Reliability and Validity of Electrothermometers and Associated Thermocouples

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa S. Jutte ◽  
Kenneth L. Knight ◽  
Blaine C. Long
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Mercury Thermometer ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Sensor Probe

Objective:Examine thermocouple model uncertainty (reliability + validity).Design:First, a 3 × 3 repeated measures design with independent variables electrothermometers and thermocouple model. Second, a 1 × 3 repeated measures design with independent variable subprobe.Intervention:Three electrothermometers, 3 thermocouple models, a multi-sensor probe and a mercury thermometer measured a stable water bath.Main Outcome Measures:Temperature and absolute temperature differences between thermocouples and a mercury thermometer.Results:Thermocouple uncertainty was greater than manufactures’ claims. For all thermocouple models, validity and reliability were better in the Iso-Themex than the Datalogger, but there were no practical differences between models within an electrothermometers. Validity of multi-sensor probes and thermocouples within a probe were not different but were greater than manufacturers’ claims. Reliability of multiprobes and thermocouples within a probe were within manufacturers claims.Conclusion:Thermocouple models vary in reliability and validity. Scientists should test and report the uncertainty of their equipment rather than depending on manufactures’ claims.

Effect of Septal Perforations on Measures of Nasal Resistance

1997 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Guyette ◽  
Bonnie E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dependent Measure ◽  
Nasal Resistance ◽  
Septal Perforation ◽  
Analog Model ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Nominal Scale ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Septal Perforations

Objective The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of septal perforations on posterior and anterior rhinomanometric measures of nasal resistance In an analog model. Design The data were analyzed using a repeated-measures ANOVA. Nasal resistance was the dependent variable, while type of rhinomanometry, septal perforation size, and position of resistance (proximal vs. distal) were nominal scale independent variables. Participants The analog model used in this study was similar to that described by Warren and Devereux (1966), except that the nasal cavities of the model were modified to create septal perforations. Outcome Measures The main dependent measure was nasal resistance. Results An important finding of this investigation was that septal perforations resulted in large differences (> 3 cm H2O/L/sec) between posterior and anterior nasal resistance values in the bilateral proximal resistor condition. Conclusions Anterior rhinomanometry may underestimate true nasal resistance when a septal perforation Is present, because the septal perforation prevents accurate measurement of nasopharyngeal pressure. Posterior rhinomanometric measures should accurately reflect nasal resistance despite septal perforations, because the perforation does not invalidate the estimate of nasopharyngeal pressure.

Electromyographic Evaluation of Abdominal-Muscle Function With and Without Concomitant Pelvic-Floor-Muscle Contraction

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahid Tahan ◽  
Amir Massoud Arab ◽  
Bita Vaseghi ◽  
Khosro Khademi
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Floor ◽  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Pelvic Floor Muscle ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Emg Signal

Context:Coactivation of abdominal and pelvic-floor muscles (PFM) is an issue considered by researchers recently. Electromyography (EMG) studies have shown that the abdominal-muscle activity is a normal response to PFM activity, and increase in EMG activity of the PFM concomitant with abdominal-muscle contraction was also reported.Objective:The purpose of this study was to compare the changes in EMG activity of the deep abdominal muscles during abdominal-muscle contraction (abdominal hollowing and bracing) with and without concomitant PFM contraction in healthy and low-back-pain (LBP) subjects.Design:A 2 × 2 repeated-measures design.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:30 subjects (15 with LBP, 15 without LBP).Main Outcome Measures:Peak rectified EMG of abdominal muscles.Results:No difference in EMG of abdominal muscles with and without concomitant PFM contraction in abdominal hollowing (P = .84) and abdominal bracing (P = .53). No difference in EMG signal of abdominal muscles with and without PFM contraction between LBP and healthy subjects in both abdominal hollowing (P = .88) and abdominal bracing (P = .98) maneuvers.Conclusion:Adding PFM contraction had no significant effect on abdominal-muscle contraction in subjects with and without LBP.

Influence of Foot Type and Orthotics on Static and Dynamic Postural Control

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren C. Olmsted ◽  
Jay Hertel
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Group Interaction ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Plate Dynamic

Context:The effects of custom-molded foot orthotics on neuromuscular processes are not clearly understood.Objective:To examine these effects on postural control in subjects with different foot types.Design:Between-groups, repeated-measures design.Setting:Athletic training laboratory.Subjects:30 healthy subjects assigned to groups by foot type: planus (n = 11), rectus (n = 12), or cavus (n = 7).Interventions:Custom-fit semirigid orthotics.Main Outcome Measures:Static postural control was measured on a force plate. Dynamic postural control was measured using the Star Excursion Balance Test. Both measurements were assessed with and without orthotics at baseline and 2 weeks later.Results:For static postural control, a significant condition-by-group interaction was found. Subjects with cavus feet had a decreased center-of-pressure velocity while wearing orthotics. For dynamic postural control, a significant condition-by-direction-by-group interaction was found. Subjects with cavus feet had increased reach distances in 3 of 8 directions while wearing orthotics.Conclusions:Custom orthotics were associated with some improvements in static and dynamic postural control in subjects with cavus feet.

Temporal Influences of Functional Knee Bracing on Torque Production of the Lower Extremity

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-227
Author(s):  
Brian Campbell ◽  
James Yaggie ◽  
Daniel Cipriani
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Joint Moments ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Forces

Context:Functional knee braces (FKB) are used prophylactically and in rehabilitation to aide in the functional stability of the knee.Objective:To determine if alterations in select lower extremity moments persist throughout a one hour period in healthy individuals.Design:2X5 repeated measures design.Setting:Biomechanics Laboratory.Subjects:Twenty subjects (14 male and 6 female, mean age 26.5±7 yrs; height 172.4±13 cm; weight 78.6±9 kg), separated into braced (B) and no brace (NB) groups.Intervention:A one-hour exercise program divided into three 20 minute increments.Main Outcome Measures:Synchronized three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data were collected at 20-minute increments to assess the effect of the FKB on select lower extremity moments and vertical ground reaction forces.Results:Increase in hip moment and a decrease in knee moment were noted immediately after brace application and appeared to persist throughout a one hour bout of exercise.Conclusions:The FKB and the exercise intervention caused decreases in knee joint moments and increases in hip joint moments.

Comparisons of Static and Dynamic Balance Following Training in Aquatic and Land Environments

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimee E. Roth ◽  
Michael G. Miller ◽  
Marc Ricard ◽  
Donna Ritenour ◽  
Brenda L. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Balance Training ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Post Test

Context:It has been theorized that aquatic balance training differs from land balance training.Objective:To compare the effects of balance training in aquatic and land environments.Design:Between-groups, repeated-measures design.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory and pool.Participants:24 healthy subjects randomly assigned to aquatic (n = 8), land (n = 10), or control (n = 6) groups.Intervention:Four weeks of balance training.Main Outcome Measures:Balance was measured (pre, mid, post, follow-up). COP variables: radial area, y range, x range in single leg (SL), tandem (T), single leg foam (SLF), and tandem form (TF) stance.Results:A significant condition × time interaction for x range was found, with improvements for SL, SLF, and TF. Radial area improved, with post-test 1.01 ± .23 cm2and follow-up 1.06 ± .18 cm2significantly lower than pretest 1.18 ± .23 cm2. Y range significantly improved, with posttest (4.69 ± 1.02 cm2) lower than pretest (5.89 ± 1.26 cm2). The foam conditions (SLF & TF) were significantly different from non-foam conditions (SL & T) for all variables.Conclusions:Results of this study show that balance training can effectively be performed in both land and aquatic environments.

Effect of exercise intensity and duration on postexercise metabolism

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 2362-2368 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Gore ◽  
R. T. Withers
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Male Subjects

Data are reported on the net recovery O2 consumption (VO2) for nine male subjects (mean age 21.9 yr, VO2max 63.0 ml.kg-1.min-1, body fat 10.6%) used in a 3 (independent variables: intensities of 30, 50, and 70% VO2max) x 3 (independent variables: durations of 20, 50, and 80 min) repeated measures design (P less than or equal to 0.05). The 8-h mean excess postexercise O2 consumptions (EPOCs) for the 20-, 50-, and 80-min bouts, respectively, were 1.01, 1.43, and 1.04 liters at 30% VO2max (6.8 km/h); 3.14, 5.19, and 6.10 liters at 50% VO2max (9.5 km/h); and 5.68, 10.04, and 14.59 liters at 70% VO2max (13.4 km/h). The mean net total O2 costs (NTOC = net exercise VO2 + EPOC) for the 20-, 50-, and 80-min bouts, respectively, were 20.48, 53.20, and 84.23 liters at 30% VO2max; 38.95, 100.46, and 160.59 liters at 50% VO2max; and 58.30, 147.48, and 237.17 liters at 70% VO2max. The nine EPOCs ranged only from 1.0 to 8.9% of the NTOC (mean 4.8%) of the exercise. These data, therefore, indicate that in well-trained subjects the 8-h EPOC per se comprises a very small percentage of the NTOC of exercise.

scholarly journals Conditional Process Analysis in Two-Instance Repeated-Measures Designs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Kay Montoya
Keyword(s):  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Moderation Analysis ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Conditional Process Analysis

Conditional process models are commonly used in many areas of psychology research as well as research in other academic fi?elds (e.g., marketing, communication, and education). Conditional process models combine mediation analysis and moderation analysis. Mediation analysis, sometimes called process analysis, investigates if an independent variable influences an outcome variable through a specific?c intermediary variable, sometimes called a mediator. Moderation analysis investigates if the relationship between two variables depends on another. Conditional process models are very popular because they allow us to better understand how the processes we are interested in might vary depending on characteristics of different individuals, situations, and other moderating variables. Methodological developments in conditional process analysis have primarily focused on the analysis of data collected using between-subjects experimental designs or cross-sectional designs. However, another very common design is the two-instance repeated-measures design. A two-instance repeated-measures design is one where each subject is measured twice; once in each of two instances. In the analysis discussed in this dissertation, the factor that differentiates the two repeated measurements is the independent variable of interest. Research on how to statistically test mediation, moderation, and conditional process models in these designs has been minimal. Judd, Kenny, and McClelland (2001) introduced a piece-wise method for testing for mediation, reminiscent of the Baron and Kenny causal steps approach for between-participant designs. Montoya and Hayes (2017) took thispiece-wise approach and translated it to a path-analytic approach, allowing for a quanti?cation of the indirect e?ect, more sophisticated methods of inference, and the extension to multiple mediator models. Moderation analysis in these designs has been described by Judd, McClelland, and Smith (1996), Judd et al. (2001), and Montoya (in press). However, the generalization to conditional process analysis, or moderated mediation, remains unknown. Describing this approach is the purpose of this dissertation.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Reliability and Validity of the Short Gambling Harm Screen: Are Binary Scales worse than Likert Scales at capturing Gambling Harm?

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
James McLauchlan ◽  
Matthew Browne ◽  
Alex M T Russell ◽  
Matthew Rockloff
Keyword(s):  
Nous Avons ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Reverse Direction ◽  
Scoring Method ◽  
Likert Scales ◽  
Gambling Harm ◽  
Repeated Measures Design

Gambling-related harm has become a key metric for measuring the adverse consequences of gambling on a population level. Yet, despite this renewed understanding in contemporary research, little exploration has been conducted to evaluate which instrument is best suited to capture the harmful consequences of gambling. This study was designed with the aim of determining whether Likert scales were better suited to capture gambling harm than binary scales. We hypothesized that the Short Gambling Harm Screen (SGHS), initially scored using a binary scale, would perform similarly to the alternate form that was Likertized for the purpose of this study. A corresponding comparison in the reverse direction was executed for the Problem Gambling Severity Index. The SGHS’s performance was assessed via a repeated-measures design in combination with three other measures of validity administered at the conclusion of the survey. In the end, we found that changing the scoring format (i.e., from binary to Likert) had negligible impact on the SGHS’s psychometric performance. We conclude that the original scoring method of the SGHS is not only appropriate but also no less suitable than Likert scales in measuring gambling harm.RésuméLes dommages liés au jeu sont devenus une mesure clé pour évaluer les conséquences néfastes du jeu à l’échelle de la population. Pourtant, malgré cette compréhension renouvelée dans la recherche contemporaine, on effectue très peu d’exploration pour évaluer quel instrument est le mieux adapté pour comprendre les conséquences néfastes du jeu. Cette étude a été conçue dans le but de déterminer si les échelles de Likert étaient mieux adaptées que les échelles binaires pour saisir les dommages liés au jeu. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que le dépistage rapide du jeu problématique (Short Gambling Harm Screen ou SGHS), initialement évalué à l’aide d’une échelle binaire, ne fonctionnera pas différemment de la forme de Likert alternative qui a été créée aux fins de cette étude. Une comparaison correspondante dans la direction inverse a été effectuée pour l'indice de gravité du jeu excessif (PGSI). Les performances du SGHS ont été évaluées par un plan de mesures répétées, combinés à trois autres mesures de validité administrées à la fin du sondage. En fin de compte, nous avons constaté que le changement du format de pointage (c.-à-d. du binaire au Likert) avait un impact négligeable sur le rendement psychométrique du SGHS. Nous concluons que la méthode de pointage originale du SGHS est non seulement appropriée, mais également non moins appropriée que les échelles de Likert pour évaluer les dommages liés au jeu.

Reliability and Validity of Thickness Measurements of the Supraspinatus Muscle of the Shoulder: An Ultrasonography Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
William Temes ◽  
Amy Temes Clifton ◽  
Valerie Hilton ◽  
Leslie Girard ◽  
Neisha Strait ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Physical Therapists ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Ultrasound Images ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Supraspinatus Muscle ◽  
Asymptomatic Subjects

Context: The supraspinatus is the most commonly affected muscle with rotator-cuff pathology and necessary for stability of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa. Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI) of skeletal muscles provides a safe and clinically accessible measure of intact human muscle function at rest or during contracted states. The ability to perform accurate assessment of supraspinatus function has not been studied and may be of value in assessment and treatment. Objectives: To determine the validity and reliability of measures obtained using RUSI for assessing supraspinatus muscle at rest and contracted conditions. Design: Reliability and validity Setting: Outpatient physical therapy clinic. Subjects: 15 asymptomatic subjects age 30-49 y. Main Outcome Measures: The supraspinatus muscle was measured at rest and contracted with a 0.9-kg weight with the arm positioned in 45° of abduction in the plane of the scapula. Repeated ultrasound images of the supraspinatus were collected by 3 physical therapists on 2 separate days. Main Outcome Measures: Reliability was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM). Validity was tested by comparing mean difference between active and passive states for all 3 rates on both days. Results: All ICC values were found to be at .9 or above. In addition, for all days and raters, the active condition was significantly thicker than the passive condition (P < .001). Conclusions: Thickness measures of the supraspinatus using RUSI, during passive and active conditions, demonstrate high interrater and intrarater reliability and can easily distinguish between active and passive states. These findings suggest that RUSI may provide an appropriate quantitative measure for changes in the thickness of supraspinatus that are important for determining improvement or deterioration in muscle function.

scholarly journals Exploring the effect of pelvic belt configurations upon athletic lumbopelvic pain

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanne Sawle ◽  
Jennifer Freeman ◽  
Jonathan Marsden ◽  
Martin John Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Return To Sport ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
And Function ◽  
Straight Leg Raise

Background: Lumbopelvic injuries are often refractory to treatment and can limit return to sport. Research shows that 50 Newtons (N) of force applied transversely to the pelvis improves lumbopelvic stability and pain. This study applies transverse and diagonal forces to the pelvis in athletes with lumbopelvic pain, and investigates effects on pain and function. Objective: To investigate the effects of transverse and diagonal compressive forces applied to the pelvis of athletes with lumbopelvic pain Study Design: A randomized, repeated measures design using 20 athletes with lumbopelvic pain. Methods: No belt and four pelvic belt configurations (50 N force) were tested. Outcome measures were: resting pain, pain on active straight leg raise (ASLR), resisted hip adduction force and pain on 1-metre broad jump. Force on the adduction test was determined via load cell. Results: Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Squeeze test showed significant effect of condition F (4, 76) = 2.7, P < 0.05. On ASLR ipsilateral to the side of pain, pain decreased across conditions ( F (4, 76) = 2.5 P = 0.05). Conclusion: Results suggest application of diagonal forces towards the site of pain may have additional benefits in improving pain and function. Such information may inform the development of an orthosis. Clinical relevance The results may be used clinically to determine the effectiveness of different belt placements (with belts or straps) in managing athletic lumbopelvic pain. The results offer an alternative to the application of transverse belts, and may inform new approaches in the development of orthotics.

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