Relationship between Physical Environment and Smoking Behaviour with Accute Respiratory Infection in Class-I Correctional Institutions in Lowokwaru, Malang

Many prisoners experience Accute Respiratory Infection (ARI), and as many as 5,000 new cases are reported every year. This is generally caused by the prisoners’ inadequate physical environment and smoking behaviour. This observational analytical study was conducted using a cross-sectional design over a duration of two months, from December 2019 to January 2020. The independent variables in this study included occupancy density, ventilation, temperature, humidity, lighting and prisoners’ smoking behaviour on a nominal scale, while the dependent variable included the incidence of ARI with a nominal scale. A total of 96 prisoners who were positive for ARI and visited the Class-1 Prison Clinic of Lowokwaru, Malang were selected using the sampling estimation method. While a univariate analysis was used to explain the characteristics of each variable in the study, a bivariate analysis was done to determine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables using the contingency coefficient test. The results of the study indicated that there was a significant relationship between the occupancy density, ventilation, temperature, humidity and lighting, and the incidence of ARI, but no significant relationship was noted between the prisoners’ smoking behaviour and the incidence of ARI in Class-1 prisons of Lowokwaru, Malang. Keywords: physical environment, smoking behaviour, ARI

Peningkatan Kekuatan Jejaring Wirausaha dan E-Marketing UMKM di Banten dalam menghadapi dampak Pandemic Covid-19

This study aims to explore the economic impact, especially UMKM players in Banten on the spread of covid-19, and to identify the strength of entrepreneurial networks and the use of e-marketing by UMKM in Banten during the covid-19 pandemic. The method used in this study was analyzed by sampling using a questionnaire as a data collection tool. This questionnaire includes closed questions, measured on a nominal scale. The collected data were analyzed using the AMOS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The results showed that there had been a decline in the marketing performance of UMKM due to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. And it is proven that the quality of entrepreneurial networks and e-marketing can improve the marketing performance of UMKM. From this research, a model for strengthening UMKM in dealing with the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is obtained by strengthening entrepreneurial networks and the use of e-marketing, so that UMKM in Banten in particular and UMKM in Indonesia in general, do not fall into business collapse caused by the spread of Covid-19. The conclusion of this study is expected to contribute to the development of management science, especially marketing, entrepreneurship and the development of UMKM in dealing with the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Efektywność komunikowania a efektywność porozumiewania się

This article aims at describing the evidence for the efficacy of communication. The author differentiates effectiveness and efficacy of communication, as well as communication per se and communication with each other. He argues that there can be no discussion about the efficacy of communication without establishing its effectiveness. A communication process can be ineffective either when there is no recipient of the communicate or when the message is not received due to, for example, a noise. Even though the effectiveness can be measured using a nominal scale, the efficacy requires at least an ordinal scale. The author bases his conclusions on the theory of communication models, intentionality and, proposed by him, “a constant species”.

Socialization as a Way for Improving Student Morality Behavior

This paper explores whether the college level educational institutions in Bangladesh ensure scopes enough to teach, learn and exercise morality behaviors from the part of the learners. The data were collected from the fifty participants of targeted population of a ‘X’ college of Bangladesh. A semi-structured questionnaire was used as data collection instrument and both qualitative and quantitative data were intended to receive. The sample was selected through snowball sampling procedure from the ‘Y’ department of ‘X’ college. ‘Y’ department was selected randomly. Then, data was analyzed on the basis of ratio and nominal scale to analyze the data.

MODEL DAN PELUANG TERJADINYA HUJAN BERDASARKAN KELEMBABAN MENGGUNAKAN REGRESI LOGISTIK BINER DI KABUPATEN MANOKWARI

Manokwari Regrency has a tropical climate. This results in significant rainfall. One factor that stimulates rain is humidity. By using binary logistic regression, the model an chance of rainfall based on humidity can be determined. Logistic regression analysis is used to determine the relationship between categorical scale response variables and numeric or categoric scale explanatory variables. If response variable used is nominal scale with two possoble value (0 and 1), then it is called binary logistic regression. Estimation of the model is done by logit transformation. The model produce in this study is g(x) = -23.443 + 0.289 humidity. The accuracy of the model is 70.4 percent and the probability of rain for humidity lowering one unit will be reduced to 0.74.

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERPENGARUH TERHADAP PEMILIHAN METODE DEPRESIASI UNTUK AKTIVA TETAP PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK JAKARTA

<em>The objective of this thesis is to identify the influence of firm's size, leverage ratio, and accounting ROA to the depreciation method selection for plant assets in manufacturing companies listed in Jakarta Stock Exchange. The dependent variabel in this research is depreciation method selection, which is measured by nominal scale, while, the independent variables consists firm's size, leverage ratio, and accounting ROA is measured by metric scale. The data in this research includes 55 manufacturing companies which were selected by using a purposive judgement sampling in the period of 2002 until 2005. The method used in this research are normality test, classic assumption, and hypotheses test by using logistic regression analysis. The result of this research is that at the alpha rate of 5%, each of the independent variables -including firm's size, leverage ratio, and ROA- do not have significant influences to the depreciation method selection for plant assets in the manufacturing companies listed in Jakarta Stock Exchange. Meanwhile, a simultaneous test performed to theese three independent variables doesn't show a result of significant influence to the depreciation method selection for plant assets in those companies neither.</em>

Kappa Coefficients for Missing Data

Cohen’s kappa coefficient is commonly used for assessing agreement between classifications of two raters on a nominal scale. Three variants of Cohen’s kappa that can handle missing data are presented. Data are considered missing if one or both ratings of a unit are missing. We study how well the variants estimate the kappa value for complete data under two missing data mechanisms—namely, missingness completely at random and a form of missingness not at random. The kappa coefficient considered in Gwet ( Handbook of Inter-rater Reliability, 4th ed.) and the kappa coefficient based on listwise deletion of units with missing ratings were found to have virtually no bias and mean squared error if missingness is completely at random, and small bias and mean squared error if missingness is not at random. Furthermore, the kappa coefficient that treats missing ratings as a regular category appears to be rather heavily biased and has a substantial mean squared error in many of the simulations. Because it performs well and is easy to compute, we recommend to use the kappa coefficient that is based on listwise deletion of missing ratings if it can be assumed that missingness is completely at random or not at random.