed weekly changes ≤10%, whereas monotony and training strain registered highest fluctuations in weeks 17 (34%) and 15 (59%), respectively. A statistically significant difference in GL was evident between players completing low and high playing times (P = .026, moderate), whereas no significant differences (P > .05) were found for all other dependent variables.Conclusions:Coaches of elite women’s basketball teams should monitor weekly changes in workload during the in-season phase to identify weeks that may predispose players to unwanted spikes and adjust player workload according to playing time.

scholarly journals Strength Training Session Induces Important Changes on Physiological, Immunological, and Inflammatory Biomarkers

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayla Karine Fortunato ◽  
Washington Martins Pontes ◽  
Débora Maria Soares De Souza ◽  
Jéssica Santos Ferreira Prazeres ◽  
Lucas Soares Marcucci-Barbosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding Proteins ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Muscle Actions

Strength exercise is a strategy applied in sports and physical training processes. It may induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy. The hypertrophy is dependent on the eccentric muscle actions and on the inflammatory response. Here, we evaluate the physiological, immunological, and inflammatory responses induced by a session of strength training with a focus on predominance of the eccentric muscle actions. Twenty volunteers were separated into two groups: the untrained group (UTG) and the trained group (TG). Both groups hold 4 sets of leg press, knee extensor, and leg curl at 65% of personal one-repetition maximum (1RM), 90 s of recovery, and 2″conc/3″eccen of duration of execution in each repetition. Blood samples were collected immediately before and after, 2 hours after, and 24 h after the end of the exercise session. The single session of strength training elevated the heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), visual analog scale (VAS), and lactate blood level in UTG and TG. Creatine kinase (CK) levels were higher at 2 and 24 h after the end of the exercise in UTG and, in TG, only at 24 h. The number of white blood cells (WBC) and neutrophils increased in UTG and TG, post and 2 h after exercise. Lymphocytes increased postexercise but reduced 2 h after exercise in both groups, while the number of monocytes increased only immediately after the exercise session in UTG and TG. The strength training session elevated the levels of apelin and fatty acid-binding proteins-3 (FABP3) in both groups and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in TG. The single exercise session was capable of inducing elevated HR, RPE, lactate level, and CK levels. This protocol changed the count/total number of circulating immune cells in both groups (UTG and TG) and also increased the level of plasmatic apelin, BDNF, and FLTS1 only in TG and FABP3 myokines in both groups.

Effects of isolated or combined carbohydrate and caffeine supplementation between 2 daily training sessions on soccer performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 457-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Amorim Andrade-Souza ◽  
Romulo Bertuzzi ◽  
Gustavo Gomes de Araujo ◽  
David Bishop ◽  
Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Repeated Sprint ◽  
Plasma Lactate Concentration ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Previous Training

This study aimed to investigate whether isolated or combined carbohydrate (CHO) and caffeine (CAF) supplementation have beneficial effects on performance during soccer-related tests performed after a previous training session. Eleven male, amateur soccer players completed 4 trials in a randomized, double-blind, and crossover design. In the morning, participants performed the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST). Then, participants ingested (i) 1.2 g·kg−1 body mass·h−1 CHO in a 20% CHO solution immediately after and 1, 2, and 3 h after the LIST; (ii) CAF (6 mg·kg−1 body mass) 3 h after the LIST; (iii) CHO combined with CAF (CHO+CAF); and (iv) placebo. All drinks were taste-matched and flavourless. After this 4-h recovery, participants performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) test, a Loughborough Soccer Passing Test (LSPT), and a repeated-sprint test. There were no main effects of supplementation for CMJ, LSPT total time, or best sprint and total sprint time from the repeated-sprint test (p > 0.05). There were also no main effects of supplementation for heart rate, plasma lactate concentration, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), pleasure–displeasure, and perceived activation (p > 0.05). However, there were significant time effects (p < 0.05), with heart rate, plasma lactate concentration, RPE, and perceived activation increasing with time, and pleasure–displeasure decreasing with time. In conclusion, isolated and/or combined CHO and CAF supplementation is not able to improve soccer-related performance tests when performed after a previous training session.

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