scholarly journals Comparison of the Effects of Ice and 3.5% Menthol Gel on Blood Flow and Muscle Strength of the Lower Arm

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Topp ◽  
Lee Winchester ◽  
Amber M. Mink ◽  
Jeremiah S. Kaufman ◽  
Dean E. Jacks
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Radial Artery ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Exercise Physiology ◽  
Strength Assessment ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
The Right

Context:Soft-tissue injuries are commonly treated with ice or menthol gels. Few studies have compared the effects of these treatments on blood flow and muscle strength.Objective:To compare blood flow and muscle strength in the forearm after an application of ice or menthol gel or no treatment.Design:Repeated-measures design in which blood-flow and muscle-strength data were collected from subjects under 3 treatment conditions.Setting:Exercise physiology laboratory.Participants:17 healthy adults with no impediment to the blood flow or strength in their right arm, recruited through word of mouth.Intervention:Three separate treatment conditions were randomly applied topically to the right forearm: no treatment, 0.5 kg of ice, or 3.5 mL of 3.5% menthol gel. To avoid injury ice was only applied for 20 min.Main Outcome Measures:At each data-collection session blood flow (mL/min) of the right radial artery was determined at baseline before any treatment and then at 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after treatment using Doppler ultrasound. Muscle strength was assessed as maximum isokinetic flexion and extension of the wrist at 30°/s 20, 25, and 30 min after treatment.Results:The menthol gel reduced (−42%, P < .05) blood flow in the radial artery 5 min after application but not at 10, 15, or 20 min after application. Ice reduced (−48%, P < .05) blood flow in the radial artery only after 20 min of application. After 15 min of the control condition blood flow increased (83%, P < .05) from baseline measures. After the removal of ice, wrist-extension strength did not increase per repeated strength assessment as it did during the control condition (9−11%, P < .05) and menthol-gel intervention (8%, P < .05).Conclusions:Menthol has a fast-acting, short-lived effect of reducing blood flow. Ice reduces blood flow after a prolonged duration. Muscle strength appears to be inhibited after ice application.

scholarly journals Submaximal Elastic Resistance Band Tests to Estimate Upper and Lower Extremity Maximal Muscle Strength

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2749
Author(s):  
Bjarki T. Haraldsson ◽  
Christoffer H. Andersen ◽  
Katrine T. Erhardsen ◽  
Mette K. Zebis ◽  
Jéssica K. Micheletti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Relative Intensity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Shoulder Abduction ◽  
Strength Assessment ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Elastic Resistance ◽  
Maximal Muscle Strength

Muscle strength assessment is fundamental to track the progress of performance and prescribe correct exercise intensity. In field settings, simple tests are preferred. This study develops equations to estimate maximal muscle strength in upper- and lower-extremity muscles based on submaximal elastic resistance tests. Healthy adults (n = 26) performed a maximal test (1 RM) to validate the ability of the subsequent submaximal tests to determine maximal muscle strength, with elastic bands. Using a within-group repeated measures design, three submaximal tests of 40%, 60%, and 80% during (1) shoulder abduction, (2) shoulder external rotation, (3) hip adduction, and (4) prone knee flexion were performed. The association between number of repetitions and relative intensity was modeled with both 1st and 2nd order polynomials to determine the best predictive validity. For both upper-extremity tests, a strong linear association between repetitions and relative intensity was found (R2 = 0.97–1.00). By contrast, for the lower-extremity tests, the associations were fitted better with a 2nd order polynomial (R2 = 1.00). The results from the present study provide formulas for predicting maximal muscles strength based on submaximal resistance in four different muscles groups and show a muscle-group-specific association between repetitions and intensity.

The Effects of Walking on Gastrocnemius Cooling During an Ice Bag Treatment

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 34-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie J. Guzzo ◽  
Susan W. Yeargin ◽  
Jeffery S. Carr ◽  
Timothy J. Demchak ◽  
Jeffrey E. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Exercise Physiology ◽  
Lower Extremity Injury ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Physiology Laboratory ◽  
Randomized Crossover Study

Context:Many athletic trainers use “ice to go” to treat their athletes. However, researchers have reported that icing a working muscle may negate intramuscular (IM) cooling.Objective:The purpose of our study was to determine the length of time needed to cool the gastrocnemius while walking followed by rest.Design:A randomized crossover study design was used.Setting:Exercise Physiology Laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:Nine healthy, physically active males and females (males 5, females 4; age 24.0 ± 2.0 years; height 174.0 ± 8.0 cm; weight 86.3 ± 6.5 kg; skinfold taken at center of gastrocnemius greatest girth, R leg 20.3 ± 4.4 mm, L leg 19.6 ± 4.1 mm) without lower extremity injury or cold allergy volunteered to complete the study.Intervention:Participants randomly experienced three treatment conditions on separate days: rest (R), walk for 15 minutes followed by rest (W15R), or walk for 30 minutes followed by rest (W30R). During each treatment, participants wore a 1 kg ice bag secured to their right gastrocnemius muscle. Participants walked at a 4.5km/hr pace on a treadmill during the W15R and W30R trials.Main Outcome Measures:A 1 × 3 within groups ANOVA was used to determine the effect of activity on cooling time needed for the gastrocnemius temperature to decrease 6 °C below baseline.Results:The R condition cooled faster (25.9 ± 5.5 min) than both W15R (33.7 ± 9.3 min;P= .002) and W30R (49.4 ± 8.4 min;P< .001). Average time to decrease 6 °C after W15R was 18.7 ± 9.3 minutes and after W30R was 19.4 ± 8.4 minutes.Conclusions:Clinicians should instruct their patients to stay and ice or to keep the ice on for an additional 20 minutes after they stop walking and begin to rest.

Cerebrovascular Dynamics With Head-of-Bed Elevation in Patients With Mild or Moderate Vasospasm After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia A. Blissitt ◽  
Pamela H. Mitchell ◽  
David W. Newell ◽  
Susan L. Woods ◽  
Basia Belza
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
P Values ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Bed Elevation ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Head Of Bed Elevation

• Background In patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, elevation of the head of the bed during vasospasm has been limited in an attempt to minimize vasospasm or its sequelae or both. Consequently, some patients have remained on bed rest for weeks. • Objectives To determine how elevations of the head of the bed of 20° and 45° affect cerebrovascular dynamics in adult patients with mild or moderate vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and to describe the response of mild or moderate vasospasm to head-of-bed elevations of 20° and 45° with respect to variables such as grade of subarachnoid hemorrhage and degree of vasospasm. • Methods A within-patient repeated-measures design was used. The head of the bed was positioned in the sequence of 0°-20°-45°-0° in 20 patients with mild or moderate vasospasm between days 3 and 14 after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Continuous transcranial Doppler recordings were obtained for 2 to 5 minutes after allowing approximately 2 minutes for stabilization in each position. • ResultsNo patterns or trends indicated that having the head of the bed elevated increases vasospasm. As a group, there were no significant differences within patients at the different positions of the head of the bed. Utilizing repeated-measures analysis of variance, P values ranged from .34 to .97, well beyond .05. No neurological deterioration occurred. • Conclusions In general, elevation of the head of the bed did not cause harmful changes in cerebral blood flow related to vasospasm.

Effect of Positioning on Oxygenation in Single-Lung Transplant Recipients

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth L. George ◽  
Leslie A. Hoffman ◽  
Arthur Boujoukos ◽  
Thomas G. Zullo
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Postoperative Period ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Lung Transplant ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Native Lung ◽  
Single Lung Transplant ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Lung Transplant Recipients

• Background Many benefits and adverse effects of positioning are related to changes in ventilation and perfusion. A number of unique factors related to the allograft make the effects of positioning difficult to determine in single-lung transplant recipients.• Objectives To determine the effect of 3 body positions (supine, lateral with allograft lung down, and lateral with native lung down) on oxygenation and blood flow in single-lung transplant recipients in the 24 hours immediately after surgery.• Methods A quasi-experimental repeated-measures design with stratified assignment to 1 of 3 different sequencing patterns for turning group was used to study 15 transplant recipients, 9 with emphysema and 6 with fibrosis. Oxygenation, ventilation, and blood flow measures (heart rate, blood pressure) were assessed after each turn. The effect of ischemic reperfusion injury was also explored.• Results The oxygenation, ventilation, and blood flow variables did not differ significantly across group, diagnosis, or time. Oxygenation variables measured when the allograft lung was dependent did not differ significantly from such measurements obtained when the native lung was dependent.• Conclusions No single position maximizes oxygenation in the immediate postoperative period in single-lung transplant recipients. Although a single standard protocol for positioning cannot be supported, the study does support the idea that transplant recipients can be safely turned in the immediate postoperative period without compromising oxygenation or hemodynamic status.

scholarly journals Bimodal Cochlear Implant Listeners’ Ability to Perceive Minimal Audible Angle Differences

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (08) ◽  
pp. 659-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Zaleski-King ◽  
Matthew J. Goupell ◽  
Dragana Barac-Cikoja ◽  
Matthew Bakke
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implant ◽  
Sound Localization ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Speech Understanding ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Acoustic Environments ◽  
The Right

AbstractBilateral inputs should ideally improve sound localization and speech understanding in noise. However, for many bimodal listeners [i.e., individuals using a cochlear implant (CI) with a contralateral hearing aid (HA)], such bilateral benefits are at best, inconsistent. The degree to which clinically available HA and CI devices can function together to preserve interaural time and level differences (ITDs and ILDs, respectively) enough to support the localization of sound sources is a question with important ramifications for speech understanding in complex acoustic environments.To determine if bimodal listeners are sensitive to changes in spatial location in a minimum audible angle (MAA) task.Repeated-measures design.Seven adult bimodal CI users (28–62 years). All listeners reported regular use of digital HA technology in the nonimplanted ear.Seven bimodal listeners were asked to balance the loudness of prerecorded single syllable utterances. The loudness-balanced stimuli were then presented via direct audio inputs of the two devices with an ITD applied. The task of the listener was to determine the perceived difference in processing delay (the interdevice delay [IDD]) between the CI and HA devices. Finally, virtual free-field MAA performance was measured for different spatial locations both with and without inclusion of the IDD correction, which was added with the intent to perceptually synchronize the devices.During the loudness-balancing task, all listeners required increased acoustic input to the HA relative to the CI most comfortable level to achieve equal interaural loudness. During the ITD task, three listeners could perceive changes in intracranial position by distinguishing sounds coming from the left or from the right hemifield; when the CI was delayed by 0.73, 0.67, or 1.7 msec, the signal lateralized from one side to the other. When MAA localization performance was assessed, only three of the seven listeners consistently achieved above-chance performance, even when an IDD correction was included. It is not clear whether the listeners who were able to consistently complete the MAA task did so via binaural comparison or by extracting monaural loudness cues. Four listeners could not perform the MAA task, even though they could have used a monaural loudness cue strategy.These data suggest that sound localization is extremely difficult for most bimodal listeners. This difficulty does not seem to be caused by large loudness imbalances and IDDs. Sound localization is best when performed via a binaural comparison, where frequency-matched inputs convey ITD and ILD information. Although low-frequency acoustic amplification with a HA when combined with a CI may produce an overlapping region of frequency-matched inputs and thus provide an opportunity for binaural comparisons for some bimodal listeners, our study showed that this may not be beneficial or useful for spatial location discrimination tasks. The inability of our listeners to use monaural-level cues to perform the MAA task highlights the difficulty of using a HA and CI together to glean information on the direction of a sound source.

Laterality and Force of Handgrip during the First Two Years at School

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 955-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinz Krombholz
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
First Year ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Lateral Dominance ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Paper And Pencil ◽  
The Right

The connection between lateral dominance and force of handgrip was investigated by means of a repeated-measures design. 521 children participated. Performance on a paper-and-pencil task and force of handgrip were measured at the beginning of the first year at school and at the end of the first and of the second years at school. On the paper-and-pencil task 84% of the children were classified as right-handers, 8% as left-handers, and 8% as ambidexterous. About 2% of children classified as right-handers at the beginning of the first year at school were classified as left-handers at the end of the second year at school while 18% of left-handers shifted to right-handedness. 52% of children attained their best performance on handgrip with the right hand and 39% with the left hand. No differences could be found either for the right or for the left hand in force of handgrip between right- and left-handed and ambidexterous children. For right-handers, however, the more skilled hand showed superior performance in force of handgrip. These results indicate that left-handers are less strongly handed than right-handers.

Electromyographic Evaluation of Abdominal-Muscle Function With and Without Concomitant Pelvic-Floor-Muscle Contraction

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahid Tahan ◽  
Amir Massoud Arab ◽  
Bita Vaseghi ◽  
Khosro Khademi
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Floor ◽  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Pelvic Floor Muscle ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Emg Signal

Context:Coactivation of abdominal and pelvic-floor muscles (PFM) is an issue considered by researchers recently. Electromyography (EMG) studies have shown that the abdominal-muscle activity is a normal response to PFM activity, and increase in EMG activity of the PFM concomitant with abdominal-muscle contraction was also reported.Objective:The purpose of this study was to compare the changes in EMG activity of the deep abdominal muscles during abdominal-muscle contraction (abdominal hollowing and bracing) with and without concomitant PFM contraction in healthy and low-back-pain (LBP) subjects.Design:A 2 × 2 repeated-measures design.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:30 subjects (15 with LBP, 15 without LBP).Main Outcome Measures:Peak rectified EMG of abdominal muscles.Results:No difference in EMG of abdominal muscles with and without concomitant PFM contraction in abdominal hollowing (P = .84) and abdominal bracing (P = .53). No difference in EMG signal of abdominal muscles with and without PFM contraction between LBP and healthy subjects in both abdominal hollowing (P = .88) and abdominal bracing (P = .98) maneuvers.Conclusion:Adding PFM contraction had no significant effect on abdominal-muscle contraction in subjects with and without LBP.

Influence of Foot Type and Orthotics on Static and Dynamic Postural Control

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren C. Olmsted ◽  
Jay Hertel
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Group Interaction ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Plate Dynamic

Context:The effects of custom-molded foot orthotics on neuromuscular processes are not clearly understood.Objective:To examine these effects on postural control in subjects with different foot types.Design:Between-groups, repeated-measures design.Setting:Athletic training laboratory.Subjects:30 healthy subjects assigned to groups by foot type: planus (n = 11), rectus (n = 12), or cavus (n = 7).Interventions:Custom-fit semirigid orthotics.Main Outcome Measures:Static postural control was measured on a force plate. Dynamic postural control was measured using the Star Excursion Balance Test. Both measurements were assessed with and without orthotics at baseline and 2 weeks later.Results:For static postural control, a significant condition-by-group interaction was found. Subjects with cavus feet had a decreased center-of-pressure velocity while wearing orthotics. For dynamic postural control, a significant condition-by-direction-by-group interaction was found. Subjects with cavus feet had increased reach distances in 3 of 8 directions while wearing orthotics.Conclusions:Custom orthotics were associated with some improvements in static and dynamic postural control in subjects with cavus feet.

Improving Speed and Accuracy of Word Recognition in Reading Disabled Children: An Evaluation of Two Computer Program Variations

1988 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L. Cohen ◽  
Joseph K. Torgesen ◽  
Jeffrey L. Torgesen
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Disabled Children ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Reading Vocabulary ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Reading Disabled

The present study investigated the relative effectiveness of two versions of a computer program designed to increase the sight-word reading vocabulary of reading disabled children. One version required children to type words into the computer as part of the practice activity; in the other no typing was involved. Subjects were nine reading disabled students, average age 10 years, 7 months. A repeated-measures design was used to expose all subjects three times to two treatment conditions and a no-practice control condition. Accuracy and speed of reading, as well as spelling accuracy for multisyllable words were measured in pre- and posttests. Both versions of the program proved to be equally effective in improving speed and accuracy of reading words, but the typing version was more effective in increasing spelling accuracy. However, students enjoyed the no-typing version better, and they were able to attain mastery levels for new words on this version faster than on the typing version. Implications of these results for reading software design are considered.

Temporal Influences of Functional Knee Bracing on Torque Production of the Lower Extremity

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-227
Author(s):  
Brian Campbell ◽  
James Yaggie ◽  
Daniel Cipriani
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Joint Moments ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Forces

Context:Functional knee braces (FKB) are used prophylactically and in rehabilitation to aide in the functional stability of the knee.Objective:To determine if alterations in select lower extremity moments persist throughout a one hour period in healthy individuals.Design:2X5 repeated measures design.Setting:Biomechanics Laboratory.Subjects:Twenty subjects (14 male and 6 female, mean age 26.5±7 yrs; height 172.4±13 cm; weight 78.6±9 kg), separated into braced (B) and no brace (NB) groups.Intervention:A one-hour exercise program divided into three 20 minute increments.Main Outcome Measures:Synchronized three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data were collected at 20-minute increments to assess the effect of the FKB on select lower extremity moments and vertical ground reaction forces.Results:Increase in hip moment and a decrease in knee moment were noted immediately after brace application and appeared to persist throughout a one hour bout of exercise.Conclusions:The FKB and the exercise intervention caused decreases in knee joint moments and increases in hip joint moments.

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