Sex Differences in Participation, Performance, and Age of Ultramarathon Runners

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 635-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathon Senefeld ◽  
Carolyn Smith ◽  
Sandra K. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Marathon Running ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The Us ◽  
Ultra Running

The sex difference in marathon running is increased with lower participation of women than men, but whether this occurs for ultramarathon running is not known. The study purpose was to determine whether the sex difference in performance widens among lower-placed runners and the association between the sex difference in running speed and participation rates. The top-10 ultramarathon running times, age at performance date, and the number of men and women finishers were analyzed from 20 races (45–160 km) in the US Track and Field Ultra Running Grand Prix. Men were faster than women for all events (18.7% ± 5.8%, P < .001). The sex difference in speed was the least for 100 km (14.9% ± 4.2%) and greatest for 45–50 km (19.3% ± 5.8%). The top-10 men were younger than the top-10 women (37.7 ± 3.2 and 39.0 ± 3.1 y, respectively, P < .001). The sex difference in speed increased with finishing place (1st place 15.6% ± 6.6% vs 10th 20.8% ± 5.6%, P < .001). Association analysis showed that the sex difference in speed was largest when there were fewer women than men finishers in a race; the strength of the association was greatest for the 80-km distance and least for the 160-km. Lower participation rates of women than men in the lower-distance ultramarathons and less depth among lower-placed women runners inflate the sex difference in ultramarathon performance.

The Relationship of Compliance with Coping Strategies and Self-Esteem

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisli H. Gudjonsson ◽  
Jon Fridrik Sigurdsson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Summary: The Gudjonsson Compliance Scale (GCS), the COPE Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were administered to 212 men and 212 women. Multiple regression of the test scores showed that low self-esteem and denial coping were the best predictors of compliance in both men and women. Significant sex differences emerged on all three scales, with women having lower self-esteem than men, being more compliant, and using different coping strategies when confronted with a stressful situation. The sex difference in compliance was mediated by differences in self-esteem between men and women.

Sex Differences in Time Production Revisited

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Glicksohn ◽  
Yamit Hadad
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Target Duration ◽  
Log P ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Time Production ◽  
T Score

Individual differences in time production should indicate differences in the rate of functioning of an internal clock, assuming the existence of such a clock. And sex differences in time production should reflect a difference in the rate of functioning of that clock between men and women. One way of approaching the data is to compute individual regressions of produced duration (P) on target duration (T), after log transformation, and to derive estimates for the intercept and the slope. One could investigate a sex difference by comparing these estimates for men and women; one could also contrast them by looking at mean log(P). Using such indices, we found a sex difference in time production, female participants having a relatively faster internal clock, making shorter time productions, and having a smaller exponent. The question is whether a sex difference in time production would be found using other methods for analyzing the data: (1) the P/T ratio; (2) an absolute discrepancy (|P-T|) score; and (3) an absolute error (|P-T|/T) score. For the P/T ratio, female participants have a lower mean ratio in comparison to the male participants. In contrast, the |P-T| and |P-T|/T indices seem to be seriously compromised by wide individual differences.

Cultural and Sex Differences in Rating the Self and an Hypothetical Well-Adjusted Person on Jack's Divided Self and Care as Self-Sacrifice Subscales

1999 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Koutrelakos ◽  
A. J. Baranchik ◽  
N. Damato
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
The Self ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Divided Self ◽  
The Usa

Ratings of the self and of an hypothetical well-adjusted man and woman on the Divided Self and Care as Self-sacrifice subscales of the Silencing the Self Scale were obtained for samples of men and women in the USA and Greece. Factor analysis confirmed the items' assignment to subscales for each of the three sets of ratings. Generally, Greeks scored higher than Americans on both subscales. While men usually scored higher than women on the Care subscale in both countries, they only did so in Greece for the Divided Self. Women had greater discrepancies than men between their self and well-adjusted same-sex rating on both subscales in each country, with this sex difference being greater in Greece than the USA and greater on the Care subscale in both countries.

Sex Differences in Preferences for Coffee Sweetness among Japanese Students

2007 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuko Yamazawa ◽  
Kumi Hirokawa ◽  
Hiroyuki Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Coffee Drinking ◽  
Japanese Students ◽  
Drinking Habits

The purpose of the present study was to examine sex differences in preferences for coffee sweetness. The participants were 59 Japanese undergraduate students. Men preferred sweeter coffee than women, while both men and women showed almost the same preference for acidic beverage sweetness. The sex difference in preferences for coffee sweetness may be related to coffee-drinking habits.

Sex Differences Concerning Prosocial Behavior in Social Dilemmas Are (Partially) Mediated by Risk Preferences But Not Social Preferences

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Angela R. Dorrough ◽  
Andreas Glöckner
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Social Dilemmas ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Null Effect ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. Previous results on the prosociality of men and women in social dilemmas are mixed. Studies find more prosocial behavior for men and women; and a meta-analysis ( Balliet et al., 2011 ) reports an overall null effect. Including samples ( N = 1,903) from 10 countries that vary concerning gender inequality (e.g., China, Colombia, Sweden), we investigated sex differences in social dilemmas and drivers of these potential differences. We found that men behaved more prosocially, in that they transferred more of their endowment to their interaction partner. This sex difference was descriptively observed for all countries and was partially mediated by differences in risk but not social preferences. Gender inequality did not predict the difference in magnitude of sex differences between countries.

Some reflections on sex differences in aggression and violence

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-233
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Maxson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Evolutionary Explanation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Human Aggression ◽  
Intrasexual Aggression ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Evolutionary Explanations

Four issues relevant to sex differences in human aggression and violence are considered. (1) The motivation for play and serious aggression in children and juvenile animals is different. Consequently, the evolutionary explanations for each may be different. (2) Sex differences in intrasexual aggression may be due to effects of the attacker or the target. There is evidence that both males and females are more physically aggressive against males and less physically aggressive against females. The evolutionary explanation for each component of the sex difference in intrasexual aggression may be different. (3) Aggression and violence are defined. The former is the attack, and the latter is the consequent injury or death. The evolutionary explanation for each may not be the same. (4) Most men and women are neither physically aggressive nor criminally violent. The evolutionary explanations of sex differences in aggression and violence should take this polymorphism into account.

Subgroup Analysis of Sex Difference on the Vandenberg-Kuse Mental Rotation Test

2003 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kázmér Karádi ◽  
Árpád Csathó ◽  
Beatrix Kovács ◽  
Péter Kosztolányi
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Spatial Ability ◽  
Subgroup Analysis ◽  
Mental Rotation Test ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Rotation Test ◽  
The Mean

A large sex difference has been elicited on the Vandenberg-Kuse mental rotation test. Prior research emphasizes the biological root of this sex difference. In recent experiments we confirmed this viewpoint. A large sample was administered the test, and the distributions of scores for men and women ( N = 138; 68 men and 70 women; ages 19 to 23 years). The mean scores were used as cut-off points to group the men and the women in different subgroups (Low/Women, High/Women, Low/Men, High/Men). There were large differences among all subgroups, reinforcing Kimura's testosterone hypothesis for sex differences in spatial ability.

scholarly journals Sex Differences and Individual Differences in Human Facilitative and Preventive Courtship

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Arnocky ◽  
Shafik Sunderani ◽  
Graham Albert ◽  
Kate Norris
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Mating Success ◽  
Mating Strategies ◽  
Mate Value ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Undergraduate Men ◽  
Positive Reciprocity

Although cooperative mating strategies have been observed in other species, the extent to which men and women act to facilitate the mating success of others has been under-researched, especially among unrelated individuals. The present study addressed this gap in knowledge by exploring potential sex differences and individual differences in attitudes toward facilitating and preventing friends’ mating among 256 heterosexual undergraduate men and women. Results showed that women were more likely than men to express attitudes toward preventing the sexuality of friends, whereas no sex difference existed in facilitative mating. For both men and women, positive reciprocity beliefs and high self-perceived mate-value predicted positive attitudes toward facilitative mating. Among women, preventive mating was predicted by low sociosexuality and high intrasexual (within-sex) competitiveness.

scholarly journals Changes in Sex Difference in Time-Limited Ultra-Cycling Races from 6 Hours to 24 Hours

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 923
Author(s):  
Heike Scholz ◽  
Caio Victor Sousa ◽  
Sabrina Baumgartner ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Peak Performance ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Online Database ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Age Of Peak Performance ◽  
Cycling Speed

Background and objective: Existing research shows that the sex differences in distance-limited ultra-cycling races decreased with both increasing race distance and increasing age. It is unknown, however, whether the sex differences in time-limited ultra-cycling races will equally decrease with increasing race distance and age. This study aimed to examine the sex differences regarding performance for time-limited ultra-cycling races (6, 12, and 24 h). Methods: Data were obtained from the online database of the Ultra-Cycling Marathon Association (UMCA) of time-limited ultra-cycling races (6, 12, and 24 h) from the years 1983–2019. A total of 18,241 race results were analyzed to compare cycling speed between men and women by calendar year, age group (<29; 30–39; 40–49; 50–59; 60–69; >70 years), and race duration. Results: The participation of both men (85.1%) and women (14.9%) increased between 1983 and 2019. The age of peak performance was between 40 and 59 years for men and between 30 and 59 years for women. Between 2000 and 2019, more men (63.1% of male participants and 52.2% of female participants) competed in 24 h races. In the 24 h races, the sex difference decreased significantly in all age groups. Men cycled 9.6% faster than women in the 12 h races and 4% faster in the 24 h races. Both women and men improved their performance significantly across the decades. Between 2000 and 2019, the improvement in the 24 h races were 15.6% for men and 21.9% for women. Conclusion: The sex differences in cycling speed decreased between men and women with increasing duration of ultra-cycling races and with increasing age. Women showed a greater performance improvement than men in the last 20 years. The average cycling speed of men and women started to converge in the 24 h races.

Asthma, atopy, and exercise: Sex differences in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction

2021 ◽  
pp. 153537022110038
Author(s):  
Daniel Enrique Rodriguez Bauza ◽  
Patricia Silveyra
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Common Complication ◽  
Collective Knowledge ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Atopic Status ◽  
The Us ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Exercise Induced

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease affecting approximately 7.7% of the US population. Sex differences in the prevalence, incidence, and severity of asthma have been widely described throughout the lifespan, showing higher rates in boys than girls before puberty, but a reversed pattern in adults. Asthma is often associated with atopy, i.e. the tendency to develop allergic diseases, and can be worsened by environmental stimuli and/or exercise. While not exclusive to patients with asthma, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a common complication of athletes and individuals who exercise regularly. Currently, there is limited research on sex differences in EIB and its relationship with atopy and asthma in men and women. In this minireview, we summarize the available literature on this topic. Overall, the collective knowledge supports the notion that physiological changes triggered during exercise affect males and females differently, suggesting an interaction among sex, exercise, sex hormones, and atopic status in the course of EIB pathophysiology. Understanding these differences is important to provide personalized management plans to men and women who exercise regularly and suffer from underlying asthma and/or atopy.

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