Intrarater Reliability of Assessing Strength of the Shoulder and Scapular Muscles

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Derya Celik ◽  
Ahmet Dirican ◽  
Gul Baltaci
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Intrarater Reliability ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Upper Trapezius ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Lower Trapezius

Context: Handheld dynamometry (HHD) is considered an objective method of measuring strength, but the reliability of the procedure can be compromised by inadequate tester strength and insufficient stabilization of the dynamometer especially, for the scapular muscles. Objective: Primarily, to determine the intrarater reliability of HHD when testing shoulder and scapular muscle strength, and secondarily, to report reliability when corrected for body-mass index (BMI). Design: Technical report. Setting: University physiotherapy department. Participants: 57 adults (17 men, 40 women; mean age = 35.05 ± 13.5 y), both healthy individuals and patients with shoulder impingement. Intervention: HHD. Main Outcome Variables: Muscle strength of the upper, middle, and lower trapezius; anterior deltoid; serratus anterior; supraspinatus; and latissimus dorsi determined by HHD. Each muscle was assessed 3 times, and the mean value was calculated. The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to BMI. Group 1: BMI ≤ 20 kg/m2 (n = 22); Group 2: BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/m2 (n = 54); and Group 3: BMI ≤ 29.9 kg/m2 (n = 38). Results: Correlations were calculated for each pair of strength scores. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranged from .77 to .99 in healthy subjects and from .75 to .99 in patients, for all muscle groups except the upper trapezius (P < .05). Reliability values ranged from good to high in healthy subjects but were less consistent for the upper trapezius (ICC .45-.65). The relationship with BMI and muscle strength illustrates that as BMI increases, there is a decrease in reliability values of the lower trapezius (ICC = .35-.65). Conclusion: The study demonstrates that evaluating the strength of scapular and shoulder muscles using HHD presents reliable results for both patients with impingement syndrome and healthy subjects. Reliability values were compressed when testing the trapezius in subjects with higher BMI. This is likely a result of the examiner's difficulty in overcoming the patients with this maneuver.

Exercises in Motor Development Positions. What Happens With the Activity of Antagonist Muscle Pairs? Pilot Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Casas ◽  
Arturo Justes ◽  
Carlos Calvo
Keyword(s):  
Motor Development ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Antagonist Muscle ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Upper Trapezius ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Lower Trapezius

Context: Exercises in motor development positions are employed to activate correct muscular patterns, but the effects on the activity of antagonist muscle pairs remain unknown. Objectives: To determine the effect of using exercises in motor development positions on the activity of antagonist muscle pairs. Another aim was to analyze if introducing some facilitators modifies the muscle activity in the different studied positions. Design: Controlled laboratory study using a single-group repeated measures design. Participants: A total of 21 right handed, healthy adults aged 41 years and older (10 males and 11 females). Setting: Workers of different departments at Maz Hospital. Intervention: Surface electromyography activity of muscle antagonist pairs upper trapezius/lower trapezius, serratus anterior/pectoralis major, and external abdominal oblique/lumbar paraspinal was measured in 3 positions: rest (supine decubitus), reflex turning 1, and modified Vöjta’s first position. Main Outcome Measures: Primary outcomes were mean normalized root mean square (averaged over 2 repetitions) of electromyography signals of antagonist muscle pairs in the 3 analyzed positions. Intraclass correlation coefficients (>.70) (model 3.2), type consistency, and 95% confidence interval were used to estimate the reliability and as exclusion criteria of measurements. Results: Analyzed positions had a significant effect on the activity of the muscles P < .001. There was a significant increase in the activity of the phasic musculature versus its tonic antagonists, except in the case of the external oblique/lumbar paraspinal in modified Vöjta’s first position. Adding possible facilitators such as gaze, breathing, or the combination of both did not show significant changes in the level of activation of the studied muscle groups. Conclusion: Ontogenetic developmental positions can be used to facilitate and improve the activation of phasic muscles.

scholarly journals New Mydriasis-Free Electroretinogram Recorded with Skin Electrodes in Healthy Subjects

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Asakawa ◽  
Kana Amino ◽  
Machiho Iwase ◽  
Yuki Kusayanagi ◽  
Akiho Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Light Stimulus ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Implicit Time ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Assessment Protocol ◽  
Screening Device

Purpose. To evaluate the reproducibility and consistency of the new mydriasis-free electroretinogram (ERG) with a skin electrode (RETeval) device, to determine the normative values of parameters, and to clarify the usefulness of pupil records to colored-light stimulus.Methods. A total of 100 eyes of 50 healthy subjects (mean age, 21.4 years) were enrolled. The diagnostic parameters obtained by the RETeval device were examined under the following conditions. The reproducibility was determined with the coefficient of variation (CV). The consistency was examined by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). The mean value and the normal range were analyzed with a 95% confidence interval as the normative values of parameters. The correlation of parameters to pupil records (area ratio, constriction ratio) and flicker ERG was also examined in the diabetic retinopathy assessment protocol.Results. From the CV for each of the two measurements, the amplitude has a low reproducibility compared with the implicit time. Generally good consistency was obtained with both ERG parameters (ICCs = 0.48–0.92). Moderate correlations were found for the white-, red-, and blue-light stimulus in the area ratio and the constriction ratio, respectively (r= 0.44–0.62;P= 0.010–<0.0001). No correlation was observed between pupil and flicker parameters (r= 0.06–0.34;P= 0.646–0.051).Conclusions. The RETeval device was suggested as a possible screening device to detect the visual afferent diseases by evaluating in combination with the ERG recording and the colored-light pupil response.

Dynamic Footprint Measurement Collection Technique and Intrarater Reliability

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanna M. Fascione ◽  
Ryan T. Crews ◽  
James S. Wrobel
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Intrarater Reliability ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Foot Posture ◽  
Arch Index ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Dynamic Footprint

Background: Identifying the variability of footprint measurement collection techniques and the reliability of footprint measurements would assist with appropriate clinical foot posture appraisal. We sought to identify relationships between these measures in a healthy population. Methods: On 30 healthy participants, midgait dynamic footprint measurements were collected using an ink mat, paper pedography, and electronic pedography. The footprints were then digitized, and the following footprint indices were calculated with photo digital planimetry software: footprint index, arch index, truncated arch index, Chippaux-Smirak Index, and Staheli Index. Differences between techniques were identified with repeated-measures analysis of variance with post hoc test of Scheffe. In addition, to assess practical similarities between the different methods, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated. To assess intrarater reliability, footprint indices were calculated twice on 10 randomly selected ink mat footprint measurements, and the ICC was calculated. Results: Dynamic footprint measurements collected with an ink mat significantly differed from those collected with paper pedography (ICC, 0.85–0.96) and electronic pedography (ICC, 0.29–0.79), regardless of the practical similarities noted with ICC values (P = .00). Intrarater reliability for dynamic ink mat footprint measurements was high for the footprint index, arch index, truncated arch index, Chippaux-Smirak Index, and Staheli Index (ICC, 0.74–0.99). Conclusions: Footprint measurements collected with various techniques demonstrate differences. Interchangeable use of exact values without adjustment is not advised. Intrarater reliability of a single method (ink mat) was found to be high. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 102(2): 130–138, 2012)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cerebral Central Sulci: a Study of Monozygotic Twins

1998 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Bonan ◽  
A.M. Argenti ◽  
M. Duyme ◽  
D. Hasboun ◽  
A. Dorion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Central Sulcus ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Left Right Asymmetry ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe cerebral central sulci, seat of the sensorimotor cortex, vary anatomically in form, length and depth among individuals and present a left/right asymmetry. The purpose of this work was to measure central sulcus's lengths, at the surface and in-depth, in each hemisphere of monozygotic twins in order to evaluate the influence of environmental factors on the morphometry and asymmetry of this structure. A measurement technique on MR images of the brains using 3 D software was developed. Two operators applied this technique to measure central sulcus lengths at the surface of the brain and in-depth in each hemisphere. Besides the fact that the technique developed gave high Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) for the surface lengths (mean value 0.94), and slightly less high for the in-depth length (mean value 0.87), we found a weak (from 0.57 to 0.73 for raw data) but significant ICC between homologous sulci in pairs of twins. In addition, the ICC for asymmetry indices were not significant. Hence, if central sulcus morphometry is in part genetically influenced, these results show that nongenetic factors are nonetheless important in their development.

Assessment of the Intrarater and Interrater Reliability of an Established Clinical Task Analysis Methodology

2002 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 1129-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Slagle ◽  
Matthew B. Weinger ◽  
My-Than T. Dinh ◽  
Vanessa V. Brumer ◽  
Kevin Williams
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Task Analysis ◽  
Interrater Reliability ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Intrarater Reliability ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Percent Time ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
And Task

Background Task analysis may be useful for assessing how anesthesiologists alter their behavior in response to different clinical situations. In this study, the authors examined the intraobserver and interobserver reliability of an established task analysis methodology. Methods During 20 routine anesthetic procedures, a trained observer sat in the operating room and categorized in real-time the anesthetist's activities into 38 task categories. Two weeks later, the same observer performed task analysis from videotapes obtained intraoperatively. A different observer performed task analysis from the videotapes on two separate occasions. Data were analyzed for percent of time spent on each task category, average task duration, and number of task occurrences. Rater reliability and agreement were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients. Results Intrarater reliability was generally good for categorization of percent time on task and task occurrence (mean intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.84-0.97). There was a comparably high concordance between real-time and video analyses. Interrater reliability was generally good for percent time and task occurrence measurements. However, the interrater reliability of the task duration metric was unsatisfactory, primarily because of the technique used to capture multitasking. Conclusions A task analysis technique used in anesthesia research for several decades showed good intrarater reliability. Off-line analysis of videotapes is a viable alternative to real-time data collection. Acceptable interrater reliability requires the use of strict task definitions, sophisticated software, and rigorous observer training. New techniques must be developed to more accurately capture multitasking. Substantial effort is required to conduct task analyses that will have sufficient reliability for purposes of research or clinical evaluation.

Scapula Muscle Activations During Overhead Throwing Holds

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 42-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen Oliver ◽  
Lisa Henning ◽  
Hillary Plummer
Keyword(s):  
Surface Electromyography ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Upper Trapezius ◽  
Overhead Throwing ◽  
Muscle Activations ◽  
Lower Trapezius

The purpose of this study was to examine activations of selected scapular stabilizing musculature while performing an overhead throw with a hold (not releasing the ball) in two different throwing positions—standing with a crow hop and kneeling on the ipsilateral knee. Surface electromyography was used to examine activations of throwing side lower trapezius (LT), middle trapezius (MT), serratus anterior (SA), and upper trapezius (UT). Muscle activations were recorded while performing the overhead throw with holds while in two throwing positions. MANOVA results revealed no significant differences between the two throwing conditions and muscle activations of LT, MT, SA, and UT: F(8,124) = .804, p = .600; Wilks’s Λ = .904, partial η2 = .049. Although no significant differences were observed in the scapular stabilizers between the two conditions, moderate (21–50% MVIC) to high (> 50% MVIC) activations of each muscle were present, indicating that nonrelease throws may be beneficial for scapular stabilization in throwers.

scholarly journals Shoulder External Rotation Fatigue and Scapular Muscle Activation and Kinematics in Overhead Athletes

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mithun Joshi ◽  
Charles A. Thigpen ◽  
Kevin Bunn ◽  
Spero G. Karas ◽  
Darin A. Padua
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fatigue ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Shoulder Injuries ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Overhead Athletes ◽  
Scapular Kinematics ◽  
Fatigue Protocol ◽  
Upper Trapezius ◽  
Lower Trapezius

Context: Glenohumeral external rotation (GH ER) muscle fatigue might contribute to shoulder injuries in overhead athletes. Few researchers have examined the effect of such fatigue on scapular kinematics and muscle activation during a functional movement pattern. Objective: To examine the effects of GH ER muscle fatigue on upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, and infraspinatus muscle activation and to examine scapular kinematics during a diagonal movement task in overhead athletes. Setting: Human performance research laboratory. Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Patients or Other Participants: Our study included 25 overhead athletes (15 men, 10 women; age = 20 ± 2 years, height = 180 ± 11 cm, mass = 80 ± 11 kg) without a history of shoulder pain on the dominant side. Intervention(s): We tested the healthy, dominant shoulder through a diagonal movement task before and after a fatiguing exercise involving low-resistance, high-repetition, prone GH ER from 0° to 75° with the shoulder in 90° of abduction. Main Outcome Measure(s): Surface electromyography was used to measure muscle activity for the upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, and infraspinatus. An electromyographic motion analysis system was used to assess 3-dimensional scapular kinematics. Repeated-measures analyses of variance (phase × condition) were used to test for differences. Results: We found a decrease in ascending-phase and descending-phase lower trapezius activity (F1,25 = 5.098, P = .03) and an increase in descending-phase infraspinatus activity (F1,25 = 5.534, P = .03) after the fatigue protocol. We also found an increase in scapular upward rotation (F1,24 = 3.7, P = .04) postfatigue. Conclusions: The GH ER muscle fatigue protocol used in this study caused decreased lower trapezius and increased infraspinatus activation concurrent with increased scapular upward rotation range of motion during the functional task. This highlights the interdependence of scapular and glenohumeral force couples. Fatigue-induced alterations in the lower trapezius might predispose the infraspinatus to injury through chronically increased activation.

scholarly journals Thoracic posture, shoulder muscle activation patterns and isokinetic strength of semi-professional rugby union players

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Bolton ◽  
SJ Moss ◽  
M Sparks ◽  
PC Venter
Keyword(s):  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Lateral View ◽  
Isokinetic Strength ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Lower Trapezius

Background. Shoulder injuries are the most severe injuries in rugby union players, accounting for almost 20% of injuries related to the sport and resulting in lost playing hours.Objective. To profile the thoracic posture, scapular muscle activation patterns and rotator cuff muscle isokinetic strength of semi-professionalrugby union players.Methods. Using the hand-behind-the-neck and -back methods, we manually tested the range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder joints of 91 uninjured semi-professional rugby union players who consented to participate in the study. Profiling and classification of thoracic posture was performed according to the New York Posture Test. Activation patterns of the upper and lower trapezius, serratus anterior and infraspinatus scapular muscles were determined by electromyography. The isokinetic muscle strength of the rotator cuff muscles was determined at 60°/sec by measuring the concentric and eccentric forces during internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER).Results. Participants presented with non-ideal or unsatisfactory internal (59%) and external (85%) rotators of the shoulder. A slightly abnormal or abnormal forward head posture was observed in 55% of participants, while 68% had an abnormal shoulder position in the lateral view. The muscle activation sequence of the rotator cuff muscles was: (i) serratus anterior, (ii) lower trapezius, (iii) infraspinatus, and (iv) upper trapezius. The isokinetic ER/IR muscle-strength ratio during concentric muscle contraction was 64% (standard deviation (SD) ±14) for the left shoulder and 54% (SD ±10) for the right shoulder. The ER/IR ratio for eccentric muscle contraction was 67% (SD ±12) and 61% (SD ±9) for the left and right shoulders, respectively.Conclusions. Non-ideal or unsatisfactory flexibility of the external rotators of the shoulder, a forward shoulder posture in the lateral view, and weakness of the external rotators did not result in an abnormal rotator cuff muscle activation pattern in this study. Postural deviations may, however, increase the risk of shoulder injury in rugby union players in the long term, and should be corrected.

scholarly journals Association of the Anatomical Sacral Slope With Lumbar Lordosis and Pelvic Incidence in Female Patients With Developmental Hip Dysplasia: A Retrospective Cross-sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norio Imai ◽  
Hayato Suzuki ◽  
Atsushi Sakagami ◽  
Yuki Hirano ◽  
Naoto Endo
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Lumbar Lordosis ◽  
Pelvic Incidence ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Developmental Dysplasia ◽  
Sacral Slope ◽  
Dysplasia Of The Hip

Abstract Background:The anatomical sacral slope, considered an anatomical pelvic parameter independent of femoral head centers for measurement, was previously described to strongly correlate withpelvic incidenceon two-dimensional examination of normal healthy subjects. However, the associationbetween anatomical sacral slope and pelvic incidence was unclear in patients withdevelopmental dysplasia of the hip. Thecurrent study aimed to examine the association between anatomical sacral slope and other spinopelvic parameters on plain radiographs in female patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip. Methods:Eighty-four women with developmental dysplasia of the hip were examined. Lumbar lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, pelvic incidence, sacral slope, and anatomical sacral slope, which was deemedthe angle formed by the straight line of the S1 superior endplate and a line at a right angle to the anterior pelvic plane, were determined by plain radiographs. The correlations were examined by Pearson correlation coefficients, and intra- and interrater intraclass correlation coefficients were evaluated forreliability.Results:A strong association was observed between pelvic incidence and anatomical sacral slope (r=0.725, p<0.001). In addition, the association between anatomical sacral slope and lumbar lordosis wassimilar to that between pelvic incidence and lumbar lordosis (r=0.661, p<0.001 and r=0.554, p<0.001, respectively). The intraraterintraclass correlation coefficient values were 0.869 for anatomical sacral slope and 0.824 for pelvic incidence. Furthermore, the interraterintraclass correlation coefficient values were 0.83 for anatomical sacral slope and 0.685 for pelvic incidence. Conclusions:We found that the strong association between anatomical sacral slope and pelvic incidence wasequal to that in normal,healthy subjects. The associationbetweenanatomical sacral slope and lumbar lordosis was equal to that between pelvic incidence and lumbar lordosis. Additionally, the intraclass correlation coefficient value foranatomical sacral slope was slightlyhigher than that forpelvic incidence. We thusconclude that anatomical sacral slope can be considered a helpful anatomical pelvic parameter that isasubstitute for pelvic incidence not only in normal subjectsbut also in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip.

scholarly journals Lower trapezius and serratus anterior activation: which exercise to use for scapular neuromuscular reeducation?

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 660-667
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Py Gonçalves Barreto ◽  
Caroline Cabral Robinson ◽  
Clarice Sperotto dos Santos Rocha ◽  
Fernando Carlos Mothes ◽  
Fábio Matsumoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Surface Electromyography ◽  
Maximal Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Lower Trapezius ◽  
The Military ◽  
Muscular Activation

Introduction: Low levels of activation of the serratus anterior (SA) and lower trapezius (LT) muscles are associated with kinematics dysfunctions of the scapular belt, for which the focus of functional recovery is neuromuscular reeducation. Hence, the proposed exercises should keep muscular activation at levels between 20% and 40% of the maximal voluntary contraction. Objectives: To compare the activation of SA and LT muscles in different exercises by using surface electromyography. Methods: Five exercises (modified crucifix, scaption, modified military press, pull over and low row) were executed by ten healthy subjects. Results: The highest SA activation was found during scaption, and the adequate activation occurred in the modified military press. The highest LT activation was found during scaption and low row exercises. Conclusions: The exercises that kept the recommended range of activation for neuromuscular reeducation were the military press, for the SA muscle, and the low row and scaption, for the LT muscle.

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