Olympic Genes on the Podium?

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 973-974
Author(s):  
Fabian Sanchis-Gomar ◽  
Helios Pareja-Galeano ◽  
Jose A. Rodriguez-Marroyo ◽  
Jos J. de Koning ◽  
Alejandro Lucia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Human Genome ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Genetic Test ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Animal Research ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Physical Abilities ◽  
Simple Characteristic ◽  
Selection For

Despite some advances, it remains largely unknown how the millions of variations in the human genome influence athletic performance (especially in endurance events), and no single genetic test can really predict sports talent. However, there is experimental evidence from animal research that selecting for even a simple characteristic such as running ability can produce comparatively large and rapid changes in performance. That such selection has not been specifically documented in humans is more evidence of the limits of physiology-archeology than of the unlikelihood of selection for physical abilities. Here, the authors argue that top Olympians are likely genetically gifted individuals who in addition have numerous contributors to the “complex trait” of being an athletic champion that may not necessarily depend on defined genetic variations.

Industry Watch

2003 ◽  
Vol 07 (23) ◽  
pp. 1475-1490
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Cancer Care ◽  
Genetic Test

AustCancer Completes US Cancer Care Acquisition. Biota-Sankyo in Influenza Drug Partnership. Eastland Files Patent for Rota-Vax. GTG Commercializes Genetic Test for Athletic Performance. Meridica Licenses Xcelovair™ to Pfizer. Avesthagen Sets Up US Subsidiaries. Nicholas Piramal Hunting for Global Partners and Researchers in Therapeutic R&D. Cipla Exerts Its Presence in US Market. Unichem's Expansion Plans. Takeda Sues Mylan, Watson and Ranbaxy over Patent Infringements. Yamanouchi's Vesicare Receives USFDA Approval for Launch. TaiGen and TTY Biopharm Co-develop Cancer Treatment Drug.

Hybrid seed set in wheat is a complex trait but can be improved indirectly by selection for male floral traits

Euphytica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 214 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp H. G. Boeven ◽  
Tobias Würschum ◽  
Julia Rudloff ◽  
Erhard Ebmeyer ◽  
C. Friedrich H. Longin
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Hybrid Seed ◽  
Floral Traits ◽  
Selection For

scholarly journals Peculiarities of formation of physical preparedness of athletes in athletics

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
V.I. Bobrovnick ◽  
M.L. Tkachenko ◽  
D.S. Danyluk ◽  
S.G. Lytvynenko
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Training Process ◽  
World Championship ◽  
The World ◽  
Physical Abilities ◽  
And Training ◽  
Sydney Australia

In the training of all-round track and field athletes there are basically two ways to achieve high athletic performance. The first one is the improvement and development of those basic skills, to which the athlete is more predisposed (to speed, strength, etc.). The essence of the second one lies in the fact that it is aimed at equal improvement of all physical abilities for mastering the events included in decathlon and heptathlon (sprint events, jump events, speed-strength events and endurance events). The athletic performance rates of Ukrainian all-rounders, participating at these competitions, are 400-800 points behind. The best place of the Ukrainian athlete Olexiy Kasyanov at the World Championship 2009 was third with 8470 points, and the worst 23rd place was taken by Fedir Laukhin (7652 points) at the Olympic Games 2000 in Sydney (Australia). The irregular participation of Ukrainian all-round athletes in the main sports forums (Olympic Games and world championships) shows that the system of training decathletes in our country does not meet the expected standards. It is possible to distinguish many reasons for such performances. In recent years they are associated with the fact that the leaders of decathletes traditionally don’t participate in the championships of Ukraine. So, all other athletes have no possibilities to compete with the strongest in this particular sport and to show their highest results. And this happens along with the absence of highly qualified coaches and conditions for the educational and training process.

scholarly journals Differences in general physical abilities viewed in relation to entrance exam and the efficiency of studying

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-61
Author(s):  
Radivoje Janković ◽  
Filip Kukić ◽  
Nenad Koropanovski
Keyword(s):  
Initial Level ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Entrance Exam ◽  
Assessment Tests ◽  
Physical Abilities ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Study Process ◽  
General Physical ◽  
The University ◽  
Police Studies

The system of selection for the admission to the University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies in Belgrade (UCIPS) is designed as a multidimensional model in order to select the individuals of utmost quality. One of the segments is the assessment of the level of general physical abilities (GPA). The aim of this research was to determine the differences between the initial level of candidates' GPA in terms of the success achieved in the entrance exam as well as the success of the study process. General physical abilities of 618 male candidates were evaluated as part of the UCIPS enrolment process. The total sample of respondents was divided into sub-samples: candidates who were not enrolled (NE), candidates who were enrolled but not graduated (ENG) and those who were enrolled and graduated (EG). It was found that both groups of enrolled candidates (ENG and EG) had statistically significantly better GPA compared to NE. There were no statistically significant differences between the ENG and the EG. Considering the fact that the results of the GPA assessment tests, which hypothetically represent 20% of the possible total score, depend on a training process that involves persistence, continuity and commitment, it can be concluded that constant physical exercise could be one of the preconditions for success in the entrance exam to enrol UCIPS.

Opioid-induced hyperalgesia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsty Bannister
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Severe Pain ◽  
Pain Sensitivity ◽  
Animal Research ◽  
Opioid Consumption ◽  
Opioid Induced Hyperalgesia

The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Opioid-induced hyperalgesia: Abnormal or normal pain?’, published by Simonnet and Rivat in 2003. Morphine remains the analgesic of choice for those patients suffering moderate-to-severe pain, but it is increasingly recognized that worsening pain can be associated with chronic opioid consumption—the so-called phenomenon of opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). This paper combined knowledge from clinical studies and experimental evidence from animal research in order to delve deeper into the workings of OIH and ask whether it represented normal or abnormal pain. The authors, intrigued by evidence indicating that exogenous opioids could activate both inhibitory and facilitatory pain systems, looked to reassess the role of such enhancement in pain sensitivity. As the debate regarding the very existence of OIH rages on, we pain specialists can take comfort in the knowledge that for many before us, over a decade ago, the reality of OIH was never in question.

scholarly journals Genetic mechanisms underlying feed utilization and implementation of genomic selection for improved feed efficiency in dairy cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz F. Brito ◽  
Hinayah R. Oliveira ◽  
Kerry Houlahan ◽  
Pablo A.S. Fonseca ◽  
Stephanie Lam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Genomic Selection ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Genetic Progress ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Indicator Traits

The economic importance of genetically improving feed efficiency has been recognized by cattle producers worldwide. It has the potential to considerably reduce costs, minimize environmental impact, optimize land and resource use efficiency, and improve the overall cattle industry’s profitability. Feed efficiency is a genetically complex trait that can be described as units of product output (e.g., milk yield) per unit of feed input. The main objective of this review paper is to present an overview of the main genetic and physiological mechanisms underlying feed utilization in ruminants and the process towards implementation of genomic selection for feed efficiency in dairy cattle. In summary, feed efficiency can be improved via numerous metabolic pathways and biological mechanisms through genetic selection. Various studies have indicated that feed efficiency is heritable, and genomic selection can be successfully implemented in dairy cattle with a large enough training population. In this context, some organizations have worked collaboratively to do research and develop training populations for successful implementation of joint international genomic evaluations. The integration of “-omics” technologies, further investments in high-throughput phenotyping, and identification of novel indicator traits will also be paramount in maximizing the rates of genetic progress for feed efficiency in dairy cattle worldwide.

scholarly journals The mitochondrial DNA genetic bottleneck: inheritance and beyond

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haixin Zhang ◽  
Stephen P. Burr ◽  
Patrick F. Chinnery
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Genetic Bottleneck ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Mtdna Mutations ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Different Tissues

mtDNA is a multicopy genome. When mutations exist, they can affect a varying proportion of the mtDNA present within every cell (heteroplasmy). Heteroplasmic mtDNA mutations can be maternally inherited, but the proportion of mutated alleles differs markedly between offspring within one generation. This led to the genetic bottleneck hypothesis, explaining the rapid changes in allele frequency seen during transmission from one generation to the next. Although a physical reduction in mtDNA has been demonstrated in several species, a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms is yet to be revealed. Several questions remain, including the role of selection for and against specific alleles, whether all bottlenecks are the same, and precisely how the bottleneck is controlled during development. Although originally thought to be limited to the germline, there is evidence that bottlenecks exist in other cell types during development, perhaps explaining why different tissues in the same organism contain different levels of mutated mtDNA. Moreover, tissue-specific bottlenecks may occur throughout life in response to environmental influences, adding further complexity to the situation. Here we review key recent findings, and suggest ways forward that will hopefully advance our understanding of the role of mtDNA in human disease.

scholarly journals Overview of Genomic Tools for Circular Visualization in next-Generation Genomic Sequencing Era

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisha Parveen ◽  
Sukank Khurana ◽  
Abhishek Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Human Genome ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Genomic Sequencing ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
The Third ◽  
Genomic Tools ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Human Genome Sequencing ◽  
Visualization Tools

After human genome sequencing and rapid changes in genome sequencing methods, we have entered in the era of rapidly accumulating genome-sequencing data. This has poses development of several types of methods for representing results of genome sequencing data. Circular genome visualizations tools are also critical in this area as they provide rapid interpretation and simple visualization of overall data. In the last 15 years, we have seen rapid changes in circular visualization tools after the development of the circos tool with 1–2 tools published per year. Herein we have summarized and revisited all these tools until the third quarter of 2018. 

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