Comparison of Three Algorithms Using Thigh-Worn Accelerometers for Classifying Sitting, Standing, and Stepping in Free-Living Office Workers

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Bronwyn Clark ◽  
Elisabeth Winker ◽  
Matthew Ahmadi ◽  
Stewart Trost
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Sitting Time ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Right

Accurate measurement of time spent sitting, standing, and stepping is important in studies seeking to evaluate interventions to reduce sedentary behavior. In this study, the authors evaluated the agreement in classification of these activities from three algorithms applied to thigh-worn ActiGraph accelerometers using predictions from the widely used activPAL device as a criterion. Participants (n = 29, 72% female, age 23–68 years) wore the activPAL3™ micro (processed by PAL software, version 7.2.32) and the ActiGraph™ GT9X accelerometer on the right front thigh concurrently for working hours on one full workday (7.2 ± 1.2 hr). ActiGraph output was classified via the three test algorithms: ActiGraph’s ActiLife software (inclinometer); an open source method; and, a machine-learning algorithm reported in the literature (Acti4). Performance at an instance level was evaluated by computing classification accuracy (F scores) for 15-s windows. The F scores showed high accuracy relative to the criterion for identifying sitting (96.7–97.1) and were 84.7–85.1 for identifying standing and 78.1–80.6 for identifying stepping. The four methods agreed strongly in total time spent sitting, standing, and stepping, with intraclass correlation coefficients of .96 (95% confidence interval [.92, .96]), .92 (95% confidence interval [.81, .96]), and .87 (95% confidence interval [.53, .95]) but sometimes overestimated sitting time and underestimated standing time relative to activPAL. These algorithms for identifying sitting, standing, and stepping from thigh-worn accelerometers provide estimates that are very similar to those obtained using the activPAL.

scholarly journals Using Smart Bracelets to Assess Heart Rate Among Students During Physical Education Lessons: Feasibility, Reliability, and Validity Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiangang Sun ◽  
Yang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Left Wrist ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Estimate Reliability ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right

BACKGROUND An increasing number of wrist-worn wearables are being examined in the context of health care. However, studies of their use during physical education (PE) lessons remain scarce. OBJECTIVE We aim to examine the reliability and validity of the Fizzo Smart Bracelet (Fizzo) in measuring heart rate (HR) in the laboratory and during PE lessons. METHODS In Study 1, 11 healthy subjects (median age 22.0 years, IQR 3.75 years) twice completed a test that involved running on a treadmill at 6 km/h for 12 minutes and 12 km/h for 5 minutes. During the test, participants wore two Fizzo devices, one each on their left and right wrists, to measure their HR. At the same time, the Polar Team2 Pro (Polar), which is worn on the chest, was used as the standard. In Study 2, we went to 10 schools and measured the HR of 24 students (median age 14.0 years, IQR 2.0 years) during PE lessons. During the PE lessons, each student wore a Polar device on their chest and a Fizzo on their right wrist to measure HR data. At the end of the PE lessons, the students and their teachers completed a questionnaire where they assessed the feasibility of Fizzo. The measurements taken by the left wrist Fizzo and the right wrist Fizzo were compared to estimate reliability, while the Fizzo measurements were compared to the Polar measurements to estimate validity. To measure reliability, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), mean difference (MD), standard error of measurement (SEM), and mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) were used. To measure validity, ICC, limits of agreement (LOA), and MAPE were calculated and Bland-Altman plots were constructed. Percentage values were used to estimate the feasibility of Fizzo. RESULTS The Fizzo showed excellent reliability and validity in the laboratory and moderate validity in a PE lesson setting. In Study 1, reliability was excellent (ICC>0.97; MD<0.7; SEM<0.56; MAPE<1.45%). The validity as determined by comparing the left wrist Fizzo and right wrist Fizzo was excellent (ICC>0.98; MAPE<1.85%). Bland-Altman plots showed a strong correlation between left wrist Fizzo measurements (bias=0.48, LOA=–3.94 to 4.89 beats per minute) and right wrist Fizzo measurements (bias=0.56, LOA=–4.60 to 5.72 beats per minute). In Study 2, the validity of the Fizzo was lower compared to that found in Study 1 but still moderate (ICC>0.70; MAPE<9.0%). The Fizzo showed broader LOA in the Bland-Altman plots during the PE lessons (bias=–2.60, LOA=–38.89 to 33.69 beats per minute). Most participants considered the Fizzo very comfortable and easy to put on. All teachers thought the Fizzo was helpful. CONCLUSIONS When participants ran on a treadmill in the laboratory, both left and right wrist Fizzo measurements were accurate. The validity of the Fizzo was lower in PE lessons but still reached a moderate level. The Fizzo is feasible for use during PE lessons.

scholarly journals Development and Validation of a Test for the Classification of Horses as Broken or Unbroken

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2303
Author(s):  
Laura Menchetti ◽  
Emanuela Dalla Costa ◽  
Michela Minero ◽  
Barbara Padalino
Keyword(s):  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Perfect Agreement ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Behavioural Test ◽  
Trained Observers ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Expert Classification

Regulation EC 1/2005 has stricter rules for transportation of unbroken (untamed) vs. broken (tamed) horses, but does not provide adequate tools for their identification. This study aimed to develop and validate such a tool. A behavioural test (Broken/Unbroken Test (BUT)) based on approaching, haltering, and leading was applied to 100 horses. Physiological and additional behavioural data were also collected, and the horses’ status (broken/unbroken) was assessed by the expert who administered the BUT. Each horse’s behaviour during the BUT was scored by four trained observers blinded to the horse’s history. The BUT score showed excellent inter-observer, intra-observer, and test–retest reliability (all intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) > 0.75). It was also negatively associated with respiratory rate, avoidance distance, and time needed to approach, halter, and lead the horse (p < 0.05 for all). The optimal BUT score cut-off for discrimination between broken and unbroken horses (gold standard: expert judgment) showed 97.8% sensitivity and 97.3% specificity. There was almost perfect agreement between BUT-based and expert classification of horses (ICC = 0.940). These findings confirm the BUT’s construct and criterion validity. The BUT could provide officials with a feasible, reliable, and valid tool to identify a horse’s broken/unbroken status and, consequently, direct stakeholders towards correct transport procedures.

scholarly journals Using Smart Bracelets to Assess Heart Rate Among Students During Physical Education Lessons: Feasibility, Reliability, and Validity Study

10.2196/17699 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. e17699
Author(s):  
Jiangang Sun ◽  
Yang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Left Wrist ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Estimate Reliability ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right

Background An increasing number of wrist-worn wearables are being examined in the context of health care. However, studies of their use during physical education (PE) lessons remain scarce. Objective We aim to examine the reliability and validity of the Fizzo Smart Bracelet (Fizzo) in measuring heart rate (HR) in the laboratory and during PE lessons. Methods In Study 1, 11 healthy subjects (median age 22.0 years, IQR 3.75 years) twice completed a test that involved running on a treadmill at 6 km/h for 12 minutes and 12 km/h for 5 minutes. During the test, participants wore two Fizzo devices, one each on their left and right wrists, to measure their HR. At the same time, the Polar Team2 Pro (Polar), which is worn on the chest, was used as the standard. In Study 2, we went to 10 schools and measured the HR of 24 students (median age 14.0 years, IQR 2.0 years) during PE lessons. During the PE lessons, each student wore a Polar device on their chest and a Fizzo on their right wrist to measure HR data. At the end of the PE lessons, the students and their teachers completed a questionnaire where they assessed the feasibility of Fizzo. The measurements taken by the left wrist Fizzo and the right wrist Fizzo were compared to estimate reliability, while the Fizzo measurements were compared to the Polar measurements to estimate validity. To measure reliability, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), mean difference (MD), standard error of measurement (SEM), and mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) were used. To measure validity, ICC, limits of agreement (LOA), and MAPE were calculated and Bland-Altman plots were constructed. Percentage values were used to estimate the feasibility of Fizzo. Results The Fizzo showed excellent reliability and validity in the laboratory and moderate validity in a PE lesson setting. In Study 1, reliability was excellent (ICC>0.97; MD<0.7; SEM<0.56; MAPE<1.45%). The validity as determined by comparing the left wrist Fizzo and right wrist Fizzo was excellent (ICC>0.98; MAPE<1.85%). Bland-Altman plots showed a strong correlation between left wrist Fizzo measurements (bias=0.48, LOA=–3.94 to 4.89 beats per minute) and right wrist Fizzo measurements (bias=0.56, LOA=–4.60 to 5.72 beats per minute). In Study 2, the validity of the Fizzo was lower compared to that found in Study 1 but still moderate (ICC>0.70; MAPE<9.0%). The Fizzo showed broader LOA in the Bland-Altman plots during the PE lessons (bias=–2.60, LOA=–38.89 to 33.69 beats per minute). Most participants considered the Fizzo very comfortable and easy to put on. All teachers thought the Fizzo was helpful. Conclusions When participants ran on a treadmill in the laboratory, both left and right wrist Fizzo measurements were accurate. The validity of the Fizzo was lower in PE lessons but still reached a moderate level. The Fizzo is feasible for use during PE lessons.

Self-administered Expanded Disability Status Scale with functional system scores correlates well with a physician-administered test

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Bowen ◽  
Laura Gibbons ◽  
Ann Gianas ◽  
George H Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Functional System ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Disability Status ◽  
Definite Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Clinically Definite Multiple Sclerosis

Background: Patient-administered measures are needed to assess disability cost-effectively in large epidemiological studies. Setting: An outpatient clinic in a large multiple sclerosis center. Methods: A self-administered EDSS questionnaire was developed (EDSS-S). Consecutive patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis completed the EDSS-S (n=95). During the same visit, a physician completed an EDSS (EDSS-P). Scores below 4.0 were determined using functional system (FS) scores. Scores above 4.0 were calculated by two methods, using gait alone and using gait and functional system scores combined. Results: EDSS-P scores ranged from 0-9.5 (mean 5.1, median 5.0, 78% female, age 17-78, mean age 45). Mean EDSS-P, EDSS-S and intraclass correlation coefficients of agreement were: EDSS using ambulation alone (4.6, 5.1, 0.89), EDSS using ambulation and FS scores (4.6, 5.3, 0.87), bowel/bladder FS scores (1.6, 1.7, 0.79), pyramidal FS scores (2.1, 2.4, 0.67), sensory FS scores (1.6, 2.1, 0.60), cerebellar FS scores (1.1, 1.6, 0.55), brainstem FS scores (0.5, 1.2, 0.45), vision FS scores (1.9, 1.3, 0.38), cerebral FS scores (0.6, 2.3, 0.27). Conclusions: Very good correlation was seen between patient and physician scores for EDSS and the bowel/bladder FS score. Four other FS scores correlated moderately. In general, patients scored themselves more disabled than physicians.

scholarly journals Measurement of Photoreceptor Layer in Glaucoma: A Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Fan ◽  
Nina Huang ◽  
Dennis Shun Chiu Lam ◽  
Christopher Kai-shun Leung
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Outer Nuclear Layer ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Spectral Domain ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Photoreceptor Layer ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Spectral Domain Oct

Objective.To measure and compare photoreceptor layer thickness between normal and glaucomatous eyes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT).Methods. Thirty-eight healthy normal volunteers and 47 glaucoma patients were included in the analysis. One eye from each participant was randomly selected for macula imaging by a spectral-domain OCT (3D OCT-1000, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). The foveal and parafoveal (1.5 mm from the fovea) outer nuclear layer (ONL) and inner and outer segments (IS+OS) layer thicknesses were measured by a single masked observer. The measurements were repeated 3 times in a random sample of 30 normal eyes to determine the repeatability coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient.Results.The measurement variabilities of photoreceptor thickness were low. The respective intraclass correlation coefficients of ONL and IS+OS thicknesses were 0.96 (95% confidence interval: 0.94–0.98) and 0.82 (95% confidence interval 0.70–0.90). While there were no differences in parafoveal ONL and IS+OS thicknesses between normal and glaucoma groups (), the foveal ONL thickness was greater in glaucomatous eyes () than in normal eyes.Conclusions.Glaucomatous damage may involve structural change in the photoreceptor layer.

Investigating the Dutch Movement-Specific Reinvestment Scale in people with stroke

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Kleynen ◽  
Susy M Braun ◽  
Anna JHM Beurskens ◽  
Jeanine A Verbunt ◽  
Rob A de Bie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Limits Of Agreement ◽  
Rehabilitation Centre ◽  
Altman Plot ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Bland Altman Plot ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Conscious Control

Objective: Reinvestment is a phenomenon in which conscious control of movements that are best controlled automatically disrupts performance. The propensity for reinvestment may therefore play an important role in the movement rehabilitation process. The Movement-Specific Reinvestment Scale measures an individual’s propensity for reinvestment. The aim of this study was to translate the scale for use with Dutch participants with stroke and to assess its reliability. Design: A test–retest design. Setting: In community after discharge from rehabilitation centre. Subjects: Forty-five people with stroke. Measures: Reliability of the translated scale was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland–Altman plot. Results: The ICC was 0.85 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74–0.91). Limits of agreement ranged from −2.38 to 3.10. Conclusion: The Dutch Movement-Specific Reinvestment Scale appears to be a reliable tool with which to assess the propensity for movement-specific reinvestment by people with stroke.

Dilatation of the Bile Duct in Patients after Cholecystectomy: A Retrospective Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Landry ◽  
An Tang ◽  
Jessica Murphy-Lavallée ◽  
Luigi Lepanto ◽  
Jean-Sébastien Billiard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Duct ◽  
Hepatic Artery ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Retrospective Assessment ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Age And Sex

Purpose Retrospective assessment of impact of cholecystectomy, age, and sex on bile duct (BD) diameter. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed abdominal contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography and laboratory reports of 290 consecutive patients (119 men; mean age, 55.9 years) who presented without cholestasis to the emergency department of our institution between June 2009 and August 2010. BD diameters were measured in 3 locations, by 2 independent observers, twice, at 1-month intervals. Reproducibility and agreement were evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman analyses. The effects of cholecystectomy, age, and sex on BD diameter were analysed with linear mixed models. Results BD diameter inter-reader reproducibility and agreement were excellent at the level of the right hepatic artery (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.94). Sixty-one patients (21.0%) had a history of cholecystectomy. Among them, the 95th percentile of BD diameters at hepatic artery level was 7.9 mm (<50 years) and 12.3 mm (≥50 years). Among those without cholecystectomy, BD diameter was 6.2 mm (<50 years) and 7.7 mm (≥50 years). Cholecystectomy was associated with significantly larger BD diameters in both age groups ( P < .001). Older age was associated with larger BD diameters ( P = .004). Sex had no impact on BD diameter ( P = .842). Conclusion Patients after cholecystectomy may present with an enlarged BD unrelated to cholestasis. The BD diameter increases with age. Clinicians should rely on cholecystectomy status, age, and laboratory results to determine needs of further investigation.

scholarly journals Normal pressures and reliability of the Gaitview® system in healthy adults

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon Tae Kim ◽  
Jung Soo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Independent Study ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Time Integral ◽  
The Right

Background: Each plantar pressure measurement system has a different accuracy and reliability, which is required to establish a range of normal values and determine the reliability. Objectives: To determine normal pressures with the Gaitview® system and assess its reliability. Study Design: Single-group repeated measures. Methods: Dynamic barefoot plantar pressure data were obtained in 30 healthy young participants. In each session, three trials were recorded by one examiner for each foot using the two-step gait initiation method, which was repeated by another examiner the same day. One week later, all of the procedures were repeated. Time-integral mean pressures were measured for each of eight anatomical foot regions. The foot contact time (CT) and the time-integral mean angle of the center of pressure (COP) were also measured. Results: The greatest time-integral mean pressures were seen under the medial and lateral heel. The mean CT was 0.9 sec for both feet, and the time-integral mean angle of the COP was 9.3° for the right foot and 6.6° for the left. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranged from 0.69 to 0.97, and the coefficient of variation (CoV) from 9.9 to 59.97% for all parameters. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the Gaitview® system demonstrates good to moderate reliability. Clinical relevance The Gaitview® AFA-50 system (alFOOTs, Seoul, Republic of Korea) has been used by clinicians in Korea, but has not been investigated in an independent study. Therefore, this study established a range of normal values and determined the reliability of the Gaitview® AFA-50 system.

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