Maturity Status Does Not Exert Effects on Aerobic Fitness in Soccer Players After Appropriate Normalization for Body Size

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovani Dos Santos Cunha ◽  
Marco Aurélio Vaz ◽  
Jeam Marcel Geremia ◽  
Gabriela T. Leites ◽  
Rafael Reimann Baptista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Muscle Volume ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Maximal Exercise Test ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Size Descriptor

The present study investigated the effects of pubertal status on peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and ventilatory threshold (VT) in young soccer players using different body size descriptors. Seventy-nine soccer players (14 prepubescent, 38 pubescent and 27 postpubescent) participated in this study. A maximal exercise test was performed to determine the VO2peak, RCP, and VT. Ultrasonography was used to measure lower limb muscle volume (LLMV). LLMV (mL-b) was rated as the most effective body size descriptor to normalize VO2peak (mLO2•mL-0.43•min-1), RCP (mLO2•mL-0.48•min-1), and VT (mLO2•mL-0.40•min-1). The values of VO2peak, RCP, and VT relative to allometric exponents derived by LLMV were similar among groups (p > .05; 0.025 < η2 < 0.059) when the effect of chronological age was controlled. Allometric VO2peak, RCP, and VT values were: 100.1 ± 7.9, 107.5 ± 9.6, and 108.0 ± 10.3 mLO2.mL-0.43•min-1; 51.8 ± 5.3, 54.8 ± 4.7, and 57.3 ± 5.8 mLO2•mL-0.48•min-1; and 75.7 ± 7.1, 79.4 ± 7.0, and 80.9 ± 8.3 mLO2•mL-0.40•min-1 for prepubertal, pubertal, and postpubertal groups, respectively. Maturity status showed no positive effect on VO2peak, RCP, and VT when the data were properly normalized by LLMV in young soccer players. Allometric normalization using muscle volume as a body size descriptor should be used to compare aerobic fitness between soccer players heterogeneous in chronological age, maturity status, and body size.

scholarly journals Aerobic fitness profile of youth soccer players: effects of chronological age and playing position

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovani Dos Santos Cunha ◽  
André Luís Lopes ◽  
Jeam Marcel Geremia ◽  
Gabriela Tomedi Leites ◽  
Bruno Manfredini Baroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Biological Maturation ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Speed ◽  
Fitness Parameters ◽  
Positive Effect

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n6p700 To establish a profile of the aerobic fitness in young soccer players, it is critical to consider different intervenient factors such as maturity status, chronological age and playing position. The aim of this study was to identify the biological maturation, chronological age, and playing position effects on physical and physiological characteristics of young soccer players. Two hundred and one soccer players of 11-19 years old were divided into groups relative to their maturity status, chronological age and playing position. A maximal exercise test was performed to determine peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) parameters in a treadmill. Biological maturation showed no significant effect on relative values (mL.kg-1.min-1) of VO2peak, VT2 and VT1 (0.004 < h2 < 0.039), but showed large positive effect on maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and speed at VT2 (VT2speed). Chronological age showed a medium positive effect on relative values of VO2peak, VT2 and VT1 (0.095 < h2 < 0.137) and a large positive effect on MAS and VT2speed. Relative values of VO2peak and VT1 showed no significant differences among groups for playing position (P>0.05; 0.044 < h2 < 0.051). However, goalkeepers showed significant lower relative values for VT2 and VT2speed than other playing positions and a medium positive effect was observed (P<0.05; 0.077 < h2 < 0.119). Chronological age showed a medium to large positive effect on aerobic fitness parameters, while biological maturation showed a positive effect only on MAS and VT2speed. Playing position showed a medium positive effect on VT2 and VT2speed. 

scholarly journals Profile of aerobic fitness and muscle power of athletes on the Brazilian National Paralympic Five-a-side Football Team

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-352
Author(s):  
Eduardo Da Silva Alves ◽  
Valdir De Aquino Lemos ◽  
João Paulo Pereira Rosa ◽  
Andressa Da Silva ◽  
Junior Gavea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Football Team ◽  
Torque Values ◽  
The Right ◽  
Physical Capacities

We aimed to profile the aerobic fitness and muscle power of five-a-side football athletes on the Brazilian National Paralympic Team. The sample consisted of 12 male Paralympic athletes on the Brazilian National five-a-side football team, including 3 sighted goalkeepers and 9 blind (B1 category) outfield players. The results were: peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), 51.8 ± 5.8 ml/kg/min; maximum speed, 17.1 ± 1.4 km/h and VO2 ventilatory threshold (VT), 40.2 ± 6.5 ml/kg/min The peak torque values (Nm) of the right and left legs were 241 ± 48 and 234 ± 45 for 60° extension, 127 ± 17 and 123 ± 16 for 60° flexion, 170 ± 29 and 162 ± 28 for 180° extension, 113 ± 13 and 109 ± 13 for 180° flexion, 130 ± 20 and 129 ± 23 for 300° extension, and 118 ± 17 and 115 ± 18 for 300° flexion, respectively. The five-a-side football players on the Brazilian National Paralympics Team exhibited physiologically normal responses to physical training related to the observed physical capacities as shown by the aerobic fitness and muscle power results observed. These results suggest that blind individuals can improve their physical capacity regardless of their visual impairment.

scholarly journals Peak Oxygen Uptake Responses to Training in Obese Adolescents: A Multilevel Allometric Framework to Partition the Influence of Body Size and Maturity Status

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Humberto M. Carvalho ◽  
Gerusa E. Milano ◽  
Wendell A. Lopes ◽  
António J. Figueiredo ◽  
Rosana B. Radominski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Positive Effect

The influence of body size and maturation on the responses in peak oxygen uptake (VO2) to a 12-week aerobic training and nutritional intervention in obese boys (; 10–16 years) was examined using multilevel allometric regressions. Anthropometry, sexual maturity status, peak VO2, and body composition were measured pre- and postintervention. Significant decrements for body mass, body mass indexz-score, and waist circumference and increments for stature, fat-free mass, and peak oxygen uptake were observed after intervention. Partitioning body size on peak VO2, the responses of the individuals to training were positive (11.8% to 12.7% for body mass; 7.6% to 8.1% for fat-free mass). Body mass and fat-free mass were found as significant explanatory variables, with an additional positive effect for chronological. The allometric coefficients () in the initial models were and for body mass and fat-free mass, respectively. The coefficients decreased when age was considered ( for body mass; for fat-free mass). Including maturity indicator in the models was not significant, thus the influence of variability in sexual maturity status in responses to exercise-based intervention in peak VO2may be mediated by the changes in body dimensions.

Pediatric Aerobic Fitness and Trainability

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Health Related

Three papers which between them raise controversial issues, apply laboratory measures to sport performance, and expose gaps in knowledge were selected for commentary. The first paper (Sports Med. 2016;46:1451–1460) reviews the literature on peak V̇O2 in relation to body size and recommends that peak V̇O2 in youth is best expressed via allometric scaling of lean body mass. The second paper (Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2016;28:456–465) reports that maturity status has no effect on peak V̇O2, respiratory compensation point, or ventilatory threshold in youth soccer players once data have been allometrically normalized by lower limb muscle volume. It concludes that in future this technique should be used to compare the aerobic fitness of youth soccer players. The third paper (Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116:1781–1794) demonstrates that V̇O2 kinetics determined in a laboratory is related to measures associated with soccer match play and might distinguish superior performance within a group of highly trained youth players. The commentary stresses the importance of experimental rigor, emphasizes the need for appropriate scaling of physiological variables, challenges spurious correlations with health-related variables, endorses the use of a range of aerobic fitness measures, welcomes the application of laboratory data to sport performance, and identifies areas for future research.

scholarly journals Aerobic Fitness and Trainability in Healthy Youth: Gaps in Our Knowledge

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Armstrong ◽  
Melitta McNarry
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Criterion Measure ◽  
Transient Kinetics ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Kinetics Of

Peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2) is widely recognized as the criterion measure of young people’s aerobic fitness. Peak V̇O2 in youth has been assessed and documented for over 75 years but the interpretation of peak V̇O2 and its trainability are still shrouded in controversy. Causal mechanisms and their modulation by chronological age, biological maturation and sex remain to be resolved. Furthermore, exercise of the intensity and duration required to determine peak V̇O2 is rarely experienced by most children and adolescents. In sport and in everyday life young people are characterized by intermittent bouts of exercise and rapid changes in exercise intensity. In this context it is the transient kinetics of pulmonary V̇O2 (pV̇O2), not peak V̇O2, which best describe aerobic fitness. There are few rigorously determined and appropriately analyzed data from young people’s pV̇O2 kinetics responses to step changes in exercise intensity. Understanding of the trainability of pV̇O2 kinetics is principally founded on comparative studies of trained and untrained youth and much remains to be elucidated. This paper reviews peak V̇O2, pV̇O2 kinetics, and their trainability in youth. It summarizes “what we know,” identifies significant gaps in our knowledge, raises relevant questions, and indicates avenues for future research.

Allometric scaling of peak oxygen uptake in male roller hockey players under 17 years old

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 390-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Valente-dos-Santos ◽  
Lauren Sherar ◽  
Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva ◽  
João R. Pereira ◽  
Vasco Vaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Model Combining ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Size Descriptor

Peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) is routinely expressed in litres per minute and by unit of body mass (mL·kg−1·min−1) despite the theoretical and statistical limitations of using ratios. Allometric modeling is an effective approach for partitioning body-size effects in a performance variable. The current study examined the relationships among chronological age (CA), skeletal age (SA), total body and appendicular size descriptors, and V̇O2peakin male adolescent roller hockey players. Seventy-three Portuguese, highly trained male athletes (CA, 15.4 ± 0.6 years; SA, 16.4 ± 1.5 years; stature, 169.9 ± 6.9 cm; body mass, 63.7 ± 10.7 kg; thigh volume, 4.8 ± 1.0 L) performed an incremental maximal test on a motorized treadmill. Exponents for body size descriptors were 2.15 for stature (R2= 0.30, p < 0.01) and 0.55 for thigh volume (R2= 0.46, p < 0.01). The combination of stature or thigh volume and CA or SA, and CA2or SA2, increased the explained variance in V̇O2peak(R2ranged from 0.30 to 0.55). The findings of the allometric model combining more than 1 body size descriptor (i.e., stature and thigh volume) in addition to SA and CA2were not significant. Results suggest that thigh volume and SA are the main contributors to interindividual variability in aerobic fitness.

Aerobic fitness

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Armstrong ◽  
Alison M McManus
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
V̇o2 Kinetics ◽  
Modelling Techniques ◽  
Blood Lactate Accumulation ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
Biological Maturity ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Integrated Responses

Peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2) is the criterion measure of young people's aerobic fitness, and blood lactate accumulation (BLA) is a useful indicator of aerobic fitness with reference to the ability to sustain submaximal exercise. In sport and in everyday life it is the pulmonary (p)V̇O2 kinetics of the non-steady state which best assess the integrated responses of the oxygen delivery system and the metabolic demands of the exercising muscle. Data analysis using sophisticated modelling techniques has enhanced understanding of sexual dimorphism and the independent effects of chronological age, body size, and biological maturity on peak V̇O2 and BLA. The extant data on young people's pV̇O2 kinetic responses to step changes in exercise intensity are sparse, but describe intriguing chronological age and sex differences across exercise domains. However, independent effects of biological maturation are yet to be revealed.

scholarly journals Profile of aerobic fitness and muscle power of athletes on the Brazilian National Paralympic Five-a-side Football Team

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-352
Author(s):  
Eduardo da Silva Alves ◽  
Valdir de Aquino Lemos ◽  
João Paulo Pereira Rosa ◽  
Andressa da Silva ◽  
Junior Gavea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Football Team ◽  
Torque Values ◽  
The Right ◽  
Physical Capacities

We aimed to profile the aerobic fitness and muscle power of five-a-side football athletes on the Brazilian National Paralympic Team. The sample consisted of 12 male Paralympic athletes on the Brazilian National five-a-side football team, including 3 sighted goalkeepers and 9 blind (B1 category) outfield players. The results were: peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), 51.8 ± 5.8 ml/kg/min; maximum speed, 17.1 ± 1.4 km/h and VO2 ventilatory threshold (VT), 40.2 ± 6.5 ml/kg/min The peak torque values (Nm) of the right and left legs were 241 ± 48 and 234 ± 45 for 60° extension, 127 ± 17 and 123 ± 16 for 60° flexion, 170 ± 29 and 162 ± 28 for 180° extension, 113 ± 13 and 109 ± 13 for 180° flexion, 130 ± 20 and 129 ± 23 for 300° extension, and 118 ± 17 and 115 ± 18 for 300° flexion, respectively. The five-a-side football players on the Brazilian National Paralympics Team exhibited physiologically normal responses to physical training related to the observed physical capacities as shown by the aerobic fitness and muscle power results observed. These results suggest that blind individuals can improve their physical capacity regardless of their visual impairment.

How does the workload applied during the training week and the contextual factors affect the physical responses of professional soccer players in the match?

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412199561
Author(s):  
Berni Guerrero-Calderón ◽  
Maximilian Klemp ◽  
José Alfonso Morcillo ◽  
Daniel Memmert
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Models ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Soccer Teams ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Physical Output ◽  
Physical Responses ◽  
Positive Effect

The aim of this study was to examine whether match physical output can be predicted from the workload applied in training by professional soccer players. Training and match load records from two professional soccer teams belonging to the Spanish First and Second Division were collected through GPS technology over a season ( N = 1678 and N = 2441 records, respectively). The factors playing position, season period, quality of opposition, category and playing formation were considered into the analysis. The level of significance was set at p ≤ .05. The prediction models yielded a conditional R-squared in match of 0.51 in total distance (TD); 0.58 in high-intensity distance (HIRD, from 14 to 24 km · h−1); and 0.60 in sprint distance (SPD, >24 km·h−1). The main finding of this study was that the physical output of players in the match was predicted from the training-load performed during the previous training week. The training-TD negatively affected the match physical output while the training-HIRD showed a positive effect. Moreover, the contextual factors – playing position, season period, division and quality of opposition – affected the players’ physical output in the match. Therefore, these results suggest the appropriateness of programming lower training volume but increasing the intensity of the activity throughout the weekly microcycle, and considering contextual factors within the load programming.

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