scholarly journals Valued Insight or Act of Insubordination? How Context Shapes Coaches’ Perceptions of Challenge-Oriented Followership

Author(s):  
Marcus Gottlieb ◽  
Mark Eys ◽  
James Hardy ◽  
Alex J. Benson

Effective leadership is a collaborative effort, requiring a degree of complementarity in how people enact roles of leadership and followership. Using a novel online vignette methodology, we experimentally tested how three contextual factors influenced coaches’ responses to challenge-oriented acts of followership, as well as investigated two potential mechanisms. Coaches (N = 232) watched videos of an athlete provided unsolicited challenge-oriented feedback to a coach. Videos varied by the (a) athlete’s status, (b) presence of third-party observers, and (c) stage of the decision-making process. Following the video, we assessed coaches’ evaluations of the athlete. Challenge-oriented followership was perceived more favorably when enacted by an athlete in one-on-one (vs. in a group) and before a decision has been reached (vs. after a decision is reached). Coaches may appreciate proactivity from athletes in positions of followership, but challenge-oriented followership behaviors enacted at the wrong time and place can elicit negative reactions.

Author(s):  
Dimitrios A. Tsamboulas ◽  
Seraphim Kapros

A methodological framework with models is provided, which correlates behavioral and perceptual issues related to the use of intermodal transportation with the commonly used physical and economic criteria in modal choice approaches. With factor analysis, key variables and common decision patterns related to the choice of intermodal transportation are identified. Factor analysis is applied to capture the actors’ perception of the importance of variables affecting the decision-making process. With multiple regression analysis, models simulating the decision-making process are developed for actor groups, utilizing actual quantitative data of cost and performance of intermodal transportation services. Three decision patterns and the respective actor groups’ profiles are identified. The first group consists of actors who decide almost exclusively according to the cost criterion; these actors are intensive users of intermodal transportation. The second group has actors who decide according to both quality and cost criteria; using intermodal transportation by this actor group constitutes a minor portion of its total transport volumes. The third group consists of actors who are influenced in their decisions by specific logistics needs, beyond the physical transportation activity itself. The offer of third-party end-haul operations or refrigerated storage areas is an example of such services, necessitating specific logistic support. For each actor group a model is developed, which associates values of the quantitative variables affecting the decision-making process with the share of intermodal transportation in the total volume of transport handled by the group. The application of the model defines the extent to which changes in the values of relevant variables may shift a decision toward the use of intermodal transportation.


2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Çağatay Doğan ◽  
Hamza M. Gültekin ◽  
Sarper M. Erdoğan ◽  
Hamdi Özkara ◽  
Zübeyr Talat ◽  
...  

The current study assessed the decision-making process before surgery in prostate cancer patients. A structured telephone interview was conducted by an independent third party in 162 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for prostate cancer. Responders revealed that details regarding diagnosis and treatment alternatives were withheld from a significant number of patients. Radiation and active surveillance were presented as alternative options to surgery in 57 (39%) and 20 (14%) of responders, respectively. Twenty-six (18%) patients reported not being informed regarding potential surgical side effects. Patients were not active participants in critical aspects of decision making in 61 (42%) of the cases. Being inadequately informed and more frequent visits to the urologist appeared to make decisions more difficult. Treatment regret was reported by 23 (16%) of the patients who underwent surgery and was more common when the patient was not involved in the decision or was inadequately informed. As such, shared decision making should replace paternalism when managing patients with localized prostate cancer in urologic practice.


2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Rachael Spalding ◽  
JoNell Strough ◽  
Barry Edelstein

Abstract Background Population aging has increased the prevalence of surrogate decision making in healthcare settings. However, little is known about factors contributing to the decision to become a surrogate and the surrogate medical decision-making process in general. We investigated how intrapersonal and social-contextual factors predicted two components of the surrogate decision-making process: individuals’ willingness to serve as a surrogate and their tendency to select various end-of-life treatments, including mechanical ventilation and palliative care options. Method An online sample (N = 172) of adults made hypothetical surrogate decisions about end-of-life treatments on behalf of an imagined person of their choice, such as a parent or spouse. Using self-report measures, we investigated key correlates of willingness to serve as surrogate (e.g., decision-making confidence, willingness to collaborate with healthcare providers) and choice of end-of-life treatments. Results Viewing service as a surrogate as a more typical practice in healthcare was associated with greater willingness to serve. Greater decision-making confidence, greater willingness to collaborate with patients’ physicians, and viewing intensive, life-sustaining end-of-life treatments (e.g., mechanical ventilation) as more widely accepted were associated with choosing more intensive end-of-life treatments. Significance of results The current study's consideration of both intrapersonal and social-contextual factors advances knowledge of two key aspects of surrogate decision making — the initial decision to serve as surrogate, and the surrogate's selection of various end-of-life treatment interventions. Providers can use information about the role of these factors to engage with surrogates in a manner that better facilitates their decision making. For instance, providers can be sensitive to potential cultural differences in surrogate decision-making tendencies or employing decision aids that bolster surrogates’ confidence in their decisions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-175
Author(s):  
Roosmaryn Pilgram ◽  
Lotte van Poppel

Abstract Regelmatig nemen patiënten een begeleider mee naar medische consulten. Het verloop van shared decision making (SDM) in consulten met drie partijen heeft tot nu toe echter weinig aandacht gekregen. In deze studie wordt nagegaan welke invloed de derde partij kan hebben op het beslisproces. Daartoe specificeren we de rollen die deze partij op zich kan nemen en bespreken we, vanuit een pragma-dialectisch perspectief, hoe deze rollen zich vertalen naar rollen binnen een discussie. Tot slot zetten we op basis van voorbeelden uiteen hoe deze rollen tot uiting kunnen komen in het besluitvormingsproces. In een consult met drie partijen blijken vanuit argumentatief oogpunt twaalf complexe discussiesituaties te kunnen ontstaan, afhankelijk van de aard van het geschil, eventuele coalitievorming en de rollen die de partijen op zich nemen. In een aantal discussiesituaties kan de derde partij een actieve rol spelen en zodoende deelnemen aan het besluitvormingsproces. Alle drie partijen kunnen daarnaast anderen bij de discussie betrekken (bijvoorbeeld door hun mening te vragen) of een coalitie suggereren (bijvoorbeeld door in de wij-vorm te spreken). Indien een derde partij een coalitie suggereert, kan dit enerzijds SDM ten goede komen, doordat de begeleider de patiënt in het besluitvormingsproces steunt. Anderzijds kan dit ook het besluitvormingsproces bemoeilijken wanneer de derde partij (bewust of onbewust) ten onrechte namens de patiënt spreekt. Op eenzelfde wijze kan een derde partij meer of minder constructieve bijdragen leveren aan de besluitvorming door standpunten of argumenten te baseren op de eigen (vermeende) expertise. Abstract The third party in shared decision making. The role of extra participants in discussions between health professionals and patients Patients often bring along a companion to medical consultations, which ideally involve shared decision making (SDM). The way in which SDM proceeds in consultations with three parties has, nonetheless, so far received little attention. In this study, we analyse how the presence of a third party can affect the decision making process. To do so, we specify the roles that this party can fulfil, and discuss, using the pragma-dialectical framework, how these roles relate to discussion roles. Lastly, based on a qualitative analysis of a number of examples we illustrate how the roles that a third party could fulfil can be expressed in actual medical decision making. From an argumentative perspective, twelve complex discussion situations could arise from the presence of three parties, depending on the nature of the disagreement, possible coalition building, and the roles that the parties fulfil. In a number of discussion situations, the third party can play an active role and thus take part in the decision making process itself. All three parties could additionally invite others to participate in the discussion (for instance, by asking for their opinion) or suggest that a coalition has been formed (for instance, by using inclusive ‘we’). A third party suggesting that a coalition exists can further SDM, as the companion could thereby support the patient in the decision making process. However, this could also hinder the decision making process if the third party (consciously or unconsciously) unjustifiably speaks on behalf of the patient. In a similar vein, a third party could contribute in a more constructive or less constructive manner to the decision making process by basing standpoints or arguments on their own (supposed) expertise.


Author(s):  
Melissa B. Denihan

Aeronautical decision making research has focused almost exclusively on general and commercial aviation - with little attention given to the military aviation domain. This research has also been limited by its lack of realism and/or inability to probe aviators for additional clarifying information relevant to their decisions. This study addresses these shortcomings by using in-depth interviews of critical incidents guided by the critical decision method to gain a deeper understanding of the decision making process of experienced naval aviators during novel or unexpected situations in flight. Through this method, two contextual factors in the military aviation environment not previously addressed were identified: (a) the purpose of the flight; and (b) the flight operation environment. These two factors were found to influence each other in addition to impacting the saliency of certain cues and factors for the aviators. Implications for military aviator training and other domains of aviation are discussed.


2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-384
Author(s):  
M.F.F. Fasna ◽  
Sachie Gunatilake

Purpose Despite their energy conservation potential, still existing buildings are slow in embracing building energy efficiency retrofits (BEER), mainly because of the absence of a clearly defined process to deliver the BEER projects, and the lack of proactive guidance for project teams. Further, the identification of factors that can facilitate BEER projects is also important to ensure the project success. This is particularly true in energy service company (ESCO)-led projects. Hence, this study aims at investigating the decision-making process, including the motivators for the successful execution of each stage in implementing BEER when projects are outsourced to a third party. Design/methodology/approach An in-depth case study was carried out to investigate the decision-making process and motivators in implementing BEER in a selected hotel building. Seven semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect the required data within the case. Findings Study disclosed the 13 key decisions made and 37 key activities performed in each stage of the project. A total of 19 motivators for the successful execution of the respective stages were also elicited. Ultimately, the research findings are mapped against the five key stages of BEER decision-making process. Originality/value The outcome of this study will provide the industry practitioners a basis for the effective adoption and implementation of BEER in existing hotel buildings when an external contractor is involved.


1986 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 9-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Gulton Malcolm

In a case that is presently pending, a patient sued a private psychiatric facility alleging that the hospital committed malpractice by treating his disorder through psychodynamic rather than biological techniques. In this article, the author discusses the potential implications this suit may have for psychiatrists faced with making decisions about alternative treatment modalities. The article also discusses the role of the informed consent doctrine in this decision-making process. The impact of third-party reimbursement and the erosion of the so-called “respectable minority” rule are also discussed.


Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
pp. 2788
Author(s):  
Asma Mahmood ◽  
Mohsan Raza

In this paper, the attitudes of experts are observed for the possible changes after taking a certain decision. The decision is taken by two persons with different fields of expertise. There is also an annotation of such changes due to the interference of a third person, which is main idea of this paper. These observations are done by developing fuzzy soft differential equations with the help of optimum fuzzy soft constants (OFSCs), which are obtained through the ranking coefficients. The ranking of alternatives is based on the coefficients, which are obtained through a decision-making process. Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is exploited to rank the alternatives, and the attitudes of resource persons are examined through phase portraits and line graphs of the respective system of differential equations. The utilization of TOPSIS is a practice of multi-criteria decision-making in the analysis of human behaviours. Dual hesitant fuzzy soft sets are taken to represent the initial data.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rara Riezka Hidayati ◽  
Doni Marlius

The decision to save and deposit the deposits are the actions that are directly involved in the business of obtaining, determining the products and services including the decision making process of saving and depositing deposits and following these actions the purpose of this study is to determine the promotion activities in increasing third party funds at PT. Bank Perkreditan Rakyat (BPR) Batang Kapas Pesisir Selatan. The research method used is descriptive skin method that is collecting information about promotion activity in increasing third party fund. The results of research To conduct promotional activities in increasing third party funds PT. Bank Perkreditan Rakyat (BPR) Batang Kapas Pesisir Selatan has promoted sales promotion and personal selling such as giving gift to old customers in order to avoid customers moving to other banks. Promotional activities undertaken by PT. Bank Perkreditan Rakyat (BPR) Batang Kapas Pesisir Selatan. Only targeted to certain people or people only, on savings and time deposits. From the results of research that has been done PT. Bank Perkreditan Rakyat (BPR) Batang Kapas Pesisir Selatan have not fully implemented promotional activities such as tami and puro nagari savings products.


2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Zohreh Behjati Ardakani ◽  
Mehrdad Navabakhsh ◽  
Fahimeh Ranjbar ◽  
Mohammad Mehdi Akhondi ◽  
Alireza Mohseni Tabrizi

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