Strength Training Improves Exercise Economy in Triathletes During a Simulated Triathlon

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Kate M. Luckin-Baldwin ◽  
Claire E. Badenhorst ◽  
Ashley J. Cripps ◽  
Grant J. Landers ◽  
Robert J. Merrells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Maximal Strength ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
Exercise Economy ◽  
And Performance

Purpose: The completion of concurrent strength and endurance training can improve exercise economy in cyclists and runners; however, the efficacy of strength training (ST) implementation to improve economy in long-distance (LD) triathletes has not yet been investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate physiological outcomes in LD triathletes when ST was completed concurrently to endurance training. Methods: A total of 25 LD triathletes were randomly assigned to either 26 weeks of concurrent endurance and ST (n = 14) or endurance training only (n = 11). The ST program progressed from moderate (8–12 repetitions, ≤75% of 1-repetition maximum, weeks 0–12) to heavy loads (1–6 repetitions, ≥85% of 1-repetition maximum, weeks 14–26). Physiological and performance indicators (cycling and running economy, swim time, blood lactate, and heart rate) were measured during a simulated triathlon (1500-m swim, 60-min cycle, and 20-min run) at weeks 0, 14, and 26. Maximal strength and anthropometric measures (skinfolds and body mass) were also collected at these points. Results: The endurance strength group significantly improved maximal strength measures at weeks 14 and 26 (P < .05), cycling economy from weeks 0 to 14 (P < .05), and running economy from weeks 14 to 26 (P < .05) with no change in body mass (P > .05). The endurance-only group did not significantly improve any economy measures. Conclusions: The addition of progressive load ST to LD triathletes’ training programs can significantly improve running and cycling economy without an increase in body mass.

The Effect of Maximal- and Explosive-Strength Training on Performance Indicators in Cyclists

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 470-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris Beattie ◽  
Brian P. Carson ◽  
Mark Lyons ◽  
Ian C. Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Maximal Strength ◽  
Explosive Strength ◽  
Road Cyclists

Cycling economy (CE), power output at maximal oxygen uptake (WV̇O2max), and anaerobic function (ie, sprinting ability) are considered the best physiological performance indicators in elite road cyclists. In addition to cardiovascular function, these physiological indicators are partly dictated by neuromuscular factors. One technique to improve neuromuscular function in athletes is through strength training. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a 20-wk maximal- and explosive-strength-training intervention on strength (maximal strength, explosive strength, and bike-specific explosive strength), WV̇O2max, CE, and body composition (body mass, fat and lean mass) in cyclists. Fifteen competitive road cyclists were divided into an intervention group (endurance training and strength training: n = 6; age, 38.0 ± 10.2 y; weight, 69.1 ± 3.6 kg; height, 1.77 ± 0.04 m) and a control group (endurance training only: n = 9; age, 34.8 ± 8.5 y; weight, 72.5 ± 7.2 kg; height, 1.78 ± 0.05 m). The intervention group strength-trained for 20 wk. Each participant completed 3 assessments: physiology (CE, WV̇O2max, power at 2 and 4 mmol/L blood lactate), strength (isometric midthigh pull, squat-jump height, and 6-s bike-sprint peak power), and body composition (body mass, fat mass, overall leanness, and leg leanness). The results showed significant between- and within-group changes in the intervention group for maximal strength, bike-specific explosive strength, absolute WV̇O2max, body mass, overall leanness, and leg leanness at wk 20 (P < .05). The control group showed no significant within-group changes in measures of strength, physiology, or body composition. This study demonstrates that 20 wk of strength training can significantly improve maximal strength, bike-specific explosive strength, and absolute WV̇O2max in competitive road cyclists.

scholarly journals Strength Endurance Training but Not Intensive Strength Training Reduces Senescence-Prone T Cells in Peripheral Blood in Community-Dwelling Elderly Women

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 1870-1878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hung Cao Dinh ◽  
Rose Njemini ◽  
Oscar Okwudiri Onyema ◽  
Ingo Beyer ◽  
Keliane Liberman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Cell Repertoire ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
T Cell Phenotypes

Abstract Aging is characterized by a progressive decline in immune function known as immunosenescence. Although the causes of immunosenescence are likely to be multifactorial, an age-associated accumulation of senescent T cells and decreased naive T-cell repertoire are key contributors to the phenomenon. On the other hand, there is a growing consensus that physical exercise may improve immune response in aging. However, the optimum training modality required to obtain beneficial adaptations in older subjects is lacking. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of exercise modality on T-cell phenotypes in older women. A total of 100 women (aged ≥ 65 years) were randomized to either intensive strength training (80% of one-repetition maximum ), strength endurance training (40% one-repetition maximum), or control (stretching exercise) for 2–3 times per week during 6 weeks. The T-cell percentages and absolute counts were determined using flow cytometry and a hematology analyzer. C-reactive protein was measured using immunonephelometry. We report for the first time that 6 weeks of strength endurance training significantly decreased the basal percentage and absolute counts of senescence-prone T cells, which was positively related to the number of training sessions performed. Conceivably, training protocols with many repetitions—at a sufficiently high external resistance—might assist the reduction of senescence-prone T cells in older women.

Maximal Strength Training Improves Endothelial Function Similar To That Observed After Moderate Intensity Endurance Training In Obese Adults

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S84-S85
Author(s):  
Inga E. Schjerve ◽  
Gjertrud A. Tyldum ◽  
Arnt E. Tjonna ◽  
Tomas Stolen ◽  
Per M. Haram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Maximal Strength ◽  
Obese Adults

Maximal Strength Training Improves Running Economy in Distance Runners

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1087-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
ØYVIND STØREN ◽  
JAN HELGERUD ◽  
EVA MARIA STØA ◽  
JAN HOFF
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Maximal Strength ◽  
Distance Runners

scholarly journals Responses to Maximal Strength Training in Different Age and Gender Groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Torvild Kittilsen ◽  
Sannija Goleva-Fjellet ◽  
Baard Ingegerdsson Freberg ◽  
Iver Nicolaisen ◽  
Eva Maria Støa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Maximal Strength ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Leg Press ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups

PurposeThe present study aimed to investigate the potential impact of age, gender, baseline strength, and selected candidate polymorphisms on maximal strength training (MST) adaptations.MethodsA total of 49 subjects (22 men and 27 women) aged 20–76 years, divided into five age groups, completed an 8 weeks MST intervention. Each MST session consisted of 4 sets with 4 repetitions at ∼85–90% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) intensity in leg-press, three times per week. 1RM was tested pre and post the intervention and blood samples were drawn to genotype candidate polymorphisms ACE I/D (rs1799752), ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739), and PPARGC1A Gly482Ser (rs8192678).ResultsAll age groups increased leg-press 1RM (p &lt; 0.01), with a mean improvement of 24.2 ± 14.0%. There were no differences in improvements between the five age groups or between male and female participants, and there were no non-responders. Baseline strength status did not correlate with 1RM improvements. PPARGC1A rs8192678 T allele carriers had a 15% higher age- and gender corrected baseline 1RM than the CC genotype (p &lt; 0.05). C allele carriers improved 1RM (%) by 34.2% more than homozygotes for the T allele (p &lt; 0.05).ConclusionTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report improvement in leg-press maximal strength regardless of gender, baseline strength status in all age groups. The present study is also first to demonstrate an association between the PPARGC1A rs8192678 and maximal strength and its trainability in a moderately trained cohort. MST may be beneficial for good health and performance of all healthy individuals.

scholarly journals Elite swimmers do not exhibit a body mass index trade-off across a wide range of event distances

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1882) ◽  
pp. 20180684
Author(s):  
Christian M. Gagnon ◽  
Michael E. Steiper ◽  
Herman Pontzer
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Elite Swimmers ◽  
Performance Capability ◽  
And Performance

There is a trade-off reflected in the contrasting phenotypes of elite long-distance runners, who are typically leaner, and elite sprinters, who are usually more heavily muscled. It is unclear, however, whether and how swimmers' bodies vary across event distances from the 50 m swim, which is about a 20–30 s event, to the 10 000 m marathon swim, which is about a 2 h event. We examined data from the 2012 Olympics to test whether swimmers’ phenotypes differed across event distances. We show that across all swimming event distances, from the 50 m sprint to the 10 000 m marathon, swimmers converge on a single optimal body mass index (BMI) in men's and women's events, in marked contrast with the strong inverse relationship between BMI and event distance found in runners. The absence of a speed–endurance trade-off in the body proportions of swimmers indicates a fundamental difference in design pressures and performance capability in terrestrial versus aquatic environments.

The effects of strength training and endurance training order on running economy and performance

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 651-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Doma ◽  
Glen Bede Deakin
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Training Sequence ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Extensor Torque

This study examined the acute effect of strength and endurance training sequence on running economy (RE) at 70% and 90% ventilatory threshold (VT) and on running time to exhaustion (TTE) at 110% VT the following day. Fourteen trained and moderately trained male runners performed strength training prior to running sessions (SR) and running prior to strength training sessions (RS) with each mode of training session separated by 6 h. RE tests were conducted at baseline (Base-RE) and the day following each sequence to examine cost of running (CR), TTE, and lower extremity kinematics. Maximal isometric knee extensor torque was measured prior to and following each training session and the RE tests. Results showed that CR at 70% and 90% VT for SR-RE (0.76 ± 0.10 and 0.77 ± 0.07 mL·kg–0.75·m–1) was significantly greater than Base-RE (0.72 ± 0.10 and 0.70 ± 0.11 mL·kg–0.75·m–1) and RS-RE (0.73 ± 0.09 and 0.72 ± 0.09 mL·kg–0.75·m–1) (P < 0.05). TTE was significantly less for SR-RE (237.8 ± 67.4 s) and RS-RE (275.3 ± 68.0 s) compared with Base-RE (335.4 ± 92.1 s) (P < 0.01). The torque during the SR sequence was significantly reduced for every time point following the strength training session (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were found in torque following the running session (P > 0.05), although it was significantly reduced following the strength training session (P < 0.05) during the RS sequence. These findings show that running performance is impaired to a greater degree the day following the SR sequence compared with the RS sequence.

Relationship between distance running mechanics, running economy, and performance

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 1236-1245 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Williams ◽  
P. R. Cavanagh
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Distance Running ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Running Mechanics

The relationships between biocmechanical aspects of distance running, running economy (VO2 submax), and performance were investigated. A variety of biomechanical measures for 31 subjects running at 3.6 m/s was obtained, including three-dimensional angular and translational kinematics, ground reaction forces and center of pressure patterns, mechanical power, and anthropometric measures. Physiological measures obtained included maximal and submaximal O2 consumption, muscle fiber composition, and measures of the ability to store and return elastic energy during knee bends. A subset of 16 runners was also evaluated in relation to performance in a 10-km run. Biomechanical variables were identified which showed significant differences or consistent trends between groups separated on the basis of VO2 submax, establishing the importance of biomechanical influences on running economy. It appears that no single variable or small subset of variables can explain differences in economy between individuals but rather that economy is related to a weighted sum of the influences of many variables.

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