scholarly journals Aerobic fitness profile of youth soccer players: effects of chronological age and playing position

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovani Dos Santos Cunha ◽  
André Luís Lopes ◽  
Jeam Marcel Geremia ◽  
Gabriela Tomedi Leites ◽  
Bruno Manfredini Baroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Biological Maturation ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Speed ◽  
Fitness Parameters ◽  
Positive Effect

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n6p700 To establish a profile of the aerobic fitness in young soccer players, it is critical to consider different intervenient factors such as maturity status, chronological age and playing position. The aim of this study was to identify the biological maturation, chronological age, and playing position effects on physical and physiological characteristics of young soccer players. Two hundred and one soccer players of 11-19 years old were divided into groups relative to their maturity status, chronological age and playing position. A maximal exercise test was performed to determine peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) parameters in a treadmill. Biological maturation showed no significant effect on relative values (mL.kg-1.min-1) of VO2peak, VT2 and VT1 (0.004 < h2 < 0.039), but showed large positive effect on maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and speed at VT2 (VT2speed). Chronological age showed a medium positive effect on relative values of VO2peak, VT2 and VT1 (0.095 < h2 < 0.137) and a large positive effect on MAS and VT2speed. Relative values of VO2peak and VT1 showed no significant differences among groups for playing position (P>0.05; 0.044 < h2 < 0.051). However, goalkeepers showed significant lower relative values for VT2 and VT2speed than other playing positions and a medium positive effect was observed (P<0.05; 0.077 < h2 < 0.119). Chronological age showed a medium to large positive effect on aerobic fitness parameters, while biological maturation showed a positive effect only on MAS and VT2speed. Playing position showed a medium positive effect on VT2 and VT2speed. 

Maturity Status Does Not Exert Effects on Aerobic Fitness in Soccer Players After Appropriate Normalization for Body Size

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovani Dos Santos Cunha ◽  
Marco Aurélio Vaz ◽  
Jeam Marcel Geremia ◽  
Gabriela T. Leites ◽  
Rafael Reimann Baptista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Muscle Volume ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Maximal Exercise Test ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Size Descriptor

The present study investigated the effects of pubertal status on peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and ventilatory threshold (VT) in young soccer players using different body size descriptors. Seventy-nine soccer players (14 prepubescent, 38 pubescent and 27 postpubescent) participated in this study. A maximal exercise test was performed to determine the VO2peak, RCP, and VT. Ultrasonography was used to measure lower limb muscle volume (LLMV). LLMV (mL-b) was rated as the most effective body size descriptor to normalize VO2peak (mLO2•mL-0.43•min-1), RCP (mLO2•mL-0.48•min-1), and VT (mLO2•mL-0.40•min-1). The values of VO2peak, RCP, and VT relative to allometric exponents derived by LLMV were similar among groups (p > .05; 0.025 < η2 < 0.059) when the effect of chronological age was controlled. Allometric VO2peak, RCP, and VT values were: 100.1 ± 7.9, 107.5 ± 9.6, and 108.0 ± 10.3 mLO2.mL-0.43•min-1; 51.8 ± 5.3, 54.8 ± 4.7, and 57.3 ± 5.8 mLO2•mL-0.48•min-1; and 75.7 ± 7.1, 79.4 ± 7.0, and 80.9 ± 8.3 mLO2•mL-0.40•min-1 for prepubertal, pubertal, and postpubertal groups, respectively. Maturity status showed no positive effect on VO2peak, RCP, and VT when the data were properly normalized by LLMV in young soccer players. Allometric normalization using muscle volume as a body size descriptor should be used to compare aerobic fitness between soccer players heterogeneous in chronological age, maturity status, and body size.

scholarly journals Physical fitness performance, playing position and competitive level attained by elite junior soccer players

Kinesiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
Asier Los Arcos ◽  
Asier Gonzalez-Artetxe
Keyword(s):  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
Neuromuscular Performance ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Speed ◽  
Physical Tests ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study was to look into the alleged impact of the physical fitness performance of elite junior soccer players on the professional career according to playing position. The physical tests (sprint test, countermovement jump [CMJ], and maximal aerobic speed [MAS]) performed by 165 players enrolled in the junior team of a Spanish 1st Division club (1998-2010) were evaluated. Players were classified as those who were promoted to the reserve team (Reserve Team) and those who were not (non-Reserve Team), and as those who were promoted to the Spanish 1st/2nd Divisions (PFL) and those who were not (NPFL) until the 2020-2021 season. Overall, no significant differences (p&gt;.05) were found between the Reserve Team and non-Reserve Team or between the PFL and NPFL players in neuromuscular performance. Aerobic fitness was greater (p&lt;.05; ES = .79 ± .60 , moderate; mean difference = 3.0%) for the Reserve Team lateral midfielders in comparison to that for the non-Reserve Team. The results suggest that the impact of physical fitness on the promotion of elite junior soccer players is limited.

scholarly journals Influence of 2D:4D ratio on fitness parameters and accumulated training load in elite youth soccer players

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Nobari ◽  
Ana Ruivo Alves ◽  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
Jorge Pérez-Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Fitness Parameters ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Left And Right

Abstract Background Digit ratio (2D:4D) characterized by the length of the second digit (2D) divided by the length of the fourth digit (4D), is a powerful marker of athletic performance. Some studies showed a negative correlation between 2D:4D ratio and sports performances. Objectives The purpose of the present study was three-fold: (1) to analyze the influence of anthropometric and 2D:4D ratio on variations of accumulated training load (ATL) and fitness parameters: maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), countermovement jump (CMJ), isometric muscular strength of the knee extensor for hamstring (ISH) and flexor for quadriceps (ISQ) muscles; along three stages of evaluation of soccer players based on playing positions; (2) to analyze the correlations between 2D:4D ratio and aforementioned parameters; and (3) to investigate if variance in fitness levels and ATL can explain the 2D:4D ratio. Methods Twenty-four elite players under 17 years were daily monitored for their rating perceived exertion and ATL across 24 weeks over the season. Soccer players have also measured in three stages for anthropometric traits and fitness parameters. Results Significant differences were observed between playing positions for body mass, goalkeepers had higher body mass compared to centre-midfielder and winger players. Moreover, there were significant differences in ATL between early-season to mid-season in goalkeepers (P = 0.032). The 2D:4D ratio (left and right) shown largely and negatively association with muscular strength (ISQ: r =  − 0.80; r =  − 0.78, P ≤ 0.001, ISH: r =  − 0.63; r =  − 0.62, P = 0.001, respectively) and VO2max changes (r =  − 0.55, P = 0.005; r =  − 0.50, P = 0.013, respectively); lastly, both 2D:4D ratio significantly predicted changes in muscular strength and VO2max in young soccer players. Conclusions Goalkeepers tended to have higher body mass compared to centre-midfielder and winger players; and 2D:4D ratio revealed a mighty predictor of physical fitness changes in soccer players. Evidence should be helpful to professionals to highlight the usefulness of the 2D:4D into the identification of talent, but also to optimize young players' performance.

scholarly journals Hopping and Landing Performance in Male Youth Soccer Players: Effects of Age and Maturation

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 902-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Read ◽  
Jon Oliver ◽  
Mark De Ste Croix ◽  
Gregory Myer ◽  
Rhodri Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Temporary Reduction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractQuantifying hopping and landing performances can assist coaches in identifying young male soccer players who may be at increased risk of injury. The influence of chronological age and maturation on these measures in this population is unknown. Single leg hop for distance (SLHD) and 75% horizontal hop and stick landing force (75%Hop) were examined in a cross-sectional sample (N=400) of elite male youth soccer players. Between-group differences for both chronological age (U11–U18) and stage of maturation (pre-, circa- or post-peak height velocity (PHV)) were analyzed. Absolute 75%Hop increased with both age and maturation. Apart from the U18s, pre-PHV and U11–U12 players displayed the greatest relative landing forces compared to all other groups (p<0.001; d=0.56–0.93). Absolute and relative SLHD were greatest in the U18s and post-PHV players (p<0.001; d=0.35–2.04). A trend showed increased SLHD with each consecutive age group although a reduction in performance was identified in the U13s (d=0.50–0.59). High volumes of accumulated soccer participation in the U18s may lead to altered landing strategies indicative of high injury risk. A temporary reduction in hop performance in the U13s may also be linked to a period of adolescent awkwardness.

scholarly journals Assessing Differences in Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Respect to Maturity Status in Highly Trained Youth Soccer Players

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Doncaster ◽  
John Iga ◽  
Viswanath Unnithan
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Youth Soccer

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine differences in measures of cardiorespiratory fitness and determinants of running economy with respect to maturity status in a group of highly trained youth soccer players. Methods: A total of 21 highly trained youth soccer players participated in this study. On separate visits, players’ peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), running economy at 3 different speeds [8 km·h−1, 80% gaseous exchange threshold (GET), and 95% GET], and pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics were determined. Players also performed a Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1). Players were categorized as either “pre-PHV” (peak height velocity) or “mid-PHV” group using the measure of maturity offset. Independent t tests and Cohen’s d effect sizes were then used to assess differences between groups. Results: The mid-PHV group was significantly taller, heavier, and advanced in maturity status. Absolute measures of VO2peak were greater in the mid-PHV group; however, when expressed relative to body mass, fat-free mass, and theoretically derived exponents, VO2peak values were similar between groups. Pre-PHV group presented a significantly reduced VO2 response, during relative submaximal running speeds, when theoretically derived exponents were used, or expressed as %VO2peak. VO2 kinetics (tau) were faster during a low (standing) to moderate (95% GET) transition in the pre-PHV group. Yo-Yo IR1 performance was similar between groups. Conclusion: Although measures of VO2peak and Yo-Yo IR1 performance are shown to be similar between groups, those categorized as pre-PHV group display a superior running economy at relative submaximal running speeds and faster taus during a low to moderate exercise transition than their more mature counterparts.

Moderated and Mediated Effects of Coach Autonomy Support, Coach Involvement, and Psychological Need Satisfaction on Motivation in Youth Soccer

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda J. Reynolds ◽  
Meghan H. McDonough
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Autonomy Support ◽  
Need Satisfaction ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Psychological Need ◽  
External Regulation ◽  
Mediated Effects ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Identified Regulation

We examined whether coach involvement moderated the predictive effect of coach autonomy support on motivation both directly and indirectly via need satisfaction. 142 soccer players (106 female; 12-15 years) completed measures of coach autonomy support and involvement, need satisfaction, and motivation. For intrinsic motivation and identified regulation, need satisfaction mediated the effect of autonomy support, but there was also a moderated direct effect whereby autonomy support had a positive effect only when involvement was moderate to high. Autonomy support also positively predicted external regulation and negatively predicted amotivation via need satisfaction. Coach-athlete relationships that are both autonomy supportive and involved are associated with more adaptive forms of motivation, and findings suggest that lack of autonomy support may undermine need satisfaction and motivation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the relationship between body composition and aerobic fitness in youth soccer players

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ö. Nalbant ◽  
K. Özer
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
T Test ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Long Jump

Background and Study Aim: The purpose of the study was to make an evaluation between aerobic fitnes (VO2max) and body composition in youth soccer players. Material and Methods: U19, U17, U16 and U15 age groups participated in the study. Twenty-eight U19 (average age 18,03±0,58), twenty-three U17 (average age 16,72±0,30), twenty-seven U16 (average age 15,79±0,23) and twenty-one U15 (average age 14,67±0,31) totally ninety-nine athletes voluntarily participated in the study. The subjects’ body weight and fat percentage were estimated by bioelectrical impedance. VO2max was determined by YOYO Intermittan Recovery test protocol. Shapiro-wilk test, Independent t test, hierarchical regression and analysis of covariance were used to compare the relationships between aerobic fitness and body composition. Additionally, Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the relationships between variables. The level of significance for all statistics was set at p<0.05. SPSS 23 software was used to calculate the data. The total value of all estimators is f = 18,001 and p <0.0001. Results : Although all variables were included in the model, the BMI was considered the greatest explanatory factor for fatness. Aerobic endurance was assessed in direct proportion to age, sit and reach test, crunch test, plank, and long jump test. As the distance increased, the% fat ratio decreased (p <0.001), and the fat ratio decreased with the decrease in the T test (p <0.001). Conclusions: In this study, it was determined that body fat ratio determined by BMI, body fat percentage decreased with increasing aerobic endurance, body fat ratio was negatively correlated with aerobic fitness and lean body ratio. It was also determined that aerobic fitness was positively correlated with age, sit and reach, crunch test, plank, standing long jump and T test.

Modeling Developmental Changes in the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 in Elite Pubertal Soccer Players

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1006-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Deprez ◽  
Joao Valente-dos-Santos ◽  
Manuel Coelho e Silva ◽  
Matthieu Lenoir ◽  
Renaat M. Philippaerts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fat Mass ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Recovery Test ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Biological Maturation ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Test Level

Purpose:To model the development of soccer-specific aerobic performance, assessed by the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 in 162 elite pubertal soccer players, age 11–14 y at baseline.Methods:Longitudinal multilevel modeling analyses comprised predictors related to growth (chronological age, body size [height and weight] and composition [fat mass, fat-free mass]), and motor coordination [3 Körperkoordination Test für Kinder subtests: jumping sideways, moving sideways, backward balancing] and estimated biological-maturation groups (earliest [>percentile 33] and latest maturers [>percentile 66]).Results:The best-fitting model on soccer-specific aerobic performance could be expressed as –3639.76 + 369.86 × age + 21.38 × age2 + 9.12 × height – 29.04 × fat mass + 0.06 × backward balance. Maturity groups had a negligible effect on soccer-specific aerobic performance (–45.32 ± 66.28; P > .05).Conclusion:The current study showed that the development of aerobic performance in elite youth soccer is related to growth and muscularity and emphasized the importance of motor coordination in the talentidentification and -development process. Note that biological maturation was excluded from the model, which might endorse the homogeneity in estimated biological-maturation status in the current elite pubertal soccer sample.

scholarly journals Influence of the Numbers of Players in the Heart Rate Responses of Youth Soccer Players Within 2 vs. 2, 3 vs. 3 and 4 vs. 4 Small-sided Games

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Dellal ◽  
R Jannault ◽  
M Lopez-Segovia ◽  
V Pialoux
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Technical Ability ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Speed ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Physiological Demands

Influence of the Numbers of Players in the Heart Rate Responses of Youth Soccer Players Within 2 vs. 2, 3 vs. 3 and 4 vs. 4 Small-sided GamesThe purpose of this study was to compare heart rate (HR) responses within and between small-sided games (SSG) training methods in elite young soccer players. Twenty-seven youth soccer players (age: 16.5 ± 0.5 years, height: 174.5 ± 5.5 cm, weight: 62.9 ± 8.3, velocity at maximal aerobic speed (MAS): 15.9 ± 0.9 km.h-1) performed 3 different SSG (2 vs. 2, 3 vs. 3, 4 vs. 4 without goalkeeper). In each SSG, HR was continuously measured and expressed as a mean percentage of HR reserve (%HRreserve). The mean %HRreserve calculated during the SSG was significantly lower during 4 vs. 4 (70.6 ± 5.9 %) compared to 2 vs. 2 (80.1 ± 3.6 %, p<0.001) and 3 vs. 3 (81.5 ± 4.3 %, p<0.001) SSG. Regardless of the time spent above 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85 and 90 % of HRreserve, 4 vs. 4 solicited lower percentage of time than 3 vs. 3 and 2 vs. 2. Intersubject coefficients of variation were significantly higher during 4 vs. 4 compared to 2 vs.2 and 3 vs. 3. The %HRreserve after 30s of recovery was significantly higher for 3 vs. 3 (70.6 ± 5.3 %) compared to 2 vs. 2 (65.2 ± 4.8 %, p<0.05) and 4 vs. 4 (61.6 ± 9.3 %, p<0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the physiological demands is higher during 2 vs. 2 and 3 vs. 3 compared to 4 vs. 4 in youth soccer players. This difference could be due to that young soccer players do not have the same technical ability and experience as adult players and thus, their activity during the 2 vs. 2 and 3 vs. 3 induces a greater physical demand due to their lack of experience. The age of the players could be linked with the physical demands within small-sided games.

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