Ankle and Midfoot Power During Single-Limb Heel Rise in Healthy Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-55
Author(s):  
Frank E. DiLiberto ◽  
Deborah A. Nawoczenski
Keyword(s):  
Peak Power ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Inverse Dynamic ◽  
Heel Height ◽  
Foot Motion ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Ankle Function

Although the midfoot is recognized to have an important role in the successful performance of a single-limb heel rise, healthy heel rise performance remains primarily characterized by ankle function. The purpose of this study was to examine the contribution of midfoot region power to single-limb heel rise in healthy adults. Participants (N = 12) performed 20 single-limb heel rises. An electromagnetic motion capture system and a force plate were used to record 3-segment foot motion and ground reaction forces. Inverse dynamic calculations were performed to obtain ankle and midfoot region powers. These data were evaluated with descriptive statistics. A correlation was performed to evaluate the contribution of midfoot region power to heel height, as heel height is a clinical measure of heel-rise performance. The midfoot contributed power during single-limb heel rise (peak positive power: 0.5 [0.2] W·kg−1). Furthermore, midfoot peak power accounted for 36% of the variance in heel height (P = .04). As energy generating internal mechanisms, such as muscle activity, are attributed to power generation, midfoot tissue loading and muscle performance should be considered during clinical and modeling applications of the heel-rise task.

scholarly journals Effects of Cooling on Ankle Muscle Strength, Electromyography, and Gait Ground Reaction Forces

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amitava Halder ◽  
Chuansi Gao ◽  
Michael Miller
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Isometric Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Local Cooling ◽  
Ankle Muscle ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
And Performance

The effects of cooling on neuromuscular function and performance during gait are not fully examined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of local cooling for 20 min in cold water at 10°C in a climate chamber also at 10°C on maximal isometric force and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the lower leg muscles. Gait ground reaction forces (GRFs) were also assessed. Sixteen healthy university students participated in the within subject design experimental study. Isometric forces of the tibialis anterior (TA) and the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) were measured using a handheld dynamometer and the EMG was recorded using surface electrodes. Ground reaction forces during gait and the required coefficient of friction (RCOF) were recorded using a force plate. There was a significantly reduced isometric maximum force in the TA muscle (P<0.001) after cooling. The mean EMG amplitude of GM muscle was increased after cooling (P<0.003), indicating that fatigue was induced. We found no significant changes in the gait GRFs and RCOF on dry and level surface. These findings may indicate that local moderate cooling 20 min of 10°C cold water, may influence maximal muscle performance without affecting activities at sub-maximal effort.

Ankle and Midfoot Power During Walking and Stair Ascent in Healthy Adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank E. DiLiberto ◽  
Deborah A. Nawoczenski ◽  
Jeff Houck
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Foot Motion ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Foot Function ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
External Loads

Ankle power dominates forward propulsion of gait, but midfoot power generation is also important for successful push-off. However, it is unclear if midfoot power generation increases or stays the same in response to propulsive activities that induce larger external loads and require greater ankle power. The purpose of this study was to examine ankle and midfoot power in healthy adults during progressively more demanding functional tasks. Multisegment foot motion (tibia, calcaneus, and forefoot) and ground reaction forces were recorded as participants (N = 12) walked, ascended a standard step, and ascended a high step. Ankle and midfoot positive peak power and positive total power, and the proportion of midfoot to ankle positive total power were calculated. One-way repeated-measures analyses of variance were conducted to evaluate differences across tasks. Main effects were found for ankle and midfoot peak and total powers (all Ps < .01), but not for the proportion of midfoot-to-ankle total power (P = .33). Ankle and midfoot power significantly increased across each task. Midfoot power increased in proportion to ankle power and in congruence to the external load of a task. Study findings may serve to inform multisegment foot modeling applications and internal mechanistic theories of normal and pathological foot function.

scholarly journals The Midfoot Contributes to Power and Work During Single-limb Heel Rise

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011418S0004
Author(s):  
Frank DiLiberto ◽  
Deborah Nawoczenski
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Joint Torque ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Positive Power ◽  
Inverse Dynamic ◽  
Negative Power ◽  
Foot Function

Category: Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/Purpose: Single-limb heel rise (HR) is used to evaluate muscle performance and clinical outcomes in people with foot and ankle pathology. While the midfoot contributes 13% of total foot/ankle work to forward propulsion during gait, healthy HR performance remains primarily characterized by ankle function. Similar to its function during gait, the midfoot may also generate power during HR to provide the stability needed for ankle push-off power. Further characterization of HR performance by evaluating midfoot kinetics may advance understanding of foot function in the clinical application of the HR task. The purpose of this study was to examine ankle and midfoot power and work during single-limb HR in healthy adults. Methods: Twelve healthy adults [Mean (SD): Age 31.3 (4.9) years; BMI 25.2 (3.3) Kg/m2; 50% male] performed twenty barefoot single-limb heel rises. Multi-segment kinematic and ground reaction force data were recorded with an electromagnetic motion capture system and force plate. Subject-specific, three segment foot models (tibia, rearfoot, forefoot) were derived. Inverse dynamic calculations were performed to obtain ankle and midfoot peak positive and negative powers (joint torque x segmental velocity), as well as the timing of peak powers (% of the heel rise). Midfoot work (integral of power with respect to time), reflecting energy production, was examined as a percentage of the entire work performed at the ankle and midfoot during HR. Group descriptive data were examined as mean (standard deviation) [95% confidence interval]. Results: Ankle peak positive power was 2.8 (0.8) [2.2 - 3.3] W/Kg and occurred during the ascent phase at 7% HR (Figure 1). Midfoot peak positive power was 0.5 (0.2) [0.3 - 0.6] W/Kg occurring at 6%. Ankle peak negative power was 2.1 (0.6) [1.7 - 2.4] W/Kg and occurred during the descent phase at 84% HR. Midfoot peak negative power was 0.4 (0.2) [0.2 - 0.5] W/Kg occurring at 83%. The proportion of midfoot work to total work performed was 13.5 (5.7) [9.8 - 17.1] %. Conclusion: Study findings advance understanding of foot function by demonstrating the contribution of midfoot power and work during HR in healthy adults. Midfoot peak powers were approximately 18% of ankle powers and occurred at similar times during HR. Further, midfoot energy production appears to be an important aspect of healthy HR performance because approximately 14% of the total foot/ankle work occurs at the midfoot. Since active internal muscle and ligament mechanisms are attributed to midfoot power generation, practitioners should consider midfoot tissue loading and muscle performance when implementing the HR task in clinical practice.

Ground reaction force and hoof deceleration patterns on two different surfaces at the trot

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia Gustås ◽  
Christopher Johnston ◽  
Stig Drevemo
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Triaxial Accelerometer ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Sand Surface ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Force Data

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to compare the hoof deceleration and ground reaction forces following impact on two different surfaces. Seven unshod Standardbreds were trotted by hand at 3.0–5.7 m s− 1 over a force plate covered by either of the two surfaces, sandpaper or a 1 cm layer of sand. Impact deceleration data were recorded from one triaxial accelerometer mounted on the fore- and hind hooves, respectively. Ground reaction force data were obtained synchronously from a force plate, sampled at 4.8 kHz. The differences between the two surfaces were studied by analysing representative deceleration and force variables for individual horses. The maximum horizontal peak deceleration and the loading rates of the vertical and the horizontal forces were significantly higher on sandpaper compared with the sand surface (P < 0.001). In addition, the initial vertical deceleration was significantly higher on sandpaper in the forelimb (P < 0.001). In conclusion, it was shown that the different qualities of the ground surface result in differences in the hoof-braking pattern, which may be of great importance for the strength of the distal horse limb also at slow speeds.

scholarly journals Simulation of Stand-to-Sit Biomechanics for Design of Lower-Limb Exoskeletons and Prostheses with Energy Regeneration

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brock Laschowski ◽  
Reza Sharif Razavian ◽  
John McPhee
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Mechanical Power ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Dynamic Simulations ◽  
Inverse Dynamic ◽  
Joint Torques ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Body Segment Parameters

AbstractAlthough regenerative actuators can extend the operating durations of robotic lower-limb exoskeletons and prostheses, these energy-efficient powertrains have been exclusively designed and evaluated for continuous level-ground walking.ObjectiveHere we analyzed the lower-limb joint mechanical power during stand-to-sit movements using inverse dynamic simulations to estimate the biomechanical energy available for electrical regeneration.MethodsNine subjects performed 20 sitting and standing movements while lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction forces were measured. Subject-specific body segment parameters were estimated using parameter identification, whereby differences in ground reaction forces and moments between the experimental measurements and inverse dynamic simulations were minimized. Joint mechanical power was calculated from net joint torques and rotational velocities and numerically integrated over time to determine joint biomechanical energy.ResultsThe hip produced the largest peak negative mechanical power (1.8 ± 0.5 W/kg), followed by the knee (0.8 ± 0.3 W/kg) and ankle (0.2 ± 0.1 W/kg). Negative mechanical work from the hip, knee, and ankle joints per stand-to-sit movement were 0.35 ± 0.06 J/kg, 0.15 ± 0.08 J/kg, and 0.02 ± 0.01 J/kg, respectively.Conclusion and SignificanceAssuming an 80-kg person and previously published regenerative actuator efficiencies (i.e., maximum 63%), robotic lower-limb exoskeletons and prostheses could theoretically regenerate ~26 Joules of total electrical energy while sitting down, compared to ~19 Joules per walking stride. Given that these regeneration performance calculations are based on healthy young adults, future research should include seniors and/or rehabilitation patients to better estimate the biomechanical energy available for electrical regeneration among individuals with mobility impairments.

Correlation between Ground Reaction Force and Tibial Acceleration in Vertical Jumping

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 180-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niell G. Elvin ◽  
Alex A. Elvin ◽  
Steven P. Arnoczky
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Accelerometer Data ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Vertical Jumping ◽  
Average Coefficient ◽  
Reaction Forces

Modern electronics allow for the unobtrusive measurement of accelerations outside the laboratory using wireless sensor nodes. The ability to accurately measure joint accelerations under unrestricted conditions, and to correlate them with jump height and landing force, could provide important data to better understand joint mechanics subject to real-life conditions. This study investigates the correlation between peak vertical ground reaction forces, as measured by a force plate, and tibial axial accelerations during free vertical jumping. The jump heights calculated from force-plate data and accelerometer measurements are also compared. For six male subjects participating in this study, the average coefficient of determination between peak ground reaction force and peak tibial axial acceleration is found to be 0.81. The coefficient of determination between jump height calculated using force plate and accelerometer data is 0.88. Data show that the landing forces could be as high as 8 body weights of the jumper. The measured peak tibial accelerations ranged up to 42 g. Jump heights calculated from force plate and accelerometer sensors data differed by less than 2.5 cm. It is found that both impact accelerations and landing forces are only weakly correlated with jump height (the average coefficient of determination is 0.12). This study shows that unobtrusive accelerometers can be used to determine the ground reaction forces experienced in a jump landing. Whereas the device also permitted an accurate determination of jump height, there was no correlation between peak ground reaction force and jump height.

GROUND REACTION FORCES OF COMMONLY USED VOLLEYBALL BLOCKING APPROACHES

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (89) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Dimitrije Cabarkapa ◽  
Andrew Fry ◽  
Damjana Cabarkapa ◽  
Arden Rogers ◽  
Eric Mosier
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Strength And Conditioning ◽  
Advanced Level ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Concentric Force ◽  
Vertical Jump Height ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
The Right

Aim: The purpose of this study was to quantify ground reaction forces for some of the most commonly utilised volleyball blocking approaches and to examine their kinetic and kinematic characteristics. Basic procedures: The study was comprised of 18 healthy recreationally active women who volunteered to participate. Immediately after completion of the warm-up protocol, subjects performed 5 blocking approaches: stationary blocking approach (SBA), shuffle block to the right (SHBR), shuffle block to the left (SHBL), swing block to the right (SWBR) and swing block to the left (SWBL). In order to allow adequate recovery, each trial was randomly assigned and separated by a 1-2 minute rest interval. A uni-axial force plate with data acquisition system sampling at 1000 Hz was used to measure ground reaction forces. Main findings: SWBR and SWBL unveiled the greatest peak concentric force and rate of force development when compared to SBA, while no difference was observed when compared to SHBR and SHBL. Results: No significant differences were observed in peak landing force, impulse, and vertical jump height between any of the blocking approaches examined in this study. Conclusions: Knowing biomechanical characteristics of some of the most commonly utilised volleyball blocking approaches may help athletes to appropriately respond and quickly adjust to the opponent’s attacking position. Kinetic and kinematic variables are likely to be augmented with an advanced level of competition and can be trained and improved by properly designed and implemented strength and conditioning programmes.

scholarly journals Force plate gait analysis to assess limb function after tibial tuberosity advancement in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Damur ◽  
T. Guerrero ◽  
M. Haessig ◽  
P. Montavon ◽  
K. Voss
Keyword(s):  
Functional Outcome ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Tibial Tuberosity ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Forces

Summary Objective: To assess functional outcome in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) disease after tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) using force plate gait analysis, and to evaluate parameters potentially influencing outcome. Study design: Prospective clinical study. Animals: Consecutive clinical patients (n=37) with CrCL-deficient stifles (n=40). Methods: The stifle joints were examined arthroscopically prior to TTA. Meniscal release was not performed if the medial meniscus was intact. Open medial arthrotomy and partial meniscectomy were performed in the presence of meniscal tears. Vertical ground reaction forces were measured preoperatively and at follow-up examinations four to 16 months postoperatively (mean: 5.9 months). The ground reaction forces of a group of 65 healthy dogs were used for the comparison. The potential effects of clinical parameters on functional outcome were evaluated statistically. Results: Complete CrCL rupture was identified in 28 joints, and partial CrCL rupture in 12 joints. The medial meniscus was damaged in 21 stifles. Vertical ground reaction forces were significantly higher at follow-up (P<0.01), but remained significantly lower than those of control dogs (P<0.01). Complications were identified in 25% of joints, and the dogs with complications had significantly lower peak vertical forces at follow-up than the dogs without complications (P=0.04). Other clinical parameters did not influence outcome. Conclusions: Tibial tuberosity advancement significantly improved limb function in dogs with CrCL disease, but did not result in complete return to function. Complications adversely affected functional outcome. Clinical significance: A return to a function of approximately 90% of normal can be expected in dogs with CrCL disease undergoing TTA.

Ground Reaction Forces during Human Locomotion on Railroad Ballast

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 322-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chip Wade ◽  
Mark S. Redfern
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Surface ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Human Locomotion ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Surface Conditions ◽  
Time Histories ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
The Common ◽  
Plate System ◽  
Railroad Cars

Locomotion over ballast surfaces provides a unique situation for investigating the biomechanics of gait. Although much research has focused on level and sloped walking on a smooth, firm surface in order to understand the common kinematic and kinetic variables associated with human locomotion, the literature currently provides few if any discussions regarding the dynamics of locomotion on surfaces that are either rocky or uneven. The purpose of this study was to investigate a method for using force plates to measure the ground reaction forces (GRFs) during gait on ballast. Ballast is a construction aggregate of unsymmetrical rock used in industry for the purpose of forming track bed on which railway ties are laid or in yards where railroad cars are stored. It is used to facilitate the drainage of water and to create even running surfaces. To construct the experimental ballast surfaces, 31.75-mm (1¼-in.) marble ballast at depths of approximately 63.5 mm (2.5 in.) or 101.6 mm (4 in.) were spread over a carpeted vinyl tile walkway specially designed for gait studies. GRF magnitudes and time histories from a force plate were collected under normal smooth surface and under both ballast surface conditions for five subjects. GRF magnitudes and time histories during smooth surface walking were similar to GRF magnitudes and time histories from the two ballast surface conditions. The data presented here demonstrate the feasibility of using a force plate system to expand the scope of biomechanical analyses of locomotion on ballast surfaces.

scholarly journals The acute effect of using of texture foot orthoses on ground reaction forces in older adults during walking

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 756-763
Author(s):  
Aydin Valizadeh orang ◽  
Arefeh Mokhtari Malekabadi ◽  
AmirAli Jafarnezhadgero
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Frequency Spectrum ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Comfort Level ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Median Frequency ◽  
Foot Orthoses ◽  
Lower Limb Muscles ◽  
Reaction Forces

Background:Walking is one the common daily activities. With the beginning of middle age, weakness in the lower limb muscles can reduce the ability to walk. The use of foot orthoses reduce the load on the limbs and supports the joints during walking. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the acute effect of foot orthoses on the frequency spectrum of ground reaction forces during walking in the older adults. Methods: In this semi-experimental and laboratory study, 21 elderly (15 females and 6 males) with a mean height of 164.19±4.26 centimeters and weight of 80.04±3.50 kg, and age of 66.00±3.50 years were volunteered to participate in the study. The walking trials were done during three conditions including walking without foot orthoses, walking with small and large textured orthoses. The Bertec force plate (made in USA) with dimensions of 40 * 60 cm was used to record ground reaction forces. Results: The results of this study did not show any significant differences between walking without foot orthoses, walking with small and large textured foot orthoses for frequency of 99.5%, median frequency, frequency band and number of essential harmonics (P>0.05). However, the comfort level during wearing of large texture insole condition significantly increased compared to other conditions (P<0.05). Conclusion: The textured foot orthoses do not affect the frequency spectrum of ground reaction forces; however, it improves the comfort of the individual while walking.

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