A critical review of moderation analysis in tourism and hospitality research toward robust guidelines

Purpose This article aims to propose guidelines to develop moderation hypotheses, assess moderators using the multigroup analysis and interaction effect approaches and interpret the results of moderation analysis in tourism and hospitality research. Design/methodology/approach Through a review of 600 articles published in top tourism and hospitality journals from the year 2016 to 2020, and reviewing the literature related to moderation analysis, this study identifies key issues in different steps of moderation analysis and proposes robust guidelines to aid future research. Findings The results of the systematic review uncovered some key issues in different steps of moderation analysis, such as hypothesis development, moderation assessment and results interpretation. The findings emphasized the typical methodological misconceptions and improper practices for moderation analysis. Research limitations/implications Moderation analysis is of great significance to the advancement of theory, and its application has increased significantly in recent years. However, many studies appear to have a limited understanding of moderation analysis and follow questionable practices regarding hypothesis development, moderation assessment and results interpretation, thus leading to suspicious conclusions for theory advancement. By highlighting these methodological issues, this article provides robust guidelines for moderation analysis, which is of great theoretical and methodological significance to the academic research in tourism and hospitality. Originality/value As one of the first studies to provide robust guidelines for moderation analysis, based on a critical and systematic review of papers published in top-tier journals in tourism and hospitality and the latest developments on moderation analysis in the wider literature, this article has important theoretical and methodological significance for the academic research in tourism and hospitality as well as general social science disciplines.

The Effect of Job Fair on Unemployment Reduction Mediated by Job Opportunity

Bank plays an important role for Indonesian economy. Service quality and employee performance have become a priority for human development in Malang City. This study will examine the effect of job fair on job opportunities, and unemployment reduction becomes a priority for human development in Malang City. Therefore, this study will examine the effect of a job fair on unemployment reduction moderated by job opportunities. These study purposes are as follow: 1) Knowing the effect of a job fair on job opportunities in Malang City, 2) Knowing the effect of a job fair on unemployment reduction in Malang City, 3) Knowing the effect of job opportunities on unemployment reduction in Malang City, 4) Knowing the effect of a job fair on unemployment reduction mediated by job opportunities in Malang City. This is a survey research using explanatory research. This research was conducted in Malang City. This study used samples of 96 respondents. Data was collected using a questionnaire and filled in by respondents. From the data obtained, a moderation analysis is done to examine the effect of each variable. This research has four findings. First, job fair has positive and significant effect on job opportunities. Second, job fair has positive and significant effect on unemployment reduction. Third, job opportunities have positive and significant effect on unemployment reduction. Job opportunities mediated the effect of a job fair on unemployment reduction